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NFL Scouting Combine
NFL Scouting Combine
NFL Scouting Combine
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NFL Scouting Combine
NFL Scouting Combine logo
DatesEvery February
FrequencyAnnual
LocationsLucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis
Inaugurated1977
Organized byNational Football League

The NFL Scouting Combine is a week-long showcase occurring every February at Lucas Oil Stadium (and formerly at the RCA Dome until 2008) in Indianapolis, where college football players perform physical and mental tests in front of National Football League coaches, general managers, and scouts. With increasing interest in the NFL draft, the scouting combine has grown in scope and significance, allowing personnel directors to evaluate upcoming prospects in a standardized setting. Its origins stem from the National, BLESTO, and Quadra Scouting organizations in 1977.[1]

Athletes attend by invitation only. An athlete's performance during the combine can affect their draft status and salary, and ultimately their career. The draft has popularized the term "workout warrior", whereby an athlete's "draft stock" is increased based on superior measurable qualities such as size, speed, and strength, despite having an average or sub-par college career.[2][3][4]

History

[edit]

Tex Schramm, the president and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1989, proposed to the NFL competition committee a centralization of the evaluation process for NFL teams. Prior to 1982, teams had to schedule individual visits with players to run them through drills and tests.[5] The national invitational camp (NIC) was first held in Tampa, Florida, in 1982.[6] It was originated by National Football Scouting, Inc. as a means for member organizations to look at NFL draft prospects. For non-member teams, two other camps were created and used from 1982 through 1984. The NIC was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1984. It was renamed the NFL Scouting Combine following the merger of the three camps in 1985 to cut the cost of running the extra camps. It was held in Arizona in 1985 and once again in New Orleans in 1986 before permanently moving to Indianapolis in 1987.

Tests and evaluations

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Tests and evaluations include:[7][8][9]

Sports writers question whether these tests have any relationship with NFL performance.[10] Empirical research published in 2011 found that the 40-yard dash, vertical jump, 20-yard shuttle, and 3 cone drill tests have limited validity in predicting future NFL performance, suggesting that a prospect's past performance in college is a better indicator of future NFL performance than these physical ability tests.[11]

20-yard shuttle

[edit]

The 20-yard shuttle, also simply called the short shuttle, is a timed agility drill run primarily to evaluate athletes’ quickness and change-of-direction ability. Although not as highly regarded as the 40-yard dash, it is still an important measure used by NFL personnel to compare players. Canadian football also uses the shuttle test.[12]

The name is derived from the total yards that athletes travel during the drill, also known as the "short shuttle" or the "5–10–5" drill." The athlete starts at the center of three cones set 5 yards apart. On the command of “Go“ they drive off their dominant leg in the opposite direction, touch the line 5 yards away, reverse direction and shuttle to the opposite line then 10 yards away, then reverse the final 5 yards back to the center.

Three attempts are allowed, with the best time selected for the record.[13]

The drill is designed to measure short-area quickness, lateral movement, flexibility and the speed at which a player can change directions. The drill also gives scouts an idea of how well a player can keep a low center of gravity as well as their ability to sink their hips.[14]

Bench press

[edit]

At the NFL combine, the bench press is used as a test of muscle strength and stamina, in which athletes lift 225 pounds (102 kg) as many times as possible.[15]

Since 1994, only 20 players at the combine have managed to achieve more than 40 repetitions:

Scouting organizations

[edit]

The NFL's first scouting organization, LESTO (Lions, Eagles and Steelers Talent Organization), was started in 1963 by the teams mentioned in its name with headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[20] It became BLESTO when the Bears joined the following year and BLESTO-V when the Vikings came on board later in the decade; by 1971 the Bills, Colts and Dolphins had joined and the group was known as BLESTO-VIII.[21] It is now known simply as BLESTO despite the fact that the Bears and Eagles are no longer members.[22] The group's offices stayed in Pittsburgh until 2007 when the headquarters moved to Jacksonville, Florida, with support offices remaining in Pittsburgh.[20]

CEPO (Central Eastern Personnel Organization), formed in 1964, was a joint venture of the Colts, Browns, Packers and Cardinals. Its name was changed to United Scouting after the Falcons, Giants and Redskins joined, then to National Football Scouting in 1983 to avoid confusion with the United States Football League, which began operations that year. National Football Scouting is now known simply as the National.[22]

Another scouting organization formed in 1964 was Troika, launched by the Cowboys, Rams and 49ers. It was renamed Quadra when the Saints joined in 1967.[22] Quadra no longer exists; its former members now all belong to the National.

As of the 2015 season, eighteen franchises participate in the National (Arizona Cardinals, Atlanta Falcons, Carolina Panthers, Cincinnati Bengals, Dallas Cowboys, Denver Broncos, Green Bay Packers, Houston Texans, Kansas City Chiefs, New Orleans Saints, New York Jets, Philadelphia Eagles, Los Angeles Rams, Los Angeles Chargers, San Francisco 49ers, Seattle Seahawks, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Tennessee Titans), with eight served by BLESTO (Buffalo Bills, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, Miami Dolphins, Minnesota Vikings, New York Giants, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Washington Commanders). Each of the six non-affiliated teams (Baltimore Ravens, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Indianapolis Colts, Las Vegas Raiders, and New England Patriots) relies on its in-house scouting staff.[22][23]

Combine invitations

[edit]

In a typical year, there are about 330 invited players. About 250 invitations are sent before bowl games are completed to those who have completed their seasons. However, underclassmen have until mid-January to confirm their draft status. Invitations are made to those receiving supermajority support from the selection committee.[24]

Criticism

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Sportswriter Steve Silverman has expressed skepticism of the combine's utility as a predictor of players' potential by citing the experience of Terrell Suggs in 2003. Suggs was an impressive defensive end for Arizona State, but when Suggs ran the 40-yard dash in a relatively slow 4.83 seconds, he was downgraded by NFL scouts. However, despite his lackluster performance at the NFL combine, Suggs later became an elite defender for the Baltimore Ravens after being selected with the tenth overall pick, including 12.0 sacks during his rookie season.[25] Doug Tatum of Times-Picayune argues that it is unlikely players will be asked to run a 40-yard dash again during their career.[26] Silverman says that the best way to scout is to simply watch them play.[25]

Others think the value in the 40 depends on the position; Daniel Jeremiah, an NFL Network analyst and former scout, says "The position where the 40 holds the most weight is cornerback. If you're a receiver who runs a 4.6 like (Anquan) Boldin, but you have short-area quickness and strong hands, the 40 isn't a big deal. But if you're a cornerback who runs a 4.6 and you're facing a receiver who runs a 4.4, it doesn't matter how good your ball skills are."[27]

Television

[edit]

The NFL scouting combine was first shown on television in 2004. Media and cameras were historically prohibited, but with the launch of NFL Network on November 4, 2003, six installments of one-hour shows to recap the day's events aired in February 2004.[28][29] NFL Network aired two hours of combine workouts for each workout day in 2005,[30] 26 total hours of coverage in 2006,[31] 27 hours in 2007,[5] and 25 hours in 2009.[32] It began airing over 30 hours of Combine coverage starting in 2010,[33] which received 5.24 million viewers.[34]

In 2019, ESPN began to additionally provide live coverage from the Combine, with daily broadcasts of NFL Live on-site, including a two-hour edition airing on ABC with coverage of quarterback and wide receiver drills (marking the first time that official coverage had been provided outside of NFL Network).[35][36]

Regional combines

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Beginning in 2011, a series of eleven regional combines for players not invited to the main scouting combine, as well as other free agents, were held in eight cities (Los Angeles, Houston, Baltimore, Tampa, East Rutherford, Chicago, Atlanta, and Cleveland) from January to March. The best players from these regional combines were invited to the NFL super regional combine at Ford Field in Detroit in late March.[37] In 2016, the NFL went away from this format only holding five Combines in Houston, Arizona, Baltimore, Minnesota and New Orleans.[38]

Veteran combine

[edit]

The first NFL Veteran Combine was scheduled on March 22, 2015, at the Arizona Cardinals' team facility. The combine corresponded with the NFL owners' meetings also being held in Phoenix from March 22–24, 2015. The combine featured veteran free agents, and all 32 clubs in attendance. There were over 2,000 applications from players to participate, although only a select few were chosen. Some of the notable players included Adam Carriker, Felix Jones, Michael Sam, and Brady Quinn.[39] However, only two players participating in the combine (linebacker Brandon Copeland and tight end Ifeanyi Momah) were still on NFL rosters by Week 1 of the 2015 regular season.[40]

The NFL cancelled the planned 2016 Veteran Combine, citing a lack of player interest.[41] Later that year, the NFL announced it would rebrand it as the Pro Player Combine and focus its attention on younger players trying to get another chance in the NFL.[42]

References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

NFL Scouting Combine

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from Grokipedia
The NFL Scouting Combine, officially known as the National Invitational Camp, is an annual four-day, invitation-only event held in late February in , , where approximately 300 top players eligible for the upcoming NFL Draft are evaluated by league scouts, coaches, and personnel directors through medical examinations, psychological assessments, formal interviews, and on-field physical workouts. The primary purpose of the Combine is to provide teams with standardized medical, mental, and athletic data on prospects, supplementing evaluations from game film to inform draft decisions. As National Football Scouting President Jeff Foster has noted, "Most evaluators agree that the Scouting Combine is to validate what they’ve seen on film." Each invited player undergoes comprehensive medical screenings to identify potential health risks, participates in formal interviews with multiple teams (each of the 32 teams conducts up to 45 formal 18-minute interviews), and completes position-specific and general physical drills such as the , 225-pound repetitions, , broad jump, three-cone drill, and 20-yard shuttle. The event traces its origins to informal scouting camps organized by individual NFL teams in the mid-1970s, with the New York Jets holding one of the earliest in 1976, but it was formalized in 1982 as the National Invitational Camp by National Football Scouting, Inc. (now known as NFS) in , initially involving only select teams and focusing on medical evaluations for 163 draft-eligible players. By 1985, all 28 teams agreed to participate, sharing costs for medical exams, which expanded the event's scope to include and physical benchmarks. After rotating through locations including New Orleans in 1984 and 1986, and in 1985, the Combine permanently relocated to in 1987, where it has been hosted annually at or around and is scheduled to remain through at least 2026, drawing widespread media coverage on and contributing to the professionalization of player evaluation in the league. Overseen by NFS since its inception, the Combine remains a pivotal "job interview" for prospects, with its results often influencing draft stock despite ongoing debates about the relative weight of combine performance versus college tape.

Overview

Purpose and Importance

The NFL Scouting Combine is an annual, invitation-only event held in the weeks leading up to the NFL Draft, where approximately 300 to 330 top draft-eligible players—primarily seniors and underclassmen who have declared early—undergo a standardized series of physical, mental, and medical evaluations. This four-day gathering serves as a centralized platform for all 32 NFL teams to assess prospects in a controlled environment, generating comparable data that complements game film analysis. The primary objectives of the Combine include providing teams with objective metrics on players' athletic potential, such as speed, strength, and , while facilitating formal interviews and medical examinations to gauge football intelligence, character, and health risks. By standardizing evaluations, the event helps mitigate biases from varying college programs and enables teams to efficiently screen a large pool of talent, with medical checks alone originally conceived as an economical way to examine over 300 players in one location. Historically, the Combine has played a pivotal role in evolving talent evaluation, shifting emphasis from subjective college tape toward quantifiable athletic traits that predict pro success. Standout performances can significantly elevate a prospect's draft position; for instance, John Ross's record-setting 4.22-second in 2017 propelled him from a mid-round projection to the ninth overall pick by the . Its influence on Draft outcomes is substantial, with over 85% of all drafted players in recent years having been Combine invitees, and nearly all first-round selections attending to participate in at least the medical and interview components.

Location and Timing

The NFL Scouting Combine has been held annually at in , , since 1987, when the event relocated from previous venues to the city's Hoosier Dome (later renamed the ). The stadium, with a of approximately 67,000 for football events and expandable to over 70,000, provides an expansive indoor facility ideal for the Combine's drills and evaluations, ensuring operations remain weather-independent regardless of late-winter conditions. In recent years, the has extended its agreement with to host the event through 2026, confirming the 2025 Combine occurred there from February 24 to March 3, while dispelling earlier speculation about city rotations. The league has not announced plans to rotate locations post-2026, though discussions continue about potential future expansions to enhance accessibility for teams and prospects. The Combine typically spans four to five days in late , aligning with the offseason to allow teams time for follow-up evaluations before college pro days and the April draft. For the 2025 edition, activities began with player arrivals, initial interviews, and medical examinations on February 24-26, followed by physical measurements and the on February 26; on-field drills for position groups occurred February 27-March 2, with defensive linemen and linebackers first, then defensive backs and tight ends, quarterbacks, wide receivers and running backs, and offensive linemen concluding the workouts. The event draws around 600-800 personnel, including scouts and executives from all 32 teams, plus over 1,000 media members, fostering a concentrated environment for talent assessment.

History

Origins and Establishment

The NFL Scouting Combine traces its origins to the National Invitational Camp (NIC), established in 1982 by National Football Scouting Inc. (NFS), a of 16 teams seeking to create a centralized evaluation process for draft-eligible players. This initiative addressed the inconsistencies of individual college pro days, where varying formats and conditions hindered standardized assessments of prospects' physical attributes and medical histories. The first NIC was held in , inviting 163 top college seniors for initial medical evaluations and basic measurements. The event's founding was influenced by collaborative scouting services, including NFS, BLESTO, and Centric (also known as Quadra in some contexts), which had been pooling resources since to streamline pre-draft workouts. From 1982 to 1984, these organizations operated separate but complementary camps to serve their member teams, with NFS's NIC focusing on medical data collection for its affiliates. Participation remained limited to around 100-150 invitees per camp, emphasizing height, weight, hand size, and arm length over athletic drills. A key expansion occurred in 1985 when the three scouting services merged their efforts into a single annual event, renamed the NFL Scouting Combine, held in , with all 28 NFL teams participating for the first time. The combine relocated to New Orleans in 1986 before settling permanently in in 1987 at the Hoosier Dome, a location chosen for its central accessibility and NFS headquarters, where it remained the fixed venue. Rotation plans were announced in 2023 for potential changes after 2024, but the event continued in through 2025 and 2026. This early format prioritized foundational measurables and medical screenings, laying the groundwork for later additions of performance tests.

Major Changes and Expansions

The NFL Scouting Combine experienced significant format updates in the 1990s, including the standardization and prominence of timed athletic drills such as the , which had been run as early as 1989 but became a core evaluation tool for prospects' speed during this decade. The 225-pound repetitions were similarly introduced as a key strength metric around the same period, allowing scouts to quantify upper-body power in a consistent manner across participants. With the beginning to allow underclassmen to declare early for the draft starting in 1990, the Combine's eligibility expanded to include juniors and others who met the criteria, broadening the talent pool beyond seniors only. During the 2000s, cognitive assessments were formalized with the addition of the Wonderlic personnel test, a 50-question exam administered to measure problem-solving and skills under time pressure, which had been used sporadically prior but became a staple at the event. This test was supplemented in with a more comprehensive player assessment tool but fully replaced in 2022 amid criticisms of its cultural biases, shifting to broader aptitude evaluations. Medical evaluations also evolved, with rechecks for flagged prospects becoming a structured post-Combine process in the mid-2000s, involving detailed orthopedic and internal exams to verify injury recoveries and long-term health risks. The and brought expansions in accessibility and adaptability; online streaming of workouts began in 2012 via platforms, enabling broader fan and analyst engagement beyond traditional TV broadcasts. In response to the , the 2021 edition adopted a virtual format, eliminating in-person workouts in and relying on pro days, remote medical interviews, and virtual team meetings to maintain evaluations. In 2023, the announced plans for potential city rotations starting after 2024, opening bids to locations like and to boost economic impact and fan experiences in new markets, though was retained as host through 2026. Overall expansion reflects the event's growth from its 1982 origins, when it involved 16 teams and 163 participants, to a league-wide showcase by the encompassing all 32 teams, with invitee numbers reaching 319 in 2024. The 2025 NFL Scouting Combine was held in from February 27 to March 2, integrating advanced technology, including AI-powered via AWS's Combine IQ dashboard for real-time drill and player tracking, enhancing scout efficiency. Additionally, the International Player Pathway program facilitated potential inclusion of global talent, with 14 international athletes evaluated in pathways leading to Combine consideration.

Participant Selection

Eligibility Requirements

The primary eligibility for the NFL Scouting Combine is limited to players who meet the league's draft eligibility criteria, including those who have been out of high school for at least three years. seniors are automatically eligible upon exhausting their NCAA eligibility, typically after completing their fourth year of , while underclassmen—such as juniors—may declare early for the draft if they have fulfilled the three-year post-high school requirement and renounce remaining eligibility. These rules ensure participants are generally around 22-23 years old, with the average age of invitees reported at approximately 22.35 years in recent combines. Under NCAA regulations, participants must have either exhausted all remaining college eligibility or formally declared for the NFL Draft via early entry certification, preventing active professional players or those with ongoing amateur status from competing. The league coordinates with the NCAA to verify compliance, ensuring no player retains transferable college eligibility post-declaration. Exceptions to standard U.S. college pathways include international athletes selected through the NFL International Player Pathway (IPP) program, which identifies prospects aged 24 or younger who are at least four years out of high school, have not played American college football, and demonstrate sufficient English proficiency; these players may receive Combine invitations if they meet overall draft criteria. Medical hardship waivers, granted by the NCAA for injury-related lost seasons, can extend college eligibility but do not typically allow earlier draft entry beyond the three-year rule, though they may influence a player's timeline for Combine participation in subsequent years. Players are ineligible for invitations if background checks reveal disqualifying factors, such as convictions for felonies or misdemeanors involving violence, , sexual offenses, , or weapons; dismissal from a team; or NCAA sanctions. Pre-invite failed drug tests, if discovered through scouting reports, can also bar participation, as the Combine includes mandatory drug screening upon arrival. Since the 2010s, the has broadened the talent pool by increasingly inviting small-school athletes from FCS, Division II, and lower levels, with an average of over 20 such prospects per year from 2016 to 2021; however, this number declined to an average of 14.5 per year from 2022 to 2025, reflecting the impact of the transfer portal and name, image, and likeness (NIL) deals on player mobility.

Invitation Process

The invitation process for the Scouting Combine is coordinated by the Player Selection Committee, a group comprising scouts, team personnel, and rotating general managers from all 32 teams, under the oversight of National Football Scouting Inc. (NFS). This committee reviews every draft-eligible college player, incorporating nominations and rankings from team scouts across the league to select approximately 300 to 350 participants annually. For the 2025 event, a total of 329 prospects received invitations, announced on February 13, 2025. Selection criteria emphasize a prospect's on-field college performance, projected fit and success at the NFL level, and medical history, including any prior injuries that could impact durability. Input from postseason all-star events, such as the Senior Bowl and East-West Shrine Bowl, provides additional evaluations of skills and intangibles, often influencing borderline decisions. Prospects with serious criminal convictions involving violence, weapons, domestic issues, or sexual offenses, or those dismissed by their university or the NCAA, are ineligible. In recent years, including 2025, the process has incorporated growing use of data analytics to refine rankings and projections, aiding teams in identifying high-potential talent beyond traditional scouting. Invitations are formally extended via or in late or early , with players still active in postseason games notified after their final contest. Underclassmen who have officially declared for the draft are fully eligible and form a notable portion of invitees, allowing early measurements and evaluations for those entering prematurely. Selected participants must promptly accept the invitation, typically within days, to confirm attendance; the covers all travel, lodging, and meal expenses but provides no additional compensation. Declines occur in a minority of cases, often due to lingering injuries, a preference to showcase at individual pro days, or strategic draft positioning, with top prospects occasionally opting out in recent cycles—for instance, several high-profile offensive players, including quarterbacks , , and , skipped the 2024 event. The league maintains a waitlist of alternates to fill any vacancies, ensuring the event proceeds with a full slate of top talent.

Tests and Evaluations

Physical Measurements and Weigh-Ins

The physical measurements and weigh-ins at the NFL Scouting Combine serve as the initial biometric evaluation, providing standardized baseline data on prospects' and proportions to aid in position suitability and draft projections. These assessments include measured both with and without shoes, , length—officially measured from the end of the biceps or shoulder blade (acromion process) to the tip of the middle finger, with the arm extended horizontally away from the body—hand , and , all conducted to ensure uniformity across evaluations. Held on the first day of the event, the process requires participants to strip down to underwear for accuracy, minimizing clothing interference and allowing for precise verification by NFL-certified measurers. This official measurement often reveals discrepancies from college-listed stats, where prospects may appear shorter or lighter; for instance, in recent combines, numerous players have been measured at least two inches below their school-reported . These metrics play a crucial role in classifying players for specific positions, as certain thresholds influence viability—offensive tackles, for example, typically require a minimum height of 6 feet 3 inches and arm length of at least 33 inches to effectively block edge rushers. Arm length is evaluated relative to height; for an arm length of 34.25 inches, it is considered proportionate and above-average at approximately 6'5" (77 inches), providing good reach and leverage without being relatively short, whereas at taller heights (e.g., 6'7"+), the same arm length may appear shorter relative to the frame, which can be a minor concern for maintaining distance from defenders. Body fat percentage is also assessed during this phase, often using advanced methods like dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans or bioelectrical impedance analysis to quantify lean mass and overall composition. In 2024, the average weight for offensive linemen at the combine hovered around 310 pounds, highlighting the physical demands of the position and how these figures help scouts compare prospects against historical benchmarks. Technological advancements have modernized the process since the early , transitioning from purely manual tape measures to digital tools like height gauges for greater precision. By 2023, was introduced in beta testing to capture comprehensive anthropometric data, with plans for full integration in subsequent years. This evolution ensures more reliable, objective data while reducing human error in what remains a high-stakes evaluation for hopefuls.

Athletic Performance Drills

The athletic performance drills at the NFL Scouting Combine evaluate prospects' speed, , and explosiveness through timed tests that simulate on-field movement demands. These drills provide scouts with quantifiable data on linear , change-of-direction ability, and short-area , helping to assess how players might perform in game situations. Key drills include the , which measures straight-line speed and over 40 yards, with position-specific averages typically ranging from 4.5 to 5.0 seconds depending on the —for instance, wide receivers often clock around 4.48 seconds on . The 3-cone drill assesses by requiring players to navigate three cones in an L-shape pattern, with averages between 7.0 and 7.5 seconds across positions, highlighting cutting and pivoting skills essential for route-running or coverage. The 20-yard shuttle, also known as the pro drill, tests lateral through a five-yard back-and-forth sprint, yielding averages of 4.2 to 4.5 seconds that reveal burst and recovery in confined spaces. These drills are executed using electronic timing systems for precision, with participants receiving multiple attempts—typically two for the —to account for optimal performance conditions. Scheduling is position-specific to streamline evaluations; for example, defensive backs and wide receivers often perform on the second day of on-field workouts. Historical benchmarks underscore the drills' competitive nature, with the 40-yard dash record standing at 4.21 seconds, set by in 2024. Earlier, John Ross held the mark at 4.22 seconds in 2017, illustrating incremental improvements in training and technique over time. Scouts analyze raw times alongside technique, such as stride efficiency in the or hip fluidity in the shuttle, to contextualize results beyond numbers. Poor performances, like unexpectedly slow 40 times, can negatively affect draft stock—for example, Joe Haden's 4.52-second time in 2010 raised some concerns despite his eventual seventh-overall selection, potentially causing slides of 10-20 spots for similar profiles in other cases.

Strength and Endurance Tests

The strength and endurance tests at the NFL Scouting Combine evaluate prospects' upper-body power, lower-body explosiveness, and anaerobic capacity through standardized drills conducted in a controlled environment. These assessments, performed indoors at in , focus on repetitive strength and explosive movements to gauge functional athleticism relevant to football positions. The serves as the primary upper-body strength test, requiring participants to complete as many repetitions as possible at 225 pounds using a standard in a supervised setting. Offensive linemen typically average 20-25 repetitions, reflecting the position's demands for sustained pushing power, while skill positions like wide receivers often record 15-20 reps. The all-time record stands at 49 repetitions, set by in 2011. Lower-body power is measured via the vertical jump and broad jump, both emphasizing explosive force without a running start. In the , prospects leap from a standing position using a Vertec device or platform with measurement mats to record reach height, with position averages ranging from 30 to 40 inches—such as 32-38 inches for running backs. The broad jump involves a two-foot takeoff for maximum horizontal distance, measured from takeoff line to heel landing, with averages of 9-11 feet across positions; for example, wide receivers often achieve 9 feet 7 inches to 10 feet 4 inches. These jumps, added to the combine's core evaluations in the early 2000s to better assess lower-body power, use padded mats to ensure safety and precision. Endurance is occasionally tested through the 60-yard shuttle, a multi-directional covering 5, 10, and 15 yards out-and-back for a total of 60 yards, simulating repeated bursts under fatigue. This event, run on a turf field with electronic timing, highlights anaerobic recovery and is not required for all positions every year but contributes to overall conditioning profiles. To mitigate injury risks, mandatory warm-up protocols precede all strength and endurance sessions, including dynamic stretches, light lifting, and position-specific priming exercises like throws. These routines, overseen by NFL medical staff, have evolved to include eccentric loading and plyometric activations, reducing strain during high-intensity efforts. In 2025, analysts placed greater emphasis on relative strength ratios, such as repetitions normalized per body weight or against position benchmarks, integrated into tools like Relative Athletic Scores (RAS) to contextualize raw numbers. This approach, scoring athletes on a 0-10 scale relative to historical data, highlighted prospects like offensive linemen achieving 9.0+ RAS for balanced power-to-size metrics.

Medical and Psychological Assessments

The medical assessments at the NFL Scouting Combine constitute a comprehensive of prospects' physical , conducted by a team of over 100 physicians representing all 32 NFL franchises. These include full-body orthopedic exams, MRIs, X-rays, bone scans, and basic checks for vision and hearing to identify any injuries or conditions that could impact performance. For players with prior concerns, such as heart conditions, additional targeted testing occurs to assess risks. Drug testing is also mandatory, screening for steroids, marijuana, and other prohibited substances, with positive results shared league-wide and potentially altering draft eligibility. Following the physical evaluations, results are reviewed in group sessions where physicians explain findings to representatives from each , allowing clubs to probe specific issues like injury history or recovery timelines. Up to 6% of participants may receive failing medical grades if conditions, such as severe musculoskeletal injuries or malignancies, render them unfit for play. Psychological assessments shifted significantly in 2022 when the discontinued the , a 50-question cognitive exam used since the to gauge problem-solving and aptitude, due to criticisms of racial bias and limited relevance to football skills. It was replaced by the S2 Cognition test, which evaluates cognitive processing speed and decision-making in football-specific scenarios. The S2 test has faced , with some agencies directing clients to opt out due to concerns over its methodology and impact on draft evaluations. Interviews form a core component, with each of the 32 teams permitted up to 45 formal 18-minute sessions to explore prospects' personality, football intelligence, and cultural fit. Players typically engage in numerous such meetings, often around 18 on average, fielding questions on game strategy, personal background, and . In cases of character concerns, such as allegations, teams may request tests, though this is not standard and occurs selectively, as seen with prospects like . Red flags from these assessments, including failed medicals or drug tests, can severely impact draft prospects; for instance, Randy Gregory's 2015 marijuana positive dropped him from a projected top-10 pick to the third round, while Reuben Foster's 2017 diluted sample contributed to his slide amid other issues.

Scouting and Analysis

Role of NFL Scouts

NFL scouts serve as the primary evaluators at the Scouting Combine, tasked with assessing approximately 300 top draft-eligible college players across medical, mental, and physical dimensions to identify talent that can contribute to their teams. Their core duties involve live observation of athletic drills, where they scrutinize technique details such as hip fluidity during the to detect movement efficiencies or deficiencies that may not be evident in game footage. These insights are initially noted mentally on-site and later expanded into comprehensive reports submitted to general managers and coaching staffs, informing strategic draft preparations. Representatives from all 32 teams attend , typically deploying multiple scouts and coaches to ensure broad coverage of positional groups and individual prospects. This presence enables teams to conduct up to 45 formal 18- to 20-minute interviews per club (as of 2025), focusing on intangibles like coachability and . Post-Combine, facilitate private workouts for high-interest players, allowing for customized evaluations beyond the standardized format. Approximately 200 volunteers, including group scouts limited to a maximum of three per team, assist in and player management, supporting the overall scouting effort. The evaluation framework employed by scouts integrates Combine metrics with in-depth film analysis of college performances to build balanced prospect profiles. Traits such as speed are often graded on a 1-10 scale, where higher scores indicate elite potential relative to positional demands, contributing to overall player rankings. In 2025, this process has evolved with the adoption of wearable biometric sensors, such as Zebra Technologies RFID devices, that deliver real-time data on player movements during drills, enhancing the accuracy of athletic assessments. Scouts' compiled notes and observations exert substantial influence on draft board adjustments, often providing newfound insights that reshape team priorities.

Scouting Organizations and Services

The primary independent organizations supporting teams at the Scouting Combine are BLESTO and National Football Scouting (NFS), with a smaller number of teams relying on other specialized services or in-house operations. BLESTO, originally formed in 1963 as the Lions-Eagles-Steelers Talent Organization (LESTO) and later expanded to include the , provides comprehensive scouting reports to its member teams, which number around 12 to 14 as of the early 2020s. NFS, established in the late and based in , serves approximately 15 to 17 teams and focuses on detailed player evaluations shared among subscribers. Independent services or in-house scouting cater to the remaining teams outside these networks, ensuring broad coverage across the league's 32 franchises. These organizations play a crucial role at the Combine by coordinating player invitations through collective nominations from their scouting networks, which help identify top draft-eligible prospects. They also host pre-Combine meetings where member teams review aggregated insights on potential invitees and facilitate on-site data sharing during the event. NFS, in particular, organizes the overall Combine logistics, while both services compile and distribute medical, athletic, and interview data to their subscribers, streamlining evaluations for teams. In operations, BLESTO and NFS together employ more than 100 full-time who evaluate over 13,000 college players annually across all levels of football, assigning grades that inform draft projections. Member teams pay annual dues exceeding $100,000 per service to access these resources, which supplement their internal efforts and reduce redundant travel and analysis. The landscape of these services has evolved significantly, with mergers in the consolidating separate evaluation camps run by NFS, BLESTO, and Quadra into a single centralized event under NFS management. As of 2025, BLESTO and NFS remain the two primary services. By 2025, digital platforms have further advanced their operations, enabling secure shared analytics and real-time data integration for member teams during Combine evaluations. Beyond NFL-affiliated services, broader college scouting networks—often involving coaches, organizers, and regional evaluators—contribute to Combine nominations by submitting data and recommendations that the services review during the selection process.

Media and Broadcasting

Television Coverage

The NFL Scouting Combine has been primarily broadcast on since 2004, marking the event's first year of television coverage after nearly two decades without cameras on site. The network provides exclusive live programming over four days of on-field workouts, typically spanning more than 20 hours in total, focusing on position-group drills from in . Coverage is anchored by host , with lead draft analyst providing breakdowns alongside other experts like Charles Davis. Television coverage evolved significantly from limited, tape-delayed highlights in the 1980s and 1990s—often just brief excerpts aired post-event—to comprehensive live broadcasts starting in the mid-2000s following 's launch in 2003. This shift transformed the Combine into a primetime event, with full-day programming by the . Viewership peaked at around 5-6 million annually in the early , such as 5.24 million for the 2010 coverage, but fluctuated in the 2020s, with averages around 250,000-500,000 viewers per day through 2024, though the 2025 event saw a rebound to the highest viewership on since 2017, totaling 5.1 million viewers over four days. The broadcast format emphasizes live feeds of athletic drills like the and , interspersed with real-time analyst commentary on prospect performances, medical evaluations, and draft implications. Player interviews, both on-site and in studio, add narrative depth, highlighting personal stories and team fit. Partnerships have expanded reach, with ABC simulcasting select high-profile sessions since 2019, such as quarterback and receiver drills that drew 790,000 viewers that year. contributes supplementary programming, including on-site segments from shows like NFL Live. Internationally, NFL Game Pass on streams the full coverage to viewers outside the U.S., supporting global fan engagement. The event generates significant economic value through television, contributing an estimated $10 million in impact to via visitor spending and local business, though specific ad revenue figures remain undisclosed. This underscores the Combine's role as a key off-season moneymaker for the , despite softening linear TV ratings.

Digital and Social Media Presence

The NFL Scouting Combine has expanded its digital footprint through official platforms, offering live streams and on-demand content to global audiences. Since at least 2010, NFL.com has provided live streaming coverage of the event, allowing fans to watch drills and interviews in real time without relying solely on traditional television broadcasts. By 2012, this included comprehensive live feeds from Indianapolis, complementing on-site production. Additionally, highlights and clips are distributed on YouTube via official NFL channels, featuring full drill recaps and standout performances, while TikTok hosts short-form viral content such as dramatic 40-yard dash runs or humorous mishaps that often amass hundreds of thousands of views per video. Mobile applications enhance interactivity and accessibility during the Combine. The official app delivers real-time statistics, live updates, and personalized notifications for prospect performances, enabling users to track metrics like reps or shuttle run times as they occur. In 2025, the league integrated an AI-powered assistant into the Combine app, utilizing Azure Service to answer fan queries on player data, event schedules, and historical comparisons, processing thousands of concurrent requests efficiently. These tools, including the Next Gen Stats-powered Combine IQ dashboard, allow users to explore interactive visualizations of athletic metrics, fostering deeper engagement beyond passive viewing. Social media amplifies the Combine's reach, driving fan conversations and player visibility. The #NFLCombine hashtag trends annually on platforms like X (formerly Twitter) and Instagram, sparking discussions around top performers and generating widespread buzz through user-generated content and official posts. Prospects often experience significant boosts in Instagram followers following standout showings, as increased media exposure translates to rapid growth in personal branding—similar to post-draft surges where top picks add tens of thousands of followers overnight. Virtual fan engagement extends this through app-based challenges and the NFL OnePass program, which offers digital badges and exclusive content for remote participants, simulating on-site experiences like interactive drill simulations. Podcasts contribute to insider discourse, with series like "NFL Combine Confidential" on ESPN Daily providing behind-the-scenes insights from former players and analysts on prospect evaluations and event dynamics. Overall, digital and social presence has evolved to bridge gaps in linear TV scheduling, with online engagement growing from over 9 million video views on NFL.com in 2011 to more than 5 million cumulative viewers across NFL Network and digital streams in 2024, and continuing to rise with 5.1 million total viewers in 2025. This expansion reflects the NFL's strategy to cultivate a year-round connected fanbase, particularly during the pre-draft period.

Variations and Extensions

Regional Combines

The NFL Regional Combines were introduced in 2012 as a supplement to the primary Scouting Combine, offering draft-eligible college players who did not receive invitations to the main event in an opportunity to showcase their skills to league scouts. These events targeted non-elite prospects, particularly those from smaller schools, Division II programs, or other under-the-radar backgrounds, allowing them to perform athletic drills in front of NFL personnel. Over the program's lifespan, it typically featured 5 to 14 events annually across multiple cities, including , , , , and , drawing more than 1,000 participants each year who were ineligible for the national Combine due to its exclusive invitation process. Each Regional Combine was a condensed, one-day affair held at NFL team facilities or local venues, focusing on key athletic performance drills such as the 40-yard dash, bench press, vertical jump, and shuttle runs—mirroring those at the main event but without medical evaluations, interviews, or psychological assessments. Standout performers, often the top 4-6 from each position group, earned invitations to a culminating Super Regional Combine or direct tryouts with NFL teams, providing a pathway for further evaluation. The events were organized on a lower-budget scale, largely volunteer-run by league staff and local partners, with participants paying an entry fee of approximately $250 to cover costs. This format emphasized accessibility over high production, enabling broader participation without the logistical demands of the flagship event. The primary purpose of the Regional Combines was to broaden scouting access and identify hidden talent overlooked by traditional evaluations, fostering a more inclusive draft preparation process for athletes from less prominent programs. Success stories emerged from the program, with dozens of participants annually advancing to professional opportunities; for instance, in , 42 top performers from the regionals were invited to the Super Regional, several of whom secured undrafted contracts or spots. Notable examples include , who attended a regional combine in and later signed with the as an undrafted , becoming a player. The initiative helped 98 players from 2012 to 2016 reach an roster at some point, highlighting its role in talent discovery. The discontinued the Regional Combines after the 2017 season, citing evolving scouting priorities and a shift toward expanded pro days and all-star games for similar exposure. In subsequent years, comparable opportunities for non-invited prospects have been provided through independent combines and showcases, such as the UFL Showcase, which hosts multiple events in cities such as , , and to connect players with professional scouts.

International and Veteran Events

The NFL International Player Pathway (IPP) program, established in 2017, serves as the primary mechanism for identifying and developing global talent for potential NFL opportunities. This initiative targets elite athletes from various sports outside the and , providing them with structured training to transition into . The program's first international combines, held in , took place in , , and , , to scout candidates from multiple regions. These events featured invitational workouts mirroring the standard NFL Scouting Combine, including position-specific drills, speed tests, and on-field evaluations conducted in front of NFL scouts and evaluators. Participants also undergo interviews to assess football knowledge, adaptability, and cultural fit, with selections leading to further development. For the 2025 cycle, the announced the IPP Class of 2025 in December 2024, comprising 14 athletes from 13 nations who began a 10-week training regimen at in , starting in January. This group, selected through regional and prior combines, participated in a pro day workout on March 26, 2025, in front of personnel, focusing on drills tailored to their positions. Typically, around 40-50 athletes attend these international events annually, with top performers advancing to the IPP for intensive coaching in fundamentals, strength, and scheme. Successful graduates can be signed by teams as international player pathway exemptions, allowing one additional spot per team without counting against the standard limit; starting in 2024, these players can also be elevated to the active 53-man roster up to three times per season. Since its inception, the IPP has resulted in more than 40 international players signing with teams, either via allocation, draft, or free agency, with several from the 2025 class, such as Malakai Wiegand signing with the , actively on rosters, s, or reserve/futures contracts as of late 2025. Notable successes include offensive tackle from , who transitioned from to become a starter for the , and Efe from /, who earned a spot on the ' active roster after initial time. By 2024, more than half of teams had utilized the exemption to roster IPP participants, contributing to a diverse league with players from over 25 countries. The Veteran Combine, piloted in 2015, offered a platform for free agents, recently released players, and those recovering from injuries to demonstrate their skills to scouts during the preseason evaluation period. Held on March 22, 2015, at the ' training facility in Phoenix, the event drew 107 participants, including notable names like and , who performed on-field drills such as the and position-specific workouts, alongside medical evaluations to assess health and readiness. Unlike the rookie-focused Scouting Combine, it emphasized comebacks for veterans with prior experience, limiting participation to those without current contracts. The 2015 event led to at least nine signings within two weeks, including linebacker Brandon Copeland, who joined the and appeared in all 16 games that season. However, due to limited interest, the full Combine was canceled in 2016. It was rebooted in as the Pro Player Combine in Phoenix, restricting eligibility to players whose first NFL contract was in 2014-2016 or whose most recent deal had expired or resulted in a , but no further iterations occurred after that year, effectively pausing the format post-2017. As of 2025, there are no confirmed plans for revival, though the event highlighted pathways for undrafted or overlooked veterans to re-enter the league, such as through subsequent tryouts or free agency.

Criticism and Impact

Key Criticisms

One major criticism of the NFL Scouting Combine is its overemphasis on physical measurables, such as the , at the expense of evaluating actual game performance through film study. This focus has led to high draft picks who excelled in combine drills but failed to translate that athleticism to on-field success, exemplified by , selected sixth overall by the in 2008 after posting an impressive 4.67-second and other standout metrics, yet recording zero sacks in 33 career games. Such cases highlight how the event can mislead teams into prioritizing raw speed and strength over football-specific skills and instincts, contributing to draft busts. The Combine also faces scrutiny for injury risks associated with its high-intensity drills and the invasive medical examinations conducted on prospects. While exact rates of new injuries during the event are not publicly detailed, the physical demands have resulted in strains and other issues for participants, with pre-existing conditions often exacerbated under scrutiny. More prominently, the medical process has sparked ethical concerns about and the use of Combine records in NFL-funded research without adequate protections, including potential violations of laws. Diversity issues further undermine the event's fairness, particularly its perceived against players from smaller schools, who must outperform peers in measurables to gain attention due to limited exposure compared to those from major programs. The Wonderlic cognitive test, administered for decades, drew sharp criticism for cultural insensitivity and racial , as it disadvantaged non-native English speakers and minorities without reliably predicting success, leading to its phase-out starting in 2022. In recent years, concerns have mounted over the Combine's escalating costs and commercialization, which some argue dilute its core purpose by turning it into a media spectacle. The event's production, including broadcasting and logistics, incurs significant expenses exceeding $2 million annually, prompting debates about its value amid rotations to new host cities that prioritize revenue over efficiency. NFL Players Association executive director has labeled it an "intrusive" endeavor driven more by than player evaluation, echoing broader calls to or relocate the format.

Influence on NFL Draft and Player Careers

The NFL Scouting Combine significantly influences draft positioning, with strong performances often elevating prospects' stock while underwhelming showings can lead to slides. Although the event accounts for approximately 30% of a player's final draft grade, exceptional results in drills like the and have propelled numerous athletes into the top tiers of selections. For instance, showcased elite athleticism at the 2018 Combine, recording a 4.40-second , a 41-inch , and 29 repetitions at 225 pounds, which solidified his status as a top prospect and resulted in his selection as the No. 2 overall pick by the . Conversely, Lamar Jackson's decision to skip the at the 2018 Combine amid questions about his dual-threat style contributed to lingering doubts about his speed and arm strength, causing him to fall to the 32nd overall pick by the despite pre-Combine top-10 projections. In recent drafts, a majority of top-50 selections, such as in 2017, have featured above-average Combine metrics that reinforced their evaluations. Performance at the Combine also correlates with certain aspects of career and productivity, particularly for positions. indicates that while overall predictive power is limited across all players, specific metrics like the time show a notable relationship with success for s, serving as the strongest single indicator of future rushing yards and touchdowns when combined with college production. A 2008 analysis found the to be the most indicative measure of performance among Combine tests, outperforming other drills in forecasting professional output. Strong Combine performers tend to accumulate more in their early careers; for example, athletes exceeding positional averages in speed and explosiveness events play an average of 15-20% more defensive or offensive over their first two seasons compared to peers with subpar results. However, exceptions abound, as evidenced by Tom Brady's lackluster 2000 Combine—featuring a 5.28-second , the second-slowest among quarterbacks, and underwhelming arm strength—yet he enjoyed a 23-year Hall of Fame career after being drafted 199th overall by the . Beyond individual trajectories, the Combine has broader implications for player development and league economics. The event's emphasis on standardized athletic testing has spurred innovations in off-season training regimens, with prospects increasingly incorporating Combine-specific drills like ladders and resistance sprints into their and pro preparation to enhance explosiveness and speed. This focus has led to widespread adoption of data-driven training programs by teams and agencies, improving overall athlete conditioning. Economically, the Combine provides a substantial boost to host cities, generating over $9 million in direct spending for in 2024 through visitor expenditures on hotels, dining, and transportation, supporting thousands of local jobs during the event. In 2025, with 329 players invited—a slight increase from prior years—the Combine continued to highlight transferable talents, though success rates remain higher for attendees (approximately 70-80% drafted) compared to non-invitees, underscoring its role in identifying viable professionals.

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  121. https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-regional-combines-schedule-0ap1000000092134
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  125. https://www.americanfootballinternational.com/second-nfl-international-combine-set-for-monterrey-mexico/
  126. https://operations.nfl.com/journey-to-the-nfl/the-nfl-s-international-impact/international-players-road-to-the-nfl/
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  130. https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-international-combine-returns-to-london-in-october
  131. https://operations.nfl.com/updates/football-ops/nfl-to-expand-practice-squad-to-include-one-international-player-for-all-32-clubs-in-2024/
  132. https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/spotlights/2025/nfls-international-player-pathway-program-is-shining-a-spotlight-on-talent-from-around-the-world/
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  149. https://www.diamondsportsmanagement.com/combine.html
  150. https://apnews.com/article/nfl-combine-college-pro-days-55c1ef98fd21a1500bbaebb68598ce68
  151. https://huddleup.substack.com/p/how-the-nfl-combine-became-one-of
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