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Miss Veedol
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Miss Veedol was the first aeroplane to fly non-stop across the Pacific Ocean.[2] On October 5, 1931, Clyde Pangborn and co-pilot Hugh Herndon landed in the hills of East Wenatchee, Washington, following a 41-hour flight from Sabishiro Beach, Misawa, Japan, across the northern Pacific. The flight won the pair the 1931 Harmon Trophy in recognition of the greatest achievement in flight for that year.[3]

Key Information

Miss Veedol was later sold and renamed The American Nurse. On a 1932 flight from New York City to Rome for aviation medicine research, she was last sighted by an ocean liner in the eastern Atlantic, before disappearing without a trace.

Aircraft

[edit]

Miss Veedol was a 1931 Bellanca CH-400[4][5] or Bellanca J-300 Long-Distance Special,[6] registration NR796W.[7] It was built at Bellanca Airfield in New Castle, Delaware. It could carry 696 US gallons (2,630 L) of fuel. Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon modified Miss Veedol while being held in Japan – on unfounded suspicions of spying – to be able to carry more fuel, and to be able to jettison the landing gear. Miss Veedol carried an initial load of 915 US gallons (3,460 L) of aviation gasoline on her record-breaking flight.[8]

Miss Veedol was named for the motor oil brand,[9] as it was sponsored by Veedol's producer, the Tide Water Oil Company (Tydol).[10][11][12] Herndon's mother, Alice Carter Herndon, was the heiress of the Tide Water Oil Company.[12]

Pangborn / Herndon

[edit]

Attempted round-the-world flight

[edit]

Pangborn and Herndon had been trying to set a speed record for a round-the-world flight, but after a number of delays along the way including a damaging landing in Khabarovsk, in the Soviet Far East, they found themselves 27 hours behind schedule and had to concede to the record set earlier that year[13] by Wiley Post and Harold Gatty.

Transpacific flight

[edit]

Looking for a worthwhile aviation record to set, they decided to modify Miss Veedol to make the first non-stop trans-Pacific flight, for which the Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun had offered a $25,000[14] prize.[15]

Loaded well beyond the manufacturer's maximum operating weight, on October 4, 1931 (Japanese time), Miss Veedol only barely managed to take off from a specially prepared area of Sabishiro Beach. The landing gear was jettisoned as planned, three hours after takeoff, but two supporting struts remained attached, making it necessary for Pangborn to climb out onto the wing struts in flight to remove them manually.[9] Pangborn subsequently criticized Herndon for his alleged negligence in allowing the engine to become starved of fuel. Pangborn had to dive the aircraft down to 1400 feet[16] before the engine restarted.[17] Later, Pangborn, needing some sleep, instructed Herndon to wake him when he saw the city lights of Vancouver, Canada. However, Herndon wandered off-course and missed both Vancouver and Seattle.[17]

Upon reaching the Pacific Northwest they found that the weather was cloudy and rainy over most of the area. They first considered going on to Boise, Idaho, to add the "longest flight" to their "nonstop Pacific crossing" record. Soon, they found that weather would prevent their landing in Boise, so they turned towards Spokane, Washington. When the weather also prevented their landing there, they headed southwest towards Pasco in the Tri-Cities area of the state. When that failed, they finally headed towards Wenatchee to land at Fancher Field, far from town.[18] There, they had to make a belly landing because they had jettisoned Miss Veedol's landing gear over the western Pacific. She was damaged, but repairable, and her propeller was wrecked, but Herndon and Pangborn came through the landing all right.[3] The bent propeller, the only part of the plane that is known to exist, is exhibited in the Wenatchee Valley Museum & Cultural Center in Wenatchee, Washington.[19]

Pangborn and Herndon did not qualify for the $100,000 prize offered by the (Japanese) Imperial Aeronautics Association (which was limited to Japanese aviators) or the $28,000 prize offered by a group of Seattle businessmen (which was for a flight originating in Seattle and ending in Japan).[15] As Herndon and his mother were the main financial backers of the flight, they kept almost all the Asahi Shimbun prize money and the proceeds of the sale of Miss Veedol.[3] Pangborn received $2500 for his part and continued, much as before, as an airmail pilot, air racer, and a test and demonstration pilot.[17]

The American Nurse

[edit]

Miss Veedol was subsequently sold and eventually ended up owned by a group including Dr. Leon Martocci-Pisculli (usually referred to as Pisculli), who recruited pilot William Ulbrich and copilot Gladys Bramhall Wilner (13 August 1910 – 3 July 2009)[20] for a record New York City to Rome flight.[21] Plans included a flyover of Florence, Italy, where Wilner, a licensed pilot, nurse and experienced parachute jumper, was to parachute to the ground in honor of Florence Nightingale.[1]

Pisculli was the commander of the flight. He was a gynaecologist[1] and held at least three patents for medical devices (a formaldehyde thermometer-holder,[22] a medicated pessary[23] and a form of tampon[24]) and a patent for a toy operating on the same principle as a ouija board.[25] He was born in Italy[26] and became a naturalized US citizen sometime between 25 June 1917 and 8 October 1919 (as revealed by comparing his two earliest patent applications). Pisculli was 53 years old at the time of the flight[1] and resided in Yonkers, New York.[26] He was the founder and director of the American Nurses' Aviation Service, Inc, which sought to promote the provision of medical care in aviation and through aviation to others.[1][27] As this flight was sponsored by the American Nurses' Aviation Service, Inc, the aircraft was renamed The American Nurse.

The pilot, William Ulbrich, was born in Denmark and was a resident of Mineola, New York.[1][26] He was 31 at the time of the flight.[1] A barnstormer and flight instructor in earlier years, in September 1932, Ulbrich held a transport pilot's licence and had 3,800 hours flying experience.[26]

The third member of the crew was originally intended to be Wilner.[20] However, she declined to take part.[28] She was replaced by Edna Newcomer from Williamsport, Pennsylvania, who was also a nurse, pilot, and parachute jumper.[26] Wilner died at the age of 98 in Jacksonville, Florida; she was the last surviving person to have flown in Miss Veedol (as The American Nurse).[28]

Dr. Pisculli's intention for the flight was to study the effects of fatigue in long-distance aviation and to test his hypothesis that the loss of many previous long-distance flights had been due to the buildup of carbon monoxide in the crew compartment.[1] For the purpose of the first study, the three crew members underwent pre-flight physical examinations, basal metabolism tests, electrocardiograms, and blood chemistry examinations. Pisculli was to take blood samples during the flight, and the basal metabolism tests would have been repeated on arrival in Rome.[27] In respect of his second concern, he brought a woodchuck named "Tail Wind" on the flight as a carbon monoxide detector, due to the species' sensitivity to the gas.[1] (Pisculli had found Tail Wind with a broken leg on a road in Westchester County, New York, and had nursed it back to health.[26]) His more general objective was to encourage physicians and nurses to learn to fly and parachute jump, so that they might put these skills to use in emergency medicine.[26] Pisculli planned a tour of several European cities and that The American Nurse would return to the United States via Ireland in the spring of 1933.[26]

Carrying fuel for a 32-hour flight, The American Nurse took off from Floyd Bennett Field at 6:16 am EST on 13 September 1932.[26] Clyde Pangborn was present to see his former aircraft depart.[1] The weather in the North Atlantic was reported to be ideal for the flight.[26] Ulbrich took the "southern" route across the North Atlantic and planned to make landfall in the vicinity of Cape Finisterre, Spain. He estimated that the 6,884-kilometre (4,278 mi) flight should take 25 to 26 hours.[26] The aircraft was subsequently sighted over Cape Cod, Massachusetts, then by the American Oil Co. tanker Winnebago in mid-Atlantic at 5:50 pm EST and lastly by the liner SS France 640 kilometres (400 mi) from its intended landfall in Europe.[1][29] No further trace of The American Nurse and its crew was ever found.

Reports that the aircraft had been sighted over Sardinia could not be confirmed, nor did a search of the central Italian mountains find anything.[30]

Artifact and commemorations

[edit]
This monument in Misawa, Japan, commemorates the flight of Miss Veedol.

Miss Veedol's propeller, damaged in the trans-Pacific landing, is exhibited at the Wenatchee Valley Museum & Cultural Center in Wenatchee, Washington.[19]

The Pangborn-Herndon Memorial Site is northeast of East Wenatchee, Washington; the main feature is a basalt column designed by Walter Graham. The site gives views of the Columbia River and the East Wenatchee and Wenatchee Valleys.[31][32] There is also a public mural in East Wenatchee depicting Miss Veedol's Pacific crossing.

In addition to the Miss Veedol replica in the Misawa Aviation and Science Museum, there was a somewhat cruder replica of Miss Veedol on display outdoors on Sabishiro Beach at 40°44′43.8″N 141°24′55.3″E / 40.745500°N 141.415361°E / 40.745500; 141.415361 (Sabishiro Beach) until it was destroyed during the 11 March 2011 tsunami which caused widespread damage in the coastal area of Northeast Honshu. The replica had been replaced as of 2013.[33]

A flying replica of Miss Veedol was built over a period of four-plus years by Experimental Aircraft Association Chapter 424. This replica (also known as Spirit of Wenatchee) first flew in May 2003. This aircraft is based at East Wenatchee, Washington.[34][35]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Miss Veedol

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Miss Veedol was a modified Bellanca CH-400 aircraft sponsored by the Veedol oil company, notable for completing the first non-stop trans-Pacific flight on October 5, 1931, when pilots Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon Jr. flew approximately 5,500 miles from Sabishiro Beach near Misawa, , to , in 41 hours and 15 minutes. The flight was part of a broader around-the-world attempt that began on July 28, 1931, from Roosevelt Field, New York, covering the Atlantic and parts of and before the pivotal Pacific leg; the bright red plane, overloaded with 930 gallons of fuel weighing over 9,000 pounds, featured detachable that the pilots jettisoned mid-flight at 14,000 feet to reduce drag and conserve fuel amid challenges like fog, icing, and low fuel reserves. Upon arrival, the aircraft executed a wheels-up crash landing at Fancher Field without its gear, marking a triumphant yet dramatic conclusion that earned Pangborn and Herndon the Harmon Trophy for the year's greatest achievement. The mission faced legal hurdles in Japan, where the pilots were briefly arrested and fined for lacking landing permits after diverting due to navigation errors earlier in their journey. This historic crossing, not replicated until after World War II, not only advanced long-distance aviation but also fostered enduring ties, including a sister city relationship between Misawa, Japan, and the Wenatchee Valley in Washington state. In the decades since, a replica of Miss Veedol, built between 1996 and 2003 by local enthusiasts, has been flown at airshows to commemorate the feat and promote aviation heritage in the Pacific Northwest.

The Aircraft

Design and Construction

The Bellanca CH-400 Skyrocket, designated as the J-300 Long-Distance Special variant for Miss Veedol, was constructed in 1931 at Bellanca Airfield in , by the Bellanca Aircraft Corporation of America. This single-engine, high-wing featured a wooden framework with fabric covering, emphasizing durability and efficiency for extended flights. The aircraft's registration was NR796W, manufacturer's serial number 3004, and it included standard features such as an enclosed cabin accommodating up to six occupants and fixed . Giuseppe Mario Bellanca, the Italian-born aeronautical engineer and founder of the company, personally oversaw the design, prioritizing structural integrity and aerodynamic efficiency to support reliable long-distance operations. His approach built on earlier successful models like the CH-200, incorporating a wing structure braced by distinctive V-struts for enhanced stability without excessive weight. In its original configuration, the J-300 was equipped with a Wasp C nine-cylinder producing 420 horsepower, providing sufficient power for its intended and roles. Key dimensions included a of 46 feet 4 inches, a length of 27 feet 10 inches, and an empty weight of approximately 2,592 pounds, contributing to a maximum speed of 155 mph and a cruising speed of 130 mph. These specifications established the baseline capabilities for heavy payload carriage relative to its size, setting the stage for subsequent sponsorship adaptations.

Sponsorship and Modifications

The sponsorship of the Bellanca CH-400 aircraft, later known as Miss Veedol, came from the Tide Water Oil Company, which provided financial backing through heiress Alice Herndon, mother of co-pilot Hugh Herndon Jr., to leverage the venture for global promotion of its Veedol brand. The company named the plane Miss Veedol as a effort, tying the high-profile endurance attempt to its product line of lubricants and oils. To enable long-distance capabilities beyond the baseline Bellanca CH-400's standard 120-gallon capacity, modifications increased the total to 915 US gallons via additional tanks, including a custom 50-gallon auxiliary tank fabricated by pilot Clyde Pangborn. This upgrade supported potential flight times of over 40 hours, essential for transpacific crossings. Structural reinforcements were applied to the to handle the added weight of approximately 6,150 pounds of and oil at takeoff, ensuring integrity under extreme loads. The was painted in a distinctive scheme with Veedol branding and logos for promotional visibility during the preparations. Pre-flight testing included structural checks and system verifications at sites like Sabishiro Beach in , confirming the modifications' readiness without advanced radio or navigation aids beyond basic instrumentation.

Flights Under Pangborn and Herndon

Attempted Round-the-World Journey

The attempted round-the-world flight of the Bellanca CH-400 Skyrocket Miss Veedol was piloted by Clyde Pangborn, an experienced American aviator born in Bridgeport, Washington, who had served as a during and later became a prominent and stunt pilot with the Gates Flying Circus, performing daring feats such as wing-walking and inverted flights. His co-pilot was Hugh Herndon Jr., an American adventurer and heir to a fortune, who had learned to fly in France in the late 1920s and participated in barnstorming exhibitions before teaming up with Pangborn; Herndon's family wealth funded much of the expedition. The duo, seeking to eclipse the recent around-the-world speed record set by Wiley Post and Harold Gatty in June 1931 (8 days, 15 hours, 51 minutes), planned an eastbound to capitalize on prevailing tailwinds. On July 28, 1931, Pangborn and Herndon departed from Roosevelt Field in New York, with Miss Veedol heavily loaded for endurance, following modifications for long-range flight including auxiliary fuel tanks. Their intended route spanned approximately 15,000 miles eastward across the Atlantic, , and , with planned refueling stops in , , , and before continuing to the Soviet and . The early legs proceeded relatively smoothly: after crossing the Atlantic, they landed in Chepstow, , then proceeded to and without major incident, arriving in by early August amid growing logistical challenges from the aircraft's slower-than-expected performance compared to competitors. From , the flight veered into difficulties, including a navigation error that detoured them over , placing them significantly behind schedule—over 27 hours by some accounts. In late July 1931, they reached in the Soviet , where a blinding rainstorm forced a rough landing that caused Miss Veedol to slide off the and bog down deeply in , damaging the undercarriage and complicating immediate repairs. The incident was exacerbated by harsh weather that grounded the aircraft for days, followed by bureaucratic delays from suspicious Soviet officials who detained the crew for 12 days while inspecting the plane and their documents, further straining resources and morale. They continued to Japan, landing at Tachikawa Airfield near on August 8, 1931, without prior landing permits due to the earlier navigation issues. The unauthorized entry led to their by Japanese authorities on suspicion of , as they had photographed installations en route; after a brief detention and a fine of 1,000 yen, they were released but placed under at 's Imperial Hotel for seven weeks while negotiations and repairs proceeded. By early , cumulative setbacks—including the aircraft's mechanical limitations, repeated weather interruptions, structural wear from the Khabarovsk mishap, and the onset of winter conditions in that heightened risks of impassable terrain and icing—convinced Pangborn and Herndon that completing the full was untenable, as they were now weeks behind the record pace. They abandoned the global attempt, opting instead to reposition Miss Veedol at Sabishiro Beach near Misawa for a modified challenge focused on the .

Transpacific Crossing Achievement

On October 4, 1931, Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon Jr. departed from Sabishiro Beach near Misawa, Japan, in the modified Bellanca CH-400 Miss Veedol, embarking on the first successful nonstop transpacific flight to the . The aircraft, heavily loaded with 915 gallons of and 45 gallons of oil, required nearly 1.5 miles of runway to lift off at 6:01 a.m. , straining under almost three times its normal weight due to extra fuel tanks installed for the endurance challenge. The flight covered approximately 5,500 miles (8,851 kilometers) in 41 hours and 13 minutes, relying on navigation supplemented by radio and a magnetic , as the pilots had no advanced instruments or emergency equipment aboard. To maximize range and efficiency, Pangborn implemented innovative modifications before and during the flight. Shortly after takeoff, the pilots activated a mechanism to jettison the main wheels, reducing weight by about 300 pounds and drag to gain roughly 15 in , extending the potential range by up to 600 miles. However, the gear s remained attached, creating persistent drag; at 14,000 feet over the Pacific, Pangborn climbed out onto the wing in freezing conditions and used a to remove one , while Herndon handled the other from the , further streamlining the aircraft despite the extreme risk. These adaptations, combined with meticulous fuel management—monitoring consumption to avoid overload—were critical amid challenges like turbulent , including rain and dense fog that obscured landmarks and forced route adjustments. The flight concluded on October 5, 1931, with a at Fancher Field in , after fog prevented a descent into the intended area; the pilots circled to burn off excess fuel before touching down at 7:14 a.m. , skidding across the field and damaging the propeller on impact. Despite the rough arrival, the achievement marked the first nonstop crossing of the from to the continental , surpassing Charles Lindbergh's 1927 in duration and distance. Pangborn received the 1931 from the Aviation League of America for the year's greatest aviation accomplishment, while the duo claimed a $25,000 prize offered by Japan's Asahi Shimbun . The success prominently elevated the sponsoring Veedol brand through widespread media coverage and fostered immediate goodwill in U.S.- relations, highlighting aviation's potential for diplomatic bridges amid rising tensions.

Era as The American Nurse

New Ownership and Medical Mission

Following the in October 1931, the Bellanca CH-400 Skyrocket known as Miss Veedol was sold in 1932 to American Medical Researches, Inc., a New York-based syndicate that included Dr. Leon M. Pisculli, an Italian-American gynecologist and researcher focused on the physiological impacts of high-altitude flight. The aircraft was repainted white with yellow wings and renamed The American Nurse to honor and symbolize the mercy of nursing alongside scientific research in aviation. The new ownership aligned the plane with the mission of the American Nurses' Aviation Service (A.N.A.S.), which Dr. Pisculli had founded to provide emergency medical transport during disasters such as floods and storms. The primary goal for the 1932 transatlantic expedition was to conduct research, including studies on pilot during prolonged flights, the effects of exposure from engine exhaust, and the feasibility of aerial . To support these objectives, the aircraft carried a comprehensive medical kit with hypodermic needles, stethoscopes, and other supplies, as well as a woodchuck named Tailwind intended to serve as a biological detector for toxic gas levels. The crew was assembled to blend piloting expertise with medical capabilities: William Ulbrich, a 31-year-old Danish-born pilot with a U.S. transport license, served as the primary aviator; Edna Newcomer, a 28-year-old nurse from , with piloting experience, handled nursing duties and navigation; and Dr. Pisculli acted as mission commander and lead researcher. Preparations in New York emphasized extending the aircraft's range for the non-stop flight to while integrating research tools, including minor refits to the 450-horsepower Wasp engine, additional fuel tanks for 850 gallons of gasoline, and installations of scientific instruments such as oxygen equipment for altitude monitoring, a seawater distillation still, and provisions like compressed foods and live for sustenance. These modifications, completed at facilities near , transformed the former racing plane into a hybrid research and mercy vessel. The expedition departed from on September 13, , at approximately 7:16 a.m., fully loaded for the 40-hour journey.

Transatlantic Flight and Loss

In September 1932, The American Nurse, the renamed and repainted Bellanca CH-400 Skyrocket formerly known as Miss Veedol, embarked on a non-stop from in to , , spanning over 4,000 miles and planned to last 32 to 40 hours. The mission, organized by Dr. Leon M. Pisculli, founder of the American Nurses' Aviation Service, aimed to advance by studying the physiological effects of prolonged high-altitude flight on humans, including fatigue and potential accumulation in the cabin. The crew included Danish pilot William Ulbrich, nurse with piloting experience Edna Newcomer, and Dr. Pisculli as medical observer; a woodchuck named Tailwind served as a biological detector for . The aircraft carried a medical kit with instruments such as a and for in-flight monitoring, along with provisions like roast chickens and a seawater apparatus. During the flight, which departed at approximately 7:16 a.m. on September 13, Newcomer assumed a key role in the research, logging physiological data on crew vitals to assess risks like exposure and the onset of hypoxia from reduced oxygen at altitude. Ulbrich handled navigation and piloting, guiding the overloaded aircraft eastward over the Atlantic while contending with the demands of the long-distance route. The plan included Newcomer parachuting over upon arrival as a symbolic tribute to , dressed in a white . Early progress was tracked via visual sightings, including one over at 5:50 p.m. on September 13 and another by the tanker Winnebago. The aircraft's last confirmed sighting occurred on September 14, approximately 22 hours into the flight, when the liner S.S. France reported it 400 miles from European landfall, proceeding smoothly with green navigation lights illuminated. Another report placed it east-southeast of that position by the steamer Ashburton. No radio contact was established after departure, and the plane failed to arrive in by the expected evening time, coinciding with a over the Mediterranean. Despite intensive searches ordered by Italian aviation authorities under and coordinated with U.S. efforts, no wreckage, survivors, or definitive evidence of the aircraft was ever recovered. Prevailing theories for the loss include fuel exhaustion after the extended duration, structural failure under the strain of the heavily fueled load, or encountered over the open ocean, though none could be confirmed without traces. The incident underscored the perilous nature of unassisted transoceanic flights in the early and, despite the irrecoverable research data, spurred broader conversations on and crew health monitoring.

Legacy and Preservation

Surviving Artifacts and Memorials

One of the few surviving physical artifacts from Miss Veedol's 1931 transpacific flight is the aircraft's bent propeller, damaged during the belly landing at Fancher Field near East Wenatchee, Washington. This propeller has been preserved and displayed at the Wenatchee Valley Museum & Cultural Center in Wenatchee since shortly after the event, serving as a tangible reminder of the flight's challenges and success. The Pangborn-Herndon Memorial Site, located at the historic landing area of Fancher Field—now part of Pangborn Memorial Airport in East Wenatchee, Washington—honors the aviators' achievement through a dedicated monument and plaque. The site features a 14-foot basalt column, weighing 14 tons and topped with aluminum wings, which marks the approximate spot of the October 5, 1931, touchdown; it was dedicated on May 5, 1969, by local heritage groups to commemorate the first nonstop Pacific crossing. Following the flight's completion, early commemorations included large crowds gathering at the landing site to celebrate Pangborn and Herndon's arrival, as well as their receipt of a $25,000 prize from the Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun, which recognized the feat and symbolized U.S.- goodwill in the pre-World War II era. Surviving documentation of the journeys includes logbooks, photographs, correspondence, and news clippings preserved in the Clyde Edward Pangborn Papers at University's Special Collections, providing firsthand accounts and visual records of the aircraft's preparations, modifications, and flights.

Replicas and Contemporary Commemorations

In , efforts to commemorate the historic flight include a full-scale of Miss Veedol displayed at the Misawa & in since the 1980s, serving as a central exhibit in the museum's aviation zone to educate visitors on the transpacific achievement. In the United States, the flying replica known as Spirit of Wenatchee was constructed from 1996 to 2003 by volunteers from the Wenatchee , replicating the original Bellanca CH-400 design through reverse engineering of historical parts and components. The aircraft, powered by a R-985 engine, completed its on May 1, 2003, and has since participated in annual airshows and flyovers across the Pacific Northwest, including events at , continuing through 2025—such as a display at the Airshow in June 2025—to promote aviation history. The enduring bond between the flight's endpoints has fostered a relationship between , and Misawa, , established in 1981 to honor the 50th anniversary of the , with ongoing joint events such as flyovers and commemorations. This partnership was highlighted during the 90th anniversary celebrations in 2021, featuring community gatherings and aerial demonstrations to relive the historic journey. Contemporary initiatives, including the Miss Veedol Project via missveedol.org, actively promote educational outreach and experiential flights to raise awareness of the aircraft's legacy, with the used in community programs and airshows. In 2024, the Wenatchee Valley Museum hosted events during Aviation Heritage Month, such as an October 4 flyover by the replica and historical reenactments, drawing visitors to explore the flight's impact on regional . In 2025, the Wenatchee Valley Misawa Association continued joint efforts, including a delegation visit to on October 3 and an open house meeting on November 10.

References

  1. https://www.eastwenatcheewa.gov/262/Miss-Veedol-Misawa-Sister-City
  2. https://www.missveedol.org/
  3. https://kw3.com/first-transpacific-nonstop-flight/
  4. https://miss-veedol.com/en/
  5. https://www.bellancamuseum.org/history/bellanca-airplanes/
  6. http://www.aerofiles.com/_bella.html
  7. https://www.historynet.com/outstanding-american-citzen/
  8. https://www.bellancamuseum.org/history/giuseppe-m-bellanca/
  9. https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/3-5-october-1931/
  10. https://www.historynet.com/clyde-pangborn-and-hugh-herndon-jr-first-to-fly-nonstop-across-the-pacific/
  11. https://airandspace.si.edu/support/wall-of-honor/clyde-edward-pangborn
  12. https://imagesofoldhawaii.com/flight-of-miss-veedol/
  13. https://www.longines.com/en-us/magazine/pioneer-spirits/clyde-pangborn-hugh-herndon/
  14. https://www.historylink.org/File/5400
  15. https://www.missveedol.org/hugh-herndon-jr
  16. https://www.wingnet.org/rtw/RTW002E.HTM
  17. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0%2C33009%2C744539-4%2C00.html
  18. https://www.wired.com/2010/10/1005first-nonstop-transpacific-flight/
  19. https://www.missveedol.org/1931-flight
  20. https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/miss-veedol/
  21. https://time.com/archive/6750002/aeronautics-jumping-nurse/
  22. https://www.nytimes.com/1932/09/14/archives/nurse-and-two-men-flying-sea-to-rome-heavily-laden-plane-reported.html
  23. https://www.nps.gov/gate/learn/historyculture/floyd-bennett-field-historic-flights.htm
  24. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/groundhog-and-nurse
  25. https://forgottenstories.net/2014/08/10/tailwind/
  26. https://aviationoiloutlet.com/blog/tailwind-woodchuck-aboard-american-nurse/
  27. https://www.wenatcheevalleymuseum.org/exhibit/pangborn-exhibit/
  28. https://www.nps.gov/articles/pangborn-herndon-memorial-site.htm
  29. https://www.wenatcheeworld.com/multimedia/lookingback/looking-back-pangborn-herndon-monument/article_fbd69576-538f-11ec-908a-9ff337e225d0.html
  30. https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv54721
  31. https://www.tohokukanko.jp/en/attractions/detail_1459.html
  32. https://www.missveedol.org/building-the-replica
  33. https://methowvalleynews.com/2022/07/06/twisp-airports-fly-in-breakfast-features-miss-veedol-replica/
  34. https://www.nwtravelmag.com/museums-and-culture/flying-high-with-wenatchee-s-miss-veedol/article_f0eec030-8b35-11ef-8393-0f243d2974df.html
  35. https://columbiabasinherald.com/news/2025/jun/25/moses-lake-airshow-showcases-aviation-on-all-scales/
  36. https://www.missveedol.org/misawa
  37. https://www.wenatcheeworld.com/news/local/check-it-out-90th-anniversary-celebration-of-the-miss-veedol-flight/article_d082ed82-1a52-11ec-b1ff-9fd96a17afb0.html
  38. http://wenatcheevalleymisawa.org/history/
  39. https://www.wenatcheevalleymuseum.org/event/first-friday-at-the-museum-8/
  40. https://kpq.com/wenatchee-valley-museum-to-pay-tribute-to-miss-veedol-landing/
  41. https://www.misawa.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/4335717/sister-city-delegates-tour-misawa-air-base/
  42. https://www.wenatcheeworld.com/news/local/wenatchee-valley-misawa-sister-city-association-to-host-open-house-meeting/article_2f3580d7-4ef0-44b7-b962-e003b6925771.html
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