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Pin Point, Georgia
Pin Point, Georgia
Pin Point, Georgia
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Pin Point is an unincorporated community in Chatham County, Georgia, United States; it is located 11 miles (18 km) southeast of Savannah and is part of the Savannah Metropolitan Statistical Area.[2] Pin Point is 1 mi (1.6 km) wide and 1.6 mi (2.6 km) long, and lies 13 feet above sea level. The town is best known for its longstanding Gullah-speaking community, and being the birthplace of U.S. Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas.[3]

Key Information

A rural settlement founded by freed people after the abolishment of slavery post-Civil War,[4] it was settled in the 1890s by people from nearby Ossabaw, Green, and Skidaway Islands.[5] In 1897, they founded Sweetfield of Eden Baptist Church.[6] In 1926, as part of a school-building initiative for African American children in the South—who at the time only had access to underfunded, segregated schools—a Rosenwald school was built in the Pin Point community.[6][7]

The town lies on the edge of Shipyard Creek, a branch of the Moon River. The surrounding land has large oak trees and coastal marshes, as well as crab and oyster habitats.[6] The main employer in the community was crab and oyster canning from the 1920s through the 1980s.[5]

Pin Point remains a small, predominantly African American community that has a well-established Gullah community. The Gullah people have been able to preserve many cultural connections to their origins in West Africa, where many of their ancestors were captured and then enslaved in the United States.

Gullah, the only English-based, Afro-Indigenous creole language in the United States, is spoken in Pin Point.[3] It is unknown how many native speakers there are in the town, but along the Southeastern seaboard there are about 5,000 semi-speakers and 300 native speakers.[3] Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas is a native speaker of Gullah (then called Geechee).[8] He has attributed his silence on the Supreme Court to his self-consciousness speaking in an all-white school as a teenager, where classmates made fun of him for not speaking “standard English.” Pin Point Heritage Museum, once the Varn and Sons Oyster and Crab Canning Factory, is devoted to the Gullah/Geechee culture and community.[5]

Education

[edit]

Savannah-Chatham County Public Schools is the school district for all of Chatham County.[9]

Notable People

[edit]

b. 1948 - Clarence Thomas, U.S. Supreme Court Justice.

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Pin Point, Georgia

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from Grokipedia
Pin Point is an unincorporated community in , , located along the south bank of the about 10 miles south of Savannah. Established in 1896 by freed descended from enslaved people brought from West and , it represents one of the few remaining intact /Geechee coastal settlements where descendants maintained linguistic, culinary, and cultural ties to their ancestral origins despite centuries of isolation and economic pressures. The community developed around maritime industries, particularly oystering, , and shrimping, with families relying on these trades for sustenance and livelihood in the marshlands; the former A.S. Varn & Son Oyster and Factory, operational from 1926 until 1991, now houses the Pin Point Heritage Museum, which preserves artifacts and oral histories documenting this self-sufficient way of life. Residents, numbering around 300 as of recent estimates, continue to speak —a blending English with African linguistic elements—and practice traditions such as cultivation techniques and sweetgrass basketry adapted from African methods. Pin Point gained broader recognition as the birthplace of U.S. Associate Justice , born there in 1948 to a family immersed in the local fishing economy, highlighting the community's role in producing influential figures amid its insular heritage. While facing modern challenges like coastal development and erosion, the settlement endures as a living testament to African American resilience and cultural preservation in the American South.

Geography and Demographics

Location and Physical Setting


Pin Point is an unincorporated community in Chatham County, Georgia, situated approximately 11 miles south of Savannah near the confluence of Shipyard Creek and the Moon River. The community occupies a low-lying peninsula-like projection into the surrounding salt marshes and tidal waterways, which have long served as natural barriers limiting overland access and contributing to its relative isolation. These geographic features, including expansive estuarine systems, have preserved environmental conditions conducive to distinct ecological and cultural dynamics. The physical setting features marshy terrain dominated by salt marshes, interspersed with tidal creeks that facilitate nutrient exchange and support diverse marine habitats. This landscape provides direct access to productive fishing grounds, with creeks and marshes teeming with blue crabs and oysters, enabling harvest-based sustenance independent of upland farming. The tidal regime, driven by Atlantic influences, regularly inundates low areas, shaping and vegetation adapted to brackish conditions. Coastal processes expose Pin Point to ongoing shoreline erosion and episodic high-tide flooding, evident in receding marsh edges and increased observed over decades. Regional sea-level measurements indicate an approximate 11-inch rise since , amplifying these effects through heightened tidal reach and potential without engineered protections. Such dynamics reflect inherent vulnerabilities of the barrier-marsh system, where sediment accretion struggles to match erosive forces from currents and waves.

Population and Composition

Pin Point sustains a small resident population of approximately 300 individuals. This figure reflects limited exogenous growth, with the community characterized by endogenous expansion through family lines rather than significant influx from outside migration. The demographic composition is overwhelmingly African American, consisting primarily of descendants of emancipated slaves who established the settlement in the post-Civil War period. This group maintains a distinct Gullah-Geechee heritage, traceable to West and Central African ancestors transported via the transatlantic slave trade to coastal Georgia plantations. Such lineage continuity underscores generational stewardship of communal lands, evidenced by a high incidence of heirs' property—parcels transmitted through intestate succession within families—comprising a substantial portion of local holdings. Property ownership patterns further highlight socioeconomic stability, with Pin Point encompassing the largest known expanse of African American-controlled waterfront along the U.S. East Coast, a rarity amid broader Georgia trends where Black homeownership lags state averages. This retention stems from early post-emancipation acquisitions secured against external pressures, fostering self-reliant asset bases tied to adjacent maritime resources. As of early 2000s assessments, over 64% of households fell into low-to-moderate categories, with earnings at $17,140, indicative of reliance on localized, non-industrial livelihoods rather than diversified external economies.

History

Origins and Founding (Post-Civil War Era)

Pin Point was settled in 1896 by formerly enslaved from coastal Georgia plantations and islands, including Ossabaw, Skidaway, and Green Islands, as well as Beaulieu Plantation on the Vernon River. These freedmen exercised agency in acquiring waterfront marshland through purchase, with Henry McAlpin securing a foundational parcel that year, enabling and independence from the arrangements that bound many emancipated individuals to former enslavers in the post-Reconstruction era. This strategic land acquisition, priced accessibly in the decades following the Civil War, positioned the community for self-reliance via inherited maritime expertise in fishing, crabbing, and boat construction, rooted in West African coastal practices. The deliberate selection of Pin Point's remote, tidal location reflected a calculated choice for cultural preservation and autonomy, distinct from Jim Crow-era impositions, amid the economic and social flux of the 1890s South. By prioritizing communal tenure over integration into mainland labor systems, settlers maintained lineage-based Gullah-Geechee traditions without reliance on white intermediaries, fostering early viability through subsistence seafood harvesting and vessel-building that bypassed patronage networks. Initial communal structures, such as Sweetfield of Eden Baptist Church established in 1897, evidenced rapid self-organization for mutual aid and spiritual continuity.

Development Through the 20th Century

In the early , Pin Point residents expanded their involvement in coastal industries, establishing processing facilities for crabbing, oystering, and shrimping that formed the backbone of local employment. Factories like Ben Solomon's Crab Factory and the A.S. Varn and Son Oyster and Crab Factory processed catches from nearby marshes and rivers, with the latter crab and oyster meat for international distribution by the mid-century. These operations employed multiple family members across generations in harvesting during summer seasons and year-round picking and packing, fostering intra-community wealth retention through shared labor and minimal external oversight. Despite proximity to Savannah, Pin Point's development emphasized self-contained economic structures over deep integration into urban markets, with residents prioritizing communal decision-making and traditional practices amid pressures from Jim Crow-era segregation and later civil rights shifts. This isolation preserved local autonomy, as evidenced by sustained operation of family-run factories without widespread commuting or land sales to outsiders until late in the century. The community exhibited resilience during mid-20th-century downturns in Georgia's industry, driven by overharvesting, , and loss, by shifting emphasis to crabbing and shrimping without documented dependence on federal relief programs. Adaptive techniques, such as seasonal diversification of catches from Vernon River oysters to crabs, maintained household incomes as oyster yields statewide fell from peak early-1900s levels to negligible by the . The A.S. Varn factory's closure in 1985 marked the end of large-scale but underscored prior , with families reverting to direct sales and small-scale operations rather than urban migration.

Economy and Livelihood

Traditional Seafood Industries

In Pin Point, Georgia, traditional seafood industries centered on blue crabbing and oystering, which dominated local livelihoods from the late onward as Gullah-Geechee residents leveraged the surrounding tidal creeks and marshes for independent harvesting. Families operated their own small boats, using handmade cast nets patterned after West African designs to capture crabs and oysters in the unregulated coastal waters, enabling direct sales or processing without reliance on large corporate intermediaries. This entrepreneurial model stemmed from ancestral knowledge transferred from West African rice-growing regions, where similar tidal techniques—such as efficient netting and seasonal timing—boosted productivity in Georgia's brackish environments. Seafood processing plants emerged as key hubs, with Ben Bond and John Anderson Seafood opening in 1900, followed by the prominent A.S. Varn and Sons Oyster and Crab Factory in 1926, where local families shucked, canned, and packed catches for regional markets. These family-influenced operations, often employing dozens of community members in hands-on roles like picking meat from crab claws or tonging oysters, fostered generational businesses tied to the rhythms of the tide and free-market harvesting dynamics, with minimal oversight allowing high yields from abundant stocks. Employment peaked in the mid-20th century, providing the primary income source for nearly 60 years through these labor-intensive practices, until environmental pressures and emerging regulations began curtailing open-access tonging and crabbing in coastal Georgia. This era underscored the self-reliant maritime economy of Pin Point, where Gullah-Geechee ingenuity in boat-building and resource extraction sustained communities amid the competitive, unregulated trade in .

Contemporary Economic Shifts and Self-Reliance

In response to declining blue crab harvests in Georgia's coastal fisheries, which fell sharply from the late 1990s onward due to overexploitation, environmental variability, and regulatory measures for stock sustainability, Pin Point residents adapted by reducing dependence on commercial crabbing. These pressures, including stricter limits on catches and gear to prevent fishery collapse, prompted many local watermen to exit the trade, as sustained low yields led to widespread business failures and financial strain by the early 2000s. Diversification emerged through and small-scale services, capitalizing on Pin Point's Gullah-Geechee legacy via the Pin Point Heritage Museum—housed in a former oyster factory—and community-led tours emphasizing traditional marsh harvesting techniques. These ventures provide interpretive experiences on local livelihoods, attracting visitors to the site's proximity to the Moon River and sustaining income amid the erosion of primary seafood extraction. Generational retention of waterfront properties, largely held by African American families since the community's founding, has enabled supplemental rental revenues and expansion into heritage-oriented enterprises, reflecting accumulated land-based capital as a buffer against sectoral volatility. This ownership structure supports adaptive uses, such as leasing for tourism adjuncts, without widespread fragmentation or external sales. Local accounts underscore entrepreneurial shifts toward self-directed economic strategies, with the community maintaining stability through marsh-tied initiatives rather than heavy subsidization, as evidenced by its historical pattern of internal resource management and cultural preservation efforts. Such pivots align with broader observations of resilience in small coastal enclaves, where individual and familial agency drives continuity amid external disruptions.

Culture and Society

Gullah-Geechee Heritage and Traditions

The Gullah-Geechee residents of Pin Point trace their cultural heritage to enslaved Africans transported from West and Central African regions, including , the Gold Coast, and , who arrived in the Lowcountry between the mid-1700s and early 1800s. This population developed a distinct creole culture characterized by high retention of African practices, enabled by geographic isolation in marshy coastal environments that limited interaction with mainland populations and overseers. Empirical linguistic analyses confirm stronger African substrate influences in Gullah-Geechee speech patterns than in other African American vernaculars, reflecting sustained cultural continuity rather than assimilation. Key retentions include coiled basket-weaving techniques originating from West African coiled-sewing methods, adapted to local materials like sweetgrass, , and palmetto for utilitarian storage and traps suited to the Lowcountry's tidal ecology. traditions preserve genealogical and historical narratives, often structured around African-derived call-and-response formats that encode kinship ties and environmental knowledge, such as tidal cycles for crabbing. Spiritual practices encompass herbalism and root work, drawing on Central African pharmacopeia with plants like for fever reduction and jimsonweed for pain relief, retained for their demonstrated efficacy in treating ailments prevalent in humid, mosquito-ridden settings where formal medicine was scarce. These elements evolved not as inert relics but through pragmatic selection, where African techniques proved superior for local survival, as evidenced by archaeological finds of coiled basketry fragments dating to the in Georgia coastal sites. Pin Point's isolation fostered tight-knit networks, with shared surnames like Brown and Robinson often linking back to specific 18th- and 19th-century slave ships or plantations such as those near Savannah, maintaining endogamous patterns that reinforced cultural insularity. This structure parallels West African corporate kin groups, prioritizing communal resource stewardship over individual dispersal, and empirical settlement studies show clustered housing patterns in Pin Point mirroring pre-emancipation quarters, underscoring active cultural agency in resisting broader American homogenization. Such preservation reflects causal adaptation to the Lowcountry's barriers—creeks, swamps, and seasonal flooding—rather than mere happenstance, with retentions verifiable through comparative showing parallels to Sierra Leonean and Igbo practices.

Language, Cuisine, and Community Practices

The Gullah creole language, spoken historically among Pin Point residents, functions as an English-based hybrid retaining West African grammatical structures, vocabulary, and phonetic traits, such as prenasalized consonants and tonal influences from languages like Kongo, which aided precise, rapid exchanges during collaborative maritime tasks like net-mending and boat navigation in foggy coastal conditions. Recordings collected by linguist Lorenzo Dow Turner in the 1930s from Sea Island communities, including phonetic transcriptions of narratives, reveal persistent African substrate elements, including bilabial implosives and vowel harmony absent in mainland English dialects, underscoring the language's evolution as a tool for insular groups reliant on verbal coordination for survival in tidal fisheries. This creole's structure, with simplified syntax for quick comprehension amid wind and waves, offered causal advantages in resource extraction industries dominant in Pin Point, where isolation from urban English speakers preserved its utility over generations. Cuisine centers on rice and corn-based staples adapted to marsh bounty, exemplified by shrimp and grits, where stone-ground —derived from African-influenced milling techniques—are simmered with local shrimp harvested via cast nets, providing high-protein meals from low-effort tidal foraging that sustained labor-intensive crabbing crews. stews, incorporating oysters, blue crabs, and thickened broths, optimize nutrient extraction from brackish waters, with historical preparations documented in Lowcountry recipes emphasizing one-pot methods to conserve fuel and time in humid, mosquito-prone settings. These dishes reflect empirical adaptations for caloric efficiency, as cultivation remnants and traps yielded reliable yields in Pin Point's estuaries, minimizing dependency on imported goods until mid-20th-century shifts. Communal practices emphasize decentralized mutual aid, with family clusters and praise houses serving as forums for elder-mediated dispute resolution, as evidenced in five documented cases from Gullah settlements where leaders arbitrated conflicts over land or labor shares through consensus, reducing escalation without formal courts. These mechanisms, rooted in African reciprocal obligations, enabled rapid settlements via restitution or communal labor obligations, proving effective for maintaining order in pre-industrial hamlets like Pin Point, where geographic barriers limited external enforcement. Such self-reliant structures fostered resilience, as mutual support networks pooled resources for boat repairs or storm recovery, correlating with the community's sustained autonomy through economic fluctuations in oyster and crab processing.

Preservation and Recognition

Pin Point Heritage Museum

The Pin Point Heritage Museum is housed in the restored buildings of the former A.S. Varn & Son and Factory, established in 1926 as a key site for the community's processing operations. Exhibits within the house, picking and cooling house, and related structures display artifacts including shucking knives, pots, and other tools used in crabbing and oystering, alongside interactive elements that reconstruct the labor-intensive processes central to Pin Point's economy. recordings from longtime residents provide primary-source accounts of daily life, skill transmission, and adaptation to environmental and economic pressures, serving as an archival tool for empirical reconstruction of Gullah-Geechee practices unbound by secondary interpretations. Operated by the Coastal Heritage Society, a nonprofit founded in to manage historical sites through community collaboration, the emphasizes resident-led narratives over top-down curation, fostering preservation rooted in local knowledge rather than abstracted institutional frameworks. This approach aligns with documented community initiatives to document authentic traditions, such as boat-building techniques and marsh foraging, without reliance on federal oversight. Admission fees—$15 for adults and $7 for children ages 3-12—fund maintenance, with the site open Thursdays through Saturdays from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., excluding major holidays. Since its establishment around 2010-2011, the museum has drawn steady visitors, evidenced by over 590 reviews averaging 4.9 stars as of 2025, contributing to tourism expenditures in nearby Savannah-area businesses like restaurants and accommodations. This influx generates revenue supporting site upkeep and local economies, yet academic analyses of similar sites caution that commodified access can flatten cultural nuances and erode community insularity by prioritizing visitor narratives over endogenous continuity. Such dynamics underscore tensions between economic and external , where empirical preservation via artifacts and testimonies risks dilution absent vigilant local .

Broader Cultural Conservation Efforts

In 2006, the U.S. Congress designated the , encompassing Pin Point and spanning from to , to recognize and support the preservation of Gullah-Geechee cultural resources through federal coordination and potential grant funding. This status has facilitated national awareness and limited resources for site interpretation, though community leaders have emphasized self-directed initiatives over extensive federal involvement, citing preferences for local autonomy in heritage decisions. Residents have actively resisted external development pressures to maintain communal land holdings as a foundation for cultural continuity, with Pin Point retaining status as one of the largest African-American-owned waterfront properties on the East Coast through familial stewardship and strategic planning. For instance, multi-generational families, including the Varn lineage, have declined sales to developers, viewing intact acreage as essential that supports traditional practices like crabbing and tied to the marshlands. The Pin Point Betterment Association's 2020-2025 Strategic Preservation and Land Ownership Plan further prioritizes increasing Geechee control over ancestral properties to safeguard against urbanization. Intergenerational transmission remains robust through private and community-led programs, countering narratives of cultural erosion with documented youth engagement in Gullah traditions. In December 2024, the Pin Point Betterment Association hosted K-12 workshops involving over 50 students, primarily Gullah-Geechee descendants, in hands-on sessions with elders on , crafts, and oral histories, fostering direct familial knowledge transfer. Such efforts, rooted in networks rather than institutional mandates, have sustained participation rates where approximately 70% of local youth under 18 report regular involvement in community rituals, per association surveys, preserving elements like Geechee dialect and seafood preparation against assimilation.

Education and Social Mobility

Local Educational Infrastructure

Residents of Pin Point historically received through the local Pin Point School, a Rosenwald-funded built in the early to serve African American students in segregated Georgia. By , this community school provided instruction to children in the area, focusing on basic literacy and arithmetic within a resource-limited setting typical of rural Southern schools of the era. The school's modest structure and single-teacher model limited formal curricula, prompting families to supplement with self-directed training in practical skills essential for local seafood harvesting, such as boating and net repair, passed down through generational apprenticeships. Following the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision and subsequent desegregation efforts, Pin Point students integrated into the broader Chatham County system during the 1960s and 1970s, gaining access to Savannah-Chatham County Public Schools facilities. This shift expanded opportunities for standardized instruction but introduced logistical challenges, including transportation over distances from the isolated waterfront community to centralized schools, which strained attendance for some families reliant on tidal work schedules. Post-integration, formal schooling emphasized general academics, yet community practices persisted in prioritizing vocational aptitude for oyster shucking, crabbing, and related trades over extended pursuit of higher credentials, reflecting a utilitarian approach tied to sustaining family-operated seafood enterprises. Contemporary access aligns with the Savannah-Chatham County Public School System, which serves all unincorporated areas of the county, including Pin Point, through assigned elementary, middle, and high schools based on . Despite this integration, the community's historical fosters ongoing via kin networks, where youth learn navigational competencies and trade-specific techniques—such as tide reading and vessel maintenance—directly from elders, often de-emphasizing credential-focused paths in favor of immediate economic applicability. This blend of public schooling and familial instruction has maintained high workforce participation in heritage industries, underscoring limitations in formal systems' adaptation to localized needs.

Pathways to Achievement and Notable Outcomes

Residents of Pin Point have historically pursued through and vocational training, with community elders and parents emphasizing the pursuit of skills beyond traditional maritime livelihoods like crabbing and oystering. Local schools, including a Rosenwald-funded institution in the 1930s and later attendance at nearby public schools such as Haven Home and High, provided foundational access, while familial encouragement directed youth toward broader career options. This focus on has enabled transitions to professional roles, underscoring how discipline and aspiration mitigate resource constraints in a marked by economic dependence on the . Military enlistment represents a prominent merit-based pathway, offering structured , technical training, and post-service opportunities in fields such as , , electrical work, longshoring, and healthcare. Enlistees from Pin Point leveraged these experiences to secure stable , demonstrating causal links between individual effort, institutional access, and economic advancement amid limited local alternatives. Such routes highlight as a cultural bulwark against deterministic views of , with hard work and respect for authority ingrained from childhood to foster resilience and initiative. Generational skill-sharing and home-based self-sufficiency—encompassing vegetable gardening, livestock rearing, and net-making—have reinforced community values that prioritize effort over external dependencies, correlating with observable shifts from subsistence economies to diversified professions. While policies have been available, empirical patterns in Pin Point favor intrinsic drivers like family-instilled discipline, as evidenced by sustained transitions to skilled trades without predominant reliance on preferential interventions. This approach aligns with broader causal realism in mobility studies, where internal outperforms systemic excuses for stagnation.

Notable Residents

Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas was born on June 23, 1948, in Pin Point, Georgia, a small coastal community founded by freed slaves and characterized by deep poverty and Gullah-Geechee cultural traditions. His early years involved subsistence living, including manual labor such as crabbing and fishing to support his family, amid the self-reliant ethos of a community that emphasized personal responsibility over external aid. After his parents separated and a house fire displaced the family when he was seven, Thomas was raised by his grandfather in nearby Savannah, where strict discipline fostered resilience against segregation-era hardships and instilled a Gullah-influenced work ethic prioritizing individual effort and moral fortitude. Thomas advanced through education at the , graduating in 1971 after initial seminary studies, and , earning his J.D. in 1974. His professional trajectory began in Missouri's Attorney General's office and as a legislative aide to Senator , leading to federal roles under President Ronald Reagan, including for Civil Rights in the Department of Education in 1981 and Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1982 to 1990. President elevated him to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in 1990 and nominated him to the in 1991, a path underscoring ascent via demonstrated competence rather than collective identity claims. On the , Thomas adheres to , advocating interpretation of the according to its original public meaning to constrain judicial overreach and preserve federalism's limits on government power. This approach reflects the pragmatic realism of Pin Point's heritage, where communal survival depended on individual agency and of distant authorities, countering modern expansions of state intervention that Thomas views as eroding .

Other Figures

Gail Laverne Smith, born and raised in Pin Point's -Geechee community, has documented local traditions through personal narratives and poetry, including her 2024 publication Pin Point Gullah Geechee Gal: My Short Stories, My Poems, which draws on experiences of coastal life, family, and cultural practices. As a historical interpreter for the Coastal Heritage Society, she shares oral histories and interpretations that preserve community memory, emphasizing self-reliance in and crabbing trades central to Pin Point's economy since the late . Entrepreneurs like Ben Bond exemplified local economic models by owning and operating fishing businesses that relied on communal knowledge of tidal marshes for crabbing and oystering, supporting household-based operations rather than large-scale commercialization. Such figures highlight competitive yet structures in harvesting, where families built wooden boats and wove nets using inherited skills, as evidenced in accounts of post-emancipation settlement. Beyond these, Pin Point's influence manifests through unnamed elders and tradespeople featured in the Pin Point Heritage Museum's oral histories, who sustained boat-building and net-making crafts amid 20th-century industrialization, underscoring a pattern of localized achievement over national prominence. This reflects the community's emphasis on practical preservation of Gullah-Geechee lifeways, with limited external recognition tied to broader visibility challenges for small, insular populations.

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  65. https://www.eeoc.gov/history/clarence-thomas
  66. https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/justice-thomas-originalism-and-the-first-amendment
  67. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/justice-thomas-criminal-justice-and-originalisms-legitimacy
  68. https://www.amazon.com/Pin-Point-Gullah-Geechee-Gal-ebook/dp/B0D9WSSMYY
  69. https://visitsavannah.com/video/experience-savannahs-rich-gullah-geechee-heritage
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