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Richmond Flowers Jr.
Richmond Flowers Jr.
Richmond Flowers Jr.
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Richmond McDavid Flowers Jr. (born June 13, 1947) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and New York Giants. He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers and was selected in the second round of the 1969 NFL/AFL draft. He was also a track All-American in college.

Key Information

Flowers participated in track and field primarily as a hurdler, specializing in the 110-meter high hurdles. After capturing the NCAA championship in the event in 1968, he was a leading contender to win the gold medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics before suffering a hamstring injury just prior to the Olympic trials. He set several records during his career.

He was the son of Richmond Flowers Sr., an anti-segregationist who served a tumultuous term as Alabama's attorney general in the 1960s.

Early life

[edit]

Flowers was raised in Dothan, a city located in Houston County in southeastern Alabama. During his early childhood, he appeared to be anything but a future athlete. He suffered from asthma, anemia, and dyslexia, and frequently missed school due to illness. He was also flat-footed, and had to wear heavy orthopedic Brogans. By the time he was in junior high, however, his asthma had cleared up, and his feet began to arch. In the Fall of 1962, Flowers' family moved to Montgomery, where he attended Sidney Lanier High School.[1][2]

His father was Richmond Flowers Sr., the Attorney General of Alabama from 1963 to 1967 and a former member of the Alabama State Senate. The senior Flowers was an intraparty rival of segregationist Governors George Wallace and Lurleen Burns Wallace. He drew national attention in the early 1960s when he criticized Wallace's "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door" incident, which was an attempt to bar African Americans from enrolling in the University of Alabama. He also favored the integration of public schools and prosecuted Ku Klux Klansmen in the killings of civil rights workers.[3] His work against the era's conventions made him and his family a target of scorn, hate and death threats. The family received threatening phone calls at all hours of the night, their house was frequently vandalized, and a cross was burned on their lawn.[4]

Amid the chaos surrounding his father, the younger Flowers exploded onto the track and field scene. In the Spring of 1963, he set state high school records in the 120-yard high hurdles, the 180-yard high hurdles, and the long jump.[1] In 1964, he broke five state records at the state high school championships.[5] As a senior in 1965, he set regional records in the 120-yard high hurdles, the 180-yard low hurdles and the long jump. He tied the state record in the 100-yard dash and anchored the winning 4 × 100 metres relay team. At the Gulf Coast Relays in Mobile, he set a national high school record with 13.5 seconds in the 120-yard high hurdles. At an open meet in Modesto, California, in May 1965, he beat 1964 Olympic silver medalist Blaine Lindgren in the 42-inch hurdles.[1]

Flowers received scholarship offers from more than 100 colleges,[5] and was heavily recruited by Alabama head coach Bear Bryant. He was intrigued, however, by the University of Tennessee, where Coach Chuck Rohe was gradually building the track program into a national powerhouse. He made up his mind to attend Tennessee in 1965 following the Gulf Coast Relays, during which his father had been introduced and booed.[2]

College career

[edit]

At Tennessee, Flowers was a three-time NCAA All-American in track. At the All-Eastern Games in Baltimore in February 1966, Flowers registered a time of 6.9 seconds in the 60-yard high hurdles, just one-tenth of a second off the world record.[1] At the National AAU meet in the Spring of that year, he finished second to future Olympian Willie Davenport in the hurdles, and second to Billy Gaines in the 60-yard dash.[2] He was the cover photo on the March 14, 1966 issue of Sports Illustrated. At the SEC Championships in May 1967, he won the 120-yard high hurdles and the 100-yard dash, and was named Most Outstanding Performer. At the NCAA Championships the following month, he set the NCAA record in the 120-yard high hurdles.[1] He was the 1968 NCAA Indoor Champion for 60 yard hurdles.

Along with track, Flowers joined Tennessee's football team, which Coach Doug Dickey had been rebuilding into a national contender. Starting at wingback during his sophomore year in 1966 (freshmen were ineligible to play varsity before the 1970s), Flowers caught 35 passes for 405 yards, and was named to the sophomore All-SEC team.[1] He registered five catches for 80 yards and a touchdown in Tennessee's 18-12 win over the Larry Csonka-led Syracuse Orange in the 1966 Gator Bowl. During his junior season in 1967, he caught 41 passes for 585 yards and four touchdowns, and was named an All-American by The Football News.[1]

By his junior year in 1968, Flowers was considered a leading contender for the 1968 Summer Olympics in the 110 metres hurdles. Davenport had dominated the previous three seasons, but in 1968, Flowers beat him handily at several early season meets, to the point that the future gold medalist quit his college team that he thought was hurting his chances. Flowers ran the high hurdles in 13.3 seconds, a tenth of a second off the world mark, and went on to win eight consecutive hurdles races, which included wins over Davenport, Ervin Hall, and world-record holder Earl McCullouch.[4][5] While training at UT on June 2, however, he tore his right hamstring. He showed up at the September high altitude Olympic Trials in Echo Summit just barely recovered, but struggled to a non-qualifying 5th place.[6]

His Olympic ambitions in shambles, Flowers rejoined Tennessee's football team in time for the 1968 season. Lining up primarily at halfback, he carried 20 times for 101 yards in Tennessee's 24-7 win over Georgia Tech,[7] scored two touchdowns in Tennessee's 42-18 win over UCLA,[8] and most notably scored Tennessee's lone touchdown in the Vols' 10-9 victory over Alabama.[1] He finished his football career at UT with a then-school record 101 catches for 1,172 yards and nine touchdowns, 140 rushes for 481 yards and seven touchdowns, and 19 kick returns for 411 yards.[9]

Professional career

[edit]

Dallas Cowboys

[edit]

Flowers was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round (49th overall) of the 1969 NFL/AFL draft. He was chosen as an athlete, so he spent his first weeks in training camp on both offense and defense, before focusing on safety. In his first year, he was mostly used on kickoff returns (21.6 yards average), before being placed on the taxi squad to make room on the roster for an injured Bob Hayes.[10]

In 1970, he was beat out for the free safety position by the undrafted rookie Cliff Harris. After Harris was forced to leave the team because of military service obligations, he received the opportunity to start two games,[11] but was eventually replaced in the starting lineup by Charlie Waters. His most important play as a Cowboy came against the Cleveland Browns, when the Browns had to punt while backed up against their end zone, he replaced an injured D. D. Lewis and blocked the punt that led to a game-winning field goal, for a final score of 6-2.[12] In 1971, he returned to a reserve role and was waived on October 25, one day after the Cowboys defeated the New England Patriots in the first game at Texas Stadium.

New York Giants

[edit]

On October 25, 1971, the Washington Redskins claimed him off the waiver wire,[13] but ended up sending him to the New York Giants on October 27, to complete the trade for Clifton McNeil. As part of the transaction, the Giants originally received a fifth (#121-Larry Edwards), sixth, and seventh round (#177-Mike Zikas) draft choices, before accepting Flowers and returning the sixth choice back.[14]

In 1972, he was named the starter at strong safety and had his best season in the NFL, recording 4 interceptions. In 1973, he was injured in the second game of the season and missed six games before being activated on November 10.

While playing for the Giants he also was a part of the International Track Association,[15] where he was contacted by the founders of the World Football League.

Houston Texans/Shreveport Steamer

[edit]

In 1974, Flowers signed with the Hawaiians of the World Football League, becoming the first NFL player to sign with the new league.[16] His rights were later sent to the Houston Texans, where he worked in the team's front office, while his Giants contract ran out and he could return to play.[17] On September 23, the team relocated to Shreveport, Louisiana and changed their name to the Shreveport Steamer.

Personal life

[edit]

Described by the 1967 Tennessee football media guide as the "aspiring J.P. Morgan of the squad" for his habit of analyzing stocks while the team was en route to away games, Flowers collected a business degree from Tennessee. After his professional football career, he obtained a Juris Doctor from the University of Alabama School of Law, and briefly practiced law in Nashville. In the early 1980s, he became Vice President of REFCO, a Chicago-based commodities trading firm. In 1983, Flowers lost millions of dollars on a bad investment, and was censured and fined by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.[1] He relocated to Coral Gables, Florida, where he began to rebuild his life. Following Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Flowers moved to Birmingham.[4] He has worked as a salesman for NuSkin International since 1989.

Flowers was named a "Living Legend" for SEC football in 1998,[5] and was listed among the twenty-five greatest SEC athletes by The Birmingham News. He was named to the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 2002, and the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in 2005.[5] Flowers and his father were the subjects of the 1989 CBS television film, Unconquered, starring Dermot Mulroney as Flowers and Peter Coyote as his father.[18]

Flowers' son, Richmond Flowers III, was a state champion hurdler in high school and was a member of the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins practice squads in the early 2000s. He is currently an offensive assistant in the NFL.[4]

References

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Richmond Flowers Jr.

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Richmond Flowers Jr. (born June 13, 1947) is a retired American athlete renowned for his exceptional performances in hurdles during the 1960s, where he overcame childhood ailments including , , and to become a world-class competitor, earning the moniker "fastest white boy alive." At the , he secured four All-American honors in track, won the NCAA 120-yard high hurdles championship, and set NCAA records in two events. Paralleling his track success, Flowers excelled in as a wide receiver for the before transitioning to the professional ranks in the , where he played for the (1969–1971), (1972), and (1973–1974). Flowers dominated high school track in , setting state records in the 120-yard and 180-yard high hurdles as well as the in 1963, followed by a national high school record in the 120-yard high hurdles (13.5 seconds) in 1965. In college, he maintained an unbeaten streak in the 120-yard high hurdles through much of 1968, positioning him as the world's top hurdler and a gold medal favorite for the Olympics, only to suffer a severe tear during training that sidelined him and prevented qualification at the U.S. Trials. His track prowess included near-world-record times, such as 13.3 seconds in the 120-yard high hurdles, just 0.1 seconds off the global mark. Beyond athletics, Flowers demonstrated commitment to in 1968 by boycotting Alabama's high school All-Star football game, refusing to participate against segregated opponents as a stand against the state's exclusionary athletic policies—a decision echoing his father Richmond Flowers Sr.'s earlier civil rights advocacy as Alabama's . Post-retirement from sports, he pursued a career in law and business, later surviving cancer and residing in . His dual-sport legacy earned inductions into halls of fame, including the Sports Hall of Fame and Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame.

Early Life and Family Background

Childhood Challenges

Richmond Flowers Jr. was born on June 13, 1947, in , into a family marked by political prominence, but his early years were dominated by significant health obstacles that hindered physical development and academic progress. As a child, he battled severe , , and , conditions that left him frail and frequently absent from school. Asthma attacks were particularly debilitating, often causing him to gasp for air and reinforcing perceptions of him as a scrawny, unathletic youth unlikely to excel in sports. These ailments compounded daily challenges, limiting his participation in peer activities and fostering a sense of physical inadequacy during formative years in the segregated . further impeded learning, as he struggled with reading and comprehension, while contributed to persistent weakness and fatigue. Despite these hurdles, Flowers' resilience emerged, setting the stage for later athletic triumphs, though his childhood was defined by medical interventions and recovery periods rather than typical play or schooling.

Parental Influence and Political Context

Richmond Flowers Jr. was raised by his father, Richmond Flowers Sr., a prominent politician who served as from 1955 to 1963 and from 1963 to 1967, instilling in him a strong sense of discipline and high expectations amid the family's political prominence. Flowers Sr., who had campaigned as a segregationist in his 1962 bid, evolved into a moderate figure by enforcing federal court orders against segregation and prosecuting members for violence, including the 1965 murder of civil rights worker . This stance positioned him as a rare voice of compliance with desegregation laws in a state dominated by hardline opposition under Governor , fostering in young Flowers Jr. an admiration for his father's principled resilience despite widespread public backlash. The political context of Flowers Jr.'s upbringing in 1950s and 1960s was marked by intense racial tensions during the , where his father's decisions to challenge extralegal violence and support legal integration made the family a target of scorn among many , earning Flowers Sr. the label of the state's most hated official. Flowers Jr., born in 1943, internalized these dynamics, aligning fully with his father's views on law and order and developing a worshipful respect that influenced his own path away from institutions toward the to escape the hostile environment. This familial emphasis on integrity over popularity, coupled with the era's enforcement of and the , shaped Flowers Jr.'s character, emphasizing personal achievement amid adversity rather than conformity to prevailing segregationist sentiments. Flowers Sr.'s later 1966 gubernatorial campaign, where he openly sought black voter support—securing over 90% of their votes but losing amid corruption allegations—further highlighted the family's navigation of Alabama's polarized politics, reinforcing lessons of perseverance that Flowers Jr. credited for his athletic drive. While the mother's role is less documented, the household's overarching dynamic prioritized the father's legacy of combating Klan terrorism and adapting to federal mandates, providing Flowers Jr. with a foundation of causal accountability in a context where defiance of law often prevailed.

High School Athletic Development

Track and Field Achievements

Richmond Flowers Jr. attended in , where he excelled in , particularly in events and the . He set Alabama state high school records in the 120-yard high hurdles, the 180-yard low hurdles, and the during his prep career. In 1964, as an 11th-grader, Flowers won five gold medals at the AHSAA State Track Meet held at in Birmingham, establishing four new state records in the process. These victories highlighted his dominance in hurdles, contributing to his reputation as one of the top high school track athletes in the nation. The following year, in April 1965, Flowers ran the 120-yard high hurdles in 13.5 seconds at the Gulf Coast Relays in , setting a national high school record. He also tied the national prep record in the 180-yard low hurdles with a time of 18.2 seconds and holds the Alabama state record of 18.3 seconds in that event from 1965.

Football Performances

Richmond Flowers Jr. demonstrated versatility in football at in , playing multiple positions including halfback, , , and punt returner. As a junior in the 1964 season, he earned first-team recognition from The Football News while starting at halfback, leveraging his track-honed speed for dynamic plays. During his senior year, Flowers played a pivotal role in leading the Poets to the Class 4A state championship, scoring 15 and accumulating over 1,000 yards in total offense. He set an high school record with a 96-yard punt return , highlighting his explosive return ability and contributing to key victories, including dramatic catches and defensive stops in the championship game. Flowers capped his high school career with first-team All-State honors as a back in Class 4A, selected by both the and for the 1964 season. His multifaceted contributions underscored his status as a premier two-sport , blending football prowess with exceptional speed.

Collegiate Career

Football at the

Flowers enrolled at the in 1965 but, as freshmen were ineligible for varsity play at the time, he earned All-SEC freshman team honors without competing on the field. He transitioned to varsity as a in 1966, starting at wingback and recording 35 receptions for 407 yards (11.6 yards per catch) and five touchdowns, alongside 19 rushes for 82 yards. In his junior year of 1967, Flowers received first-team honors and Associated Press second-team All-SEC selection, leading the Volunteers in receptions with a career-high 41 catches for 585 yards (14.3 yards per catch) and four touchdowns, while adding 10 rushes for 24 yards. These performances contributed to Tennessee's undefeated SEC championship season, finishing 6-0 in conference play. As a senior in 1968, Flowers shifted to running back amid team needs, appearing in only eight games but rushing 111 times for 375 yards (3.4 yards per carry) and seven touchdowns—leading the SEC in rushing touchdowns that year—while catching 25 passes for 180 yards. Over three varsity seasons, Flowers totaled 101 receptions for 1,172 yards and nine receiving touchdowns, 481 rushing yards and seven rushing touchdowns, and a 21.6-yard average on kickoff returns, establishing him as one of Tennessee's premier pass-catching threats at the time with records that endured for years in program history. His versatility and speed, honed through concurrent track success, made him a dual-threat asset, culminating in his selection as the 41st overall pick in the second round of the 1969 NFL Draft by the .

Track and Field Honors

Richmond Flowers Jr. distinguished himself in at the , specializing in sprinting and high hurdles, where he earned recognition as one of the conference's top performers. He captured six (SEC) championships across multiple events during his collegiate career. As a in May 1967, Flowers won the SEC titles in the 120-yard high hurdles and the at the championships in , and was voted the meet's Most Outstanding Performer for his dominant showings. At the national level, Flowers claimed the 1968 NCAA Indoor Championship in the 60-yard high hurdles, marking his sole NCAA title. He also set NCAA records in the 120-yard high hurdles and the 60-yard high hurdles, with the latter time in 1968 placing him just 0.1 seconds off the . In outdoor NCAA competition, he finished second in the 120-yard high hurdles in 1967 and third in 1969. Flowers received All-American honors three times in , reflecting his consistent excellence in hurdle and sprint events despite balancing a demanding football schedule. His track prowess drew national attention, including a feature on the cover of for a hurdles performance, underscoring his status as a dual-sport standout.

Professional Football Career

Dallas Cowboys Tenure

Richmond Flowers was selected by the in the second round (49th overall) of the 1969 NFL Draft as an , with versatility from his college background in football and track. The team initially evaluated him at multiple positions, including halfback and , but primarily utilized him as a () and special teams player. In his rookie season of 1969, Flowers appeared in 6 games without a start, recording no defensive interceptions and contributing on special teams with 11 kickoff returns for 238 yards averaging 21.6 yards per return, with a long of 30 yards. He saw action in the postseason, including the Cowboys' divisional playoff loss to the . During the 1970 regular season, Flowers played in 14 games with 3 starts, recovering one fumble but registering no interceptions; he had minimal special teams involvement with 1 kickoff return for 3 yards. As a roster member, he participated in the Cowboys' playoff run culminating in , a 16-13 loss to the on January 17, 1971. His overall performance as a was described as undistinguished, with limited impact in pass defense or coverage. Flowers returned for the early 1971 season, appearing in 5 games without starts and no recorded defensive statistics, before being traded to the on October 26, 1971. Across his three partial seasons with , he totaled 25 games, 3 starts, zero interceptions, and primarily served in a depth and special teams capacity without notable offensive production.

New York Giants Period

Flowers joined the on October 27, 1971, after being waived by the , claimed by the Washington Redskins on October 26, and subsequently traded to complete a deal involving Clifton McNeil. Previously a and with the Cowboys, Flowers transitioned to the position under Giants , leveraging his speed from track background. In 1971, Flowers appeared in eight games for the Giants, starting one, and recorded one for zero yards while recovering no . The following , 1972, he started all 14 games at strong safety, leading the team with four for 30 yards, including a longest return of 20 yards, and recovered one for four yards. His defensive contributions came during a Giants campaign that finished 8-4-2, though the team missed the playoffs. Flowers' final year with the Giants, 1973, saw him play in eight games with six starts, securing one for zero yards and recovering two fumbles for no return yards. He recorded no receiving statistics across his Giants tenure, reflecting his full shift to defense. The Giants released him prior to the 1974 season, after which he became the first active player to sign with the .

World Football League Stint

In 1974, Flowers became the first active player to sign with the (WFL), agreeing to play out his Giants contract option before joining the league for its 1975 season. He initially planned to join the franchise but ultimately played for the , the relocated remnants of the Houston Texans, which moved to midway through the prior season. Flowers appeared in games for the Steamer as a strong safety, wearing number 44, during the WFL's final season, which was marked by widespread financial instability and culminated in the league's collapse in 1975. The move drew attention as a bold from the established amid the WFL's aggressive of veteran talent with high salaries, though Flowers' tenure yielded no standout statistical contributions amid the league's turmoil. Following the Steamer's participation in the WFL's abbreviated schedule and playoff push—which ended without a championship appearance—Flowers retired from professional football at age 28, transitioning away from athletics to pursue business and legal studies. His WFL stint represented the capstone of a pro career hampered by injuries and positional shifts from to , after which he did not return to organized football.

Later Life and Legacy

Family and Post-Career Pursuits

Flowers was born to Richmond Flowers Sr., the Attorney General of from 1963 to 1967, who advocated against segregation and faced political , including on extortion charges widely viewed as retaliatory. He married Lucia Chew Flowers, with whom he had three children, and was awarded primary custody of them in 1989 following their divorce. Flowers later remarried his high school classmate Diane Dowdy in 1987. His son, Richmond Flowers III (born circa 1979), emulated his father's track prowess by winning Alabama high school state championships in the mid-1990s and pursued a professional football career in the Canadian Football League. Following his retirement from professional football in 1975 due to injuries sustained in the World Football League, Flowers enrolled in law school at the University of Alabama. He then transitioned to commodities trading in Chicago, suffering a reported $3 million loss in 1983 amid market volatility. Relocating to Florida in 1988 and subsequently to Birmingham, Alabama, in 1992, he worked in sales for nutritional products before retiring. Flowers has survived cancer, with no further public professional endeavors documented after his sales career. He continues to reside in Birmingham as of 2018.

Reflections on Athletic and Familial Experiences

Richmond Flowers Jr. has expressed a deep passion for over football, stating that while he enjoyed his NFL tenure, "my passion was track." He attributed his football success, particularly as a , to the speed honed in , noting, "My speed. I could close pretty quickly. Like they say, you can’t coach speed." Flowers overcame childhood , which initially prevented him from running, but learned to control it, enabling his dominance in high school and collegiate events where he claimed, "I’ve always been a winner... I’ve never lost a race I was supposed to win." A hamstring at the 1968 Olympic trials derailed his medal hopes, yet he reflected, "I have no doubts I would have taken a and was considered a leading contender," and "I knew I could have been standing there. Maybe I wouldn’t have won, but it would have been a ." Familial experiences profoundly shaped Flowers' perspective, as his father, Richmond Flowers Sr., served as Alabama's from 1963 to 1967 and advocated against segregation, enforcing federal integration laws amid widespread opposition. The family endured "very dark days," including , death threats, and a on their lawn, which Flowers later credited with instilling resilience and : "He felt segregation was illegal and he couldn’t do anything to not uphold the ... it taught me to not be in a world that definitely was." He sought distance from the ensuing political scrutiny during his youth, remarking, "I really wanted to get out of and get it behind me. I didn’t want all that heavy stuff laid on me about and segregation and civil rights. I was a kid who wanted to be a kid." Despite these pressures, Flowers viewed his father's principled losses in as formative, stating, "My father was a loser... but he taught me how to fight," drawing parallels to the determination required in sports. In later reflections, Flowers connected athletic grit to life lessons from family trials, emphasizing heart over circumstance: "Sports is about heart... Life’s the same way." He expressed ongoing disdain for symbols of division tied to his upbringing, such as the Confederate flag atop the capitol, declaring, “I always had a problem with the damn Confederate flag flying on top of the capitol.” These experiences underscored a commitment to fairness, influencing his post-career life as a retired Birmingham resident and who prioritized personal integrity amid adversity.

References

  1. http://www.espn.com/classic/biography/s/Flowers_Richmond.html
  2. https://tshf.net/halloffame/flowers-richmond/
  3. https://ashof.org/inductees/richmond-flowers-jr/
  4. https://utsports.com/sports/football/roster/richmond-flowers/12244
  5. https://www.bhamwiki.com/w/Richmond_Flowers_Jr
  6. http://www.espn.com/classic/s/add_flowers_richmond.html
  7. https://www.inquirer.com/eagles/richmond-flowers-dallas-cowboys-philadelphia-eagles-alabama-boycott-20201031.html
  8. https://www.bigblueview.com/2018/9/15/17854410/where-are-they-now-s-richmond-flowers
  9. https://vault.si.com/vault/1966/06/06/winning-son-of-a-dedicated-loser
  10. https://www.wvlt.tv/content/news/The-incredible-life-of-Richmond-Flowers-397110841.html
  11. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/11/us/11flowers.html
  12. https://vault.si.com/vault/1997/07/07/in-the-name-of-the-father-richmond-flowers-and-his-namesakes-carry-a-legacy-of-accomplishment-and-the-burden-of-unfinished-business
  13. https://steveflowers.us/2007/09/19/september-19-2007/
  14. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1965/10/22/richmond-flowers-segregationist-geared-to-adjusting/
  15. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2666709243441427&id=481919901920383&set=a.482485651863808
  16. https://www.ahsaa.com/Sports/Outdoor-Track-Field/Outdoor-Track-and-Field-Records-Boys
  17. https://www.ahsfhs.org/allstate/allstateteam21sql.asp?year=1964&class=4A&source=AP
  18. https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/richmond-flowers-1.html
  19. https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/F/FlowRi20.htm
  20. https://volopedia.lib.utk.edu/entries/flowers-richmond-mcdavid/
  21. https://www.edmurpheyaward.com/ed-murphey-award-winners/
  22. https://www.profootballarchives.com/players/f/flow02000.html
  23. https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/20/archives/flowers-to-join-wfl-club-in-1-975-boston-franchise-shifts-to-new.html
  24. https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/20/archives/wfl-opens-saturday-night-familiar-names-dot-league.html
  25. https://www.cfl.ca/2007/06/08/it_hasn_t_always_been_rosy_for_flowers_family/
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