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Ernest Scott Garrett (born July 9, 1959) is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for New Jersey's 5th congressional district, serving from 2003 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. He previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1990 to 2003. Garrett chaired the United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises.[1] He lost his reelection bid in 2016 to Democrat Josh Gottheimer, becoming the only incumbent Congressman in New Jersey to be defeated that year.

Key Information

On June 19, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Garrett to become chairman and president of the Export–Import Bank of the United States, a post that requires confirmation by the United States Senate.[2] In a 10–13 vote on December 19, 2017, the Senate Banking Committee declined to advance his nomination.[3][4] Garrett was subsequently hired into an excepted service position at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's Office of General Counsel.[5]

Early life, education and career

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Garrett earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Montclair State College in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Rutgers School of Law–Camden in 1984.[6]

Born in Bergen County in the town of Englewood, Garrett spent much of his life living in North Jersey. He was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1991, and was re-elected five times, serving from 1992 to 2003, representing the 24th legislative district, which covered all of Sussex County and several municipalities in Morris and Hunterdon counties.

U.S. House of Representatives

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Garrett with Chris Christie in 2004

Elections

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Garrett unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Congresswoman Marge Roukema in the 1998 and 2000 Republican primaries, on both occasions running well to the right of Roukema, a leading moderate Republican.[1] In 2002, Roukema retired and Garrett won a contested five-way primary with 46% of the vote over State Assemblyman David C. Russo and State Senator Gerald Cardinale.[7] Of the three major candidates, Garrett was the only one from the more rural western portion of the district, while Russo and Cardinale were both from Bergen County. Although Bergen was the most populous county in the district, Russo and Cardinale split the vote there, while Garrett dominated his base in the western portion of the district.

In the 2002 general election, Garrett faced Democratic candidate Anne Sumers, an ophthalmologist and former Republican.[8] Garrett beat Sumers with 60% of the vote.[9]

Garrett was reelected in 2004 with 58% of the vote. In 2006, Garrett defeated Republican primary opponent Michael Cino. In the November 2006 general election, Garrett defeated Paul Aronsohn, a former employee of the U.S. State Department during the Clinton Administration, to win a third term. Garrett defeated Democrat Dennis Shulman 56%–42% in the 2008 general election. In 2010, Garrett defeated Tod Theise, receiving 65% of the vote. In 2012, Garrett defeated Democrat Adam Gussen with 55% of the vote.[10]

In 2014, Garrett defeated Democratic nominee Roy Cho with 55% of the vote.[11]

Redistricting after the 2010 census made the 5th slightly more Democratic, as it gained heavily Democratic Hackensack and Teaneck. John McCain carried the old 5th with 54 percent of the vote in 2008,[12] but would have only won the new 5th with 50.5 percent of the vote.[13]

2016

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Garrett ran for re-election in 2016 as the Republican candidate, besting Michael Cino and Peter Vallorosi in the primary. He faced former Clinton administration speechwriter Josh Gottheimer, who was unopposed in the Democratic primary.[14] In an article published by OpenSecrets, Garrett was revealed to be heavily reliant on the financial sector to fund his campaign.[15] In 2015, it was reported that Garrett stated he would not pay dues to the NRCC because they had supported openly gay candidates. Gottheimer and national Democratic groups used these comments to attack Garrett as too socially conservative for the district, while Wall Street firms that had donated to Garrett for years reduced their contributions.[16]

Gottheimer won the general election on November 8, 2016, with 50.5% of the vote to Garrett's 47.2%.[17] While Garrett carried three of the four counties in the district, he could not overcome a 33,800-vote deficit in the district's share of Bergen County; he lost overall by 14,900 votes.[18]

Committee assignments

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Caucus memberships

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Legislation

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On May 8, 2013, Garrett introduced the Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2014 (H.R. 1872; 113th Congress), a bill that would modify the budgetary treatment of federal credit programs.[20] The bill would require that the cost of direct loans or loan guarantees be recognized in the federal budget on a fair-value basis using guidelines set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board.[20] The bill would also require the federal budget to reflect the net impact of programs administered by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.[20] The changes made by the bill would mean that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were counted on the budget instead of considered separately and would mean that the debt of those two programs would be included in the national debt.[21] These programs themselves would not be changed, but how they are accounted for in the United States federal budget would be. The goal of the bill is to improve the accuracy of how some programs are accounted for in the federal budget.[22]

Tenure

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Garrett compiled an unshakably conservative voting record. This was unusual for New Jersey, historically a bastion of moderate Republicanism. He held a lifetime rating of 99.3 from the American Conservative Union, making him easily the most conservative member of the New Jersey delegation.[23] He was one of the most conservative lawmakers ever to represent New Jersey in Congress, and was considered one of the most conservative members of the House.[24] While in Congress, he founded and led the House Constitution Caucus.[25]

During his time in Congress, Garrett was a member of the Liberty Caucus.[26] He was a founding member of the Freedom Caucus, which serves as a policy alternative to the Republican Study Committee, and is the only New Jersey representative to have been a member of the Freedom Caucus.[27]

Foreign policy

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In 2007, Garrett led nineteen U.S. lawmakers to introduce a bill in the House of Representatives backing United Nations membership for Taiwan.[28]

Economic policy

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In 2006, Garrett supported H.R. 4411, the Goodlatte-Leach Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act.[29]

Garrett voted to allow oil and gas drilling off the shore of New Jersey.[30] He voted against making "price gouging" by oil companies a crime,[31] and against the Further Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Hurricane Katrina Act of 2005.[32] He was one of four members of the House of Representatives to vote against an extension of unemployment benefits.[33]

Garrett voted against the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014 during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013.[34] When opponents criticized Garrett for not signing a letter urging the House to provide prompt aid to victims of Hurricane Sandy, Garrett responded by saying he had signed nine other letters seeking aid and had helped sponsor a final bill authorizing money.[35]

Education

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As a state legislator in 2005, he proposed public schools include lessons on intelligent design alongside evolution. Garrett said he would not advocate for a law mandating changes to the state curriculum.[36]

In July 2007, Garrett proposed an amendment to strike earmarked money in a spending bill for native Alaskan and Hawaiian educational programs.[37] Congressman Don Young of Alaska defended the funds on the floor of the House, saying, "You want my money, my money."[37] Young went on to suggest that Republicans had lost their majority in the 2006 election because some Republicans had challenged spending earmarks.[37] While Garrett did not ask for an official reprimand, other conservative Republicans took exception to Young's remarks that the funds in question represented his money. Members of the Republican Study Committee gave Garrett a standing ovation later in the day during the group's weekly meeting.[37]

LGBT rights

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Following the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2015, Garrett supported the First Amendment Defense Act, a bill allowing companies to deny service to same-sex weddings due to religious objections.[38]

Also in 2015, Garrett refused to pay GOP campaign arm dues to the National Republican Congressional Committee because he said they were "actively recruiting homosexual candidates and had supported gay candidates in the past."[39] Garrett later clarified his remarks, saying that he is opposed to same-sex marriage due to his faith, but that he does not "have malice" toward any group of people.[40] Regarding his stance opposing gay Republican political candidates, he said that political opponents in the media distorted his views; while he affirmed that it was "everybody's right" to run for office, he reiterated his opposition to funding the campaigns of candidates who support same-sex marriage.[41]

Suffrage

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In 2006, Garrett was the only congressman from New Jersey to vote against the reauthorization of the Voting Rights Act, citing his opposition to requirements to print non-English ballots.[42]

Export-Import Bank nomination

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On April 14, 2017, President Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Garrett to become chairman and president of the Export–Import Bank of the United States.[43][44] While in the House of Representatives, Garrett was a critic of the bank's existence.[2] On June 19, 2017, Trump formally nominated Garrett to the post, which requires confirmation by the United States Senate.[2]

Senator Sherrod Brown, the ranking member of the Senate Banking Committee, was surprised by the nomination, saying that he had been led to believe that Trump would not go ahead with choosing Garrett in light of the opposition.[2] Brown predicted that no Democrats would vote for Garrett, and that some Republicans would also be "unhappy with [the nomination]."[2]

The nomination drew opposition from a number of national business organizations, such as the Aerospace Industries Association, the National Association of Manufacturers, and the Business Roundtable.[45] Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina was one of the Republicans reported to have concerns with the nomination.[2] The South Carolina Chamber of Commerce opposed Garrett, and Graham said he would "try to get the administration to give us a better nominee."[45] The New Jersey Business and Industry Association, the largest business group in Garrett's home state, called on him to withdraw from consideration for the post.[46]

In August 2017, Politico reported that Trump would give Garrett a chance to rescue his nomination after privately questioning whether the nomination should proceed. Conservatives opposed to the Ex-Im Bank "have ratcheted up pressure on the administration to stick with Garrett’s nomination." Republican U.S. Senator Pat Toomey said: "I can tell you there will be Republican senators including myself who will put up quite a fight if his nomination doesn't go forward."[47]

On December 19, 2017, the Senate Banking Committee voted by a margin of 10-13 not to advance Garrett's nomination to the full U.S. Senate. Republican U.S. Senators Mike Rounds and Tim Scott joined all of the Democrats on the committee in voting against Garrett.[48] Trump did not formally withdraw the nomination; rather it was returned to Trump unconfirmed on January 3, 2018, under Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6.[49]

Personal life

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Garrett is married and has two adult daughters.[50] They homeschooled their daughters because there was "no high school offering a Christian education" in their area.[51]

Electoral history

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New Jersey's 5th congressional district: Results 2002–2010[52]
Year Democratic Votes Pct Republican Votes Pct 3rd Party Party Votes Pct 3rd Party Party Votes Pct
2002 Anne Sumers 76,504 38% Scott Garrett 118,881 59% Michael J. Cino Lower Tax Independent 4,466 2%
2004 D. Anne Wolfe 122,259 41% Scott Garrett 171,220 58% Victor Kaplan Libertarian 1,857 1% Thomas Phelan NJ Conservative 1,515 1% *
2006 Paul Aronsohn 89,503 44% Scott Garrett 112,142 55% R. Matthew Fretz An Independent Voice 2,597 1%
2008 Dennis Shulman 123,512 42% Scott Garrett 165,271 56% Ed Fanning Green 4,950 2%
2010 Tod Theise 60,045 33% Scott Garrett 119,478 65% Ed Fanning Green 2,262 1% Mark Quick Independent 1,646 <1%
2012 Adam Gussen 130,102 43% Scott Garrett 167,503 55% Patricia Alessandrini Green 6,770 2%
2014 Roy Cho 81,808 43% Scott Garrett 104,678 55% Mark Quick Independent 2,435 1%
2016 Josh Gottheimer 158,045 50.43% Scott Garrett 148,398 47.35% Claudio Belusic Libertarian 6,890 2.2%

*Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 2004, Socialist Party USA candidate Gregory Pason received 574 votes. In 2010, James Radigan received 336 votes.

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Scott Garrett

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Ernest Scott Garrett (born July 9, 1959) is an American attorney and Republican politician who represented New Jersey's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2003 to 2017. Garrett, a graduate of Montclair State University and Rutgers Law School, practiced law in New Jersey before entering politics, where he established a record of fiscal conservatism, including opposition to the 2008 financial bailouts and the Export-Import Bank's operations as corporate welfare. He served on the House Financial Services Committee, sponsoring legislation such as the Restoring Main Street Investor Protection and Confidence Act, and received awards from conservative organizations like FreedomWorks for his limited-government advocacy. Garrett's tenure included founding the House Constitution Caucus to promote constitutional fidelity and membership in the Liberty Caucus, reflecting his emphasis on restraining federal overreach. His social conservatism, evidenced by votes against federal hate crimes expansions to include sexual orientation and gender identity, as well as opposition to repealing "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," contributed to controversies, including criticism from advocacy groups and his 2016 electoral defeat amid donor backlash. After leaving Congress, President Trump nominated him to lead the Export-Import Bank in 2017, but the Senate Banking Committee rejected the nomination 10-13, with some Republicans joining Democrats due to his prior opposition to the agency. Garrett subsequently served in a senior role at the Securities and Exchange Commission until 2021, later transitioning to lobbying and ministry leadership in New Jersey.

Background

Early life and education

Ernest Scott Garrett was born on July 9, 1959, in Englewood, Bergen County, New Jersey. His parents, Ernest and Sue Garrett, relocated the family from Englewood to rural Sussex County during his childhood. Garrett graduated from High Point Regional High School in . He earned a degree from in , in 1981. In 1984, he received a from .

Pre-political career

Garrett received his J.D. from in , in 1984 and entered private practice as an attorney thereafter. His practice centered on general civil matters and defense, primarily representing defendants. He operated out of , handling cases in that region for approximately six years prior to entering elective office. No public records indicate involvement in other professions, such as business ownership or public sector roles, during this period.

State legislative service

New Jersey General Assembly tenure

Scott Garrett served in the from 1990 to 2002 as a Republican. He was first elected in November 1989 to represent constituents in the state's northwest region, including Sussex County. From 2000 to 2002, Garrett held the leadership role of Assistant Majority Leader, contributing to the Republican minority's strategy during a period when Democrats controlled the chamber. Throughout his 12-year tenure, Garrett advocated for tax reductions and regulatory relief, aligning with conservative principles amid New Jersey's fiscal challenges in the , including burdens exceeding national averages. He participated in debates on budget appropriations and local governance issues affecting rural districts, though detailed records of sponsored bills from this era emphasize procedural opposition to spending increases rather than landmark enactments. Garrett's service ended upon his successful 2002 campaign for the U.S. House, vacating his Assembly seat effective January 2003.

Key state-level positions and votes

Garrett served on the General Assembly's Budget Committee and Financial Institutions and Insurance Committee during his tenure representing District 24 from 1991 to 2003. These roles positioned him to scrutinize state expenditures and regulate banking and insurance practices amid ongoing debates over 's structural budget deficits and rising property taxes. In line with his , Garrett sponsored bills targeting government oversight and taxpayer protections. For instance, in May 2000, he introduced A-2351, requiring school districts to obtain written before administering surveys on sensitive topics like family background, , or political affiliations to students, thereby prioritizing parental authority over administrative discretion; the bill advanced through the Assembly Education Committee. He also co-sponsored A-3197 in February 2001 with Assemblyman Michael Patrick Carroll, aimed at reforming aspects of state contracting transparency, though it did not pass. As a Republican minority member in a Democrat-controlled chamber, Garrett's votes consistently opposed expansions of state spending and new revenue measures, reflecting resistance to policies that exacerbated New Jersey's fiscal imbalances without corresponding reforms. Specific roll-call data from sessions like the 209th Legislature (2000) highlight his alignment with GOP efforts to cap appropriations growth, though comprehensive vote trackers for state-level proceedings remain limited in public archives.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections and campaigns

Garrett was first elected to represent in the 2002 , defeating Democrat Anne Sumers after securing the Republican nomination in a competitive primary following the retirement of longtime incumbent Marge Roukema. He won subsequent re-elections in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014, typically prevailing by double-digit margins in a district that favored Republican candidates due to its suburban and rural composition in northern . His campaigns emphasized , , and opposition to tax increases, aligning with his record in the . The following table summarizes Garrett's general election results:
YearOpponent (Party)Garrett Votes (%)Opponent Votes (%)Margin
2002Anne Sumers (D)126,803 (60%)80,449 (38%)+22%
2004Xavier L. McBride (D)160,221 (57%)117,987 (42%)+15%
2006Paul Aronsohn (D)114,367 (55%)89,573 (43%)+12%
2008Dennis Shulman (D)149,136 (55%)116,513 (43%)+12%
2010Tod Theise (D)117,890 (65%)59,966 (33%)+32%
2012Adam Gussen (D)167,501 (55%)130,100 (43%)+12%
2014Roy Cho (D)104,678 (55%)81,808 (43%)+12%
2016Josh Gottheimer (D)157,690 (47%)172,587 (51%)-4%
Garrett's 2016 re-election bid ended in defeat to Democrat Josh Gottheimer, a former Microsoft executive and political newcomer, in a race rated competitive amid national Republican challenges. The campaign drew national attention due to reports that Garrett had conditioned his contributions to the National Republican Congressional Committee on the party ceasing support for openly gay candidates, remarks attributed to him by a former staffer and confirmed in private conversations. These disclosures prompted several Wall Street firms, including major donors from the financial sector, to withdraw support, as Garrett served on the House Financial Services Committee and had received significant industry contributions in prior cycles. Gottheimer's campaign raised over $4.7 million, outspending Garrett's $4.3 million effort, and focused on bipartisanship and economic issues while highlighting Garrett's conservative voting record. The sole debate between the candidates was contentious, with mutual accusations of extremism and misrepresentation of records.

Committee assignments and leadership roles

Garrett served on the House Committee on Financial Services throughout his tenure from the 108th to the 114th es (2003–2017), focusing on issues related to banking, housing, insurance, and securities regulation. Within this committee, he advanced to leadership positions on key subcommittees, including serving as chairman of the Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government Sponsored Enterprises during the 113th (2013–2015), where he oversaw matters involving stock exchanges, securities trading, and entities like and . He retained this chairmanship into the 114th (2015–2017), continuing to influence policies on and government-backed mortgage finance amid post-financial crisis reforms. In his later years, Garrett joined the House Committee on the Budget, serving from at least the 114th (2015–2017) as a senior member tasked with reviewing federal spending proposals and advocating for spending restraint. No formal subcommittee leadership roles on the Budget Committee are recorded for him, but his participation aligned with his consistent opposition to deficit expansion, as evidenced by his votes against major appropriations bills. These assignments positioned Garrett as a conservative voice on fiscal and financial oversight, leveraging his prior experience as an attorney specializing in banking law.

Caucus memberships and ideological alignments

Garrett served as a member of the , a of conservative House Republicans focused on promoting and fiscal responsibility, and chaired its Budget and Spending Task Force, advocating for deep cuts to non-defense . In January 2015, he became one of nine founding members of the House Freedom Caucus, an organization formed by conservative Republicans dissatisfied with the RSC's perceived moderation under leadership influence, aiming to advance principled conservatism on issues like debt reduction and constitutional limits on federal power; the group explicitly positioned itself as a counterweight to establishment GOP dynamics. He also participated in the , emphasizing economic liberties, individual rights, and reduced government intervention. Ideologically, Garrett aligned with fiscal conservatism and limited-government principles, earning consistent high marks from organizations evaluating congressional voting records on spending, taxation, and regulatory restraint. In the 114th Congress (2015–2016), he received an 81% score from Heritage Action for America, reflecting support for policies curbing federal overreach, such as opposing omnibus spending bills and backing reforms to entitlements. The National Taxpayers Union awarded him its 2016 Taxpayers' Friend designation, recognizing his votes against tax increases and for deficit reduction, consistent with lifetime advocacy for balanced budgets and opposition to earmarks. These alignments underscored his role as a Tea Party-influenced skeptic of bipartisan compromises, prioritizing empirical metrics of fiscal sustainability over short-term political accommodations.

Legislative record

Garrett sponsored bills primarily focused on fiscal transparency, regulatory in financial markets, and reducing government-backed risks to taxpayers. In the 113th Congress (2013–2014), he introduced H.R. 1872, the Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2014, on May 8, 2013, which aimed to mandate accrual accounting in federal budgeting to account for long-term obligations like pensions and environmental liabilities more accurately, thereby improving congressional oversight of spending. The bill passed the but did not advance in the . Also in the 113th , Garrett sponsored H.R. 5502, the FAIR Act (Fannie and Freddie Accountability and Reform Act), introduced on September 17, , to terminate the conservatorships of and , recapitalize the entities through private means, and eliminate implicit government guarantees, addressing in the housing finance system post-2008 crisis. This reflected his consistent opposition to bailouts and government-sponsored enterprises. In the 114th Congress (2015–2016), he reintroduced similar transparency measures with H.R. 119, the Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2015, on January 5, 2015, building on prior efforts to shift from cash-based to accrual accounting for federal . Garrett also sponsored H.R. 116, the Small Business Freedom of Commerce Act of 2015, introduced the same day, to exempt certain small businesses from onerous regulatory compliance under the Dodd-Frank Act.
Bill NumberTitleCongressKey Purpose
H.R. 1872Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2014113thRequire accrual accounting for federal budget to reveal unfunded liabilities.
H.R. 5502FAIR Act113thReform and privatize Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to end taxpayer exposure.
H.R. 119Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2015114thEnhance budgeting transparency via accrual methods.
H.R. 116Small Business Freedom of Commerce Act of 2015114thRelieve small firms from select Dodd-Frank regulations.
Garrett cosponsored broader reforms, including H.R. 5018, the Federal Reserve Accountability and Transparency Act of 2014, introduced July 7, 2014, which sought to bind the to rules, impose blackout periods for decisions, and require cost-benefit analyses for regulations to curb discretionary power. He also cosponsored H.R. 24, the Federal Reserve Transparency Act of 2014 (also known as "Audit the Fed"), to expand Government Accountability Office audits of the 's operations. These efforts aligned with his role on the House Financial Services Committee, emphasizing limits on authority and fiscal discipline. None of these sponsored or cosponsored measures were enacted into law during his tenure, consistent with the challenges faced by rank-and-file conservative proposals in divided Congresses.

Notable floor votes and procedural stances

Garrett voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which established the authorizing up to $700 billion in bank bailouts, on October 3, 2008, by a House tally of 263-171; he criticized the measure as an expansion of government intervention without sufficient safeguards against waste. He similarly opposed subsequent uses and expansions of TARP funds, viewing them as perpetuating in financial markets. On financial regulation, Garrett cast a "no" vote against the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act on June 30, 2010, passed 234-193, contending it imposed overly burdensome rules on community banks and failed to address core causes of the 2008 crisis like government-backed housing policies. Subsequent efforts under his chairmanship of the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets sought targeted repeals and reforms to Dodd-Frank provisions, such as those expanding SEC administrative proceedings, which he argued eroded for defendants. Garrett opposed the Patient Protection and (ACA), voting "no" on final passage March 21, 2010, by 219-212, and repeatedly supported repeal measures thereafter, including tying government funding continuations to ACA defunding in 2013 shutdown negotiations. He later introduced a resolution asserting executive overreach in ACA implementation delays, reflecting his view that such unilateral actions violated congressional authority. In debt limit debates, Garrett voted against raising the ceiling without accompanying spending restraints, including the (passed 269-161 on August 2), prioritizing balanced budgets over short-term avoidance of default risks. Procedurally, Garrett bucked party leadership on rules votes and speaker elections, such as opposing John Boehner's 2015 re-election bid and withholding dues from the over its support for moderate candidates. He routinely voted against continuing resolutions lacking fiscal offsets, exemplified by his "no" on a September 2014 CR incorporating unauthorized funding, advocating instead for discrete appropriations bills to enforce accountability. This stance aligned with his push for "regular order" in budgeting, criticizing omnibus packages for bypassing subcommittee scrutiny and enabling unchecked spending.

Policy positions

Fiscal and economic policies

Garrett consistently advocated for reduced federal spending and fiscal restraint, cosponsoring balanced budget amendment proposals such as H.J.Res. 55 in the 114th Congress, which required a balanced federal budget except in cases of war or national emergency. He supported amendments mandating spending cuts, including one approved by the House Budget Committee in March 2016 urging $30 billion in reductions through future appropriations bills. Garrett aligned with efforts to achieve a balanced budget within nine years via deep cuts exceeding $7 trillion, emphasizing elimination of deficits through across-the-board reductions rather than revenue increases. On taxation, Garrett opposed the 2012 fiscal cliff compromise, which extended most Bush-era tax cuts but raised rates on high earners, arguing it failed to address underlying spending issues. He endorsed pro-growth policies including tax relief for individuals and businesses to foster job creation, particularly for small enterprises, while voting against measures like exemption extensions that he viewed as temporary fixes exacerbating long-term fiscal imbalances. Garrett opposed major financial interventions, voting against the $700 billion in October 2008 and September 2008 iterations, citing public opposition and risks in bailing out financial institutions. He resisted diverting TARP funds to non-financial sectors, such as the auto industry bailout in December 2008, insisting on exhausting private and non-TARP options first. He also voted against debt ceiling increases without accompanying spending reforms, including the 2011 raise amid the Budget Control Act negotiations. In economic regulation, Garrett criticized the Dodd-Frank Act for overreach and unconstitutionality, chairing hearings questioning its stability impacts and introducing reforms for greater transparency, such as requiring employees to disclose securities trading. He co-introduced the Accountability and Transparency Act in 2014 to curb the Fed's rulemaking secrecy and political influences, arguing its policies affected millions without sufficient oversight. Garrett's stance emphasized reining in the central bank's independence to prioritize over expansive monetary interventions.

Foreign policy and national security

Garrett maintained a hawkish stance on national security, supporting extensions of the USA PATRIOT Act's roving wiretap provisions in February 2011 and eliminating the need for FISA warrants for wiretapping abroad in August 2007. He endorsed declaring Iraq part of the war on terror without an exit date in June 2006 and backed a $78 billion emergency appropriation for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in April 2003. Garrett also advocated for federal provision of missile defense systems, viewing it as a core governmental responsibility. His voting record earned a 0% rating from SANE, a group favoring reduced military commitments, indicating alignment with pro-military priorities. On , Garrett opposed the 2015 , condemning it alongside his 2016 election opponent as endangering U.S. and allied interests. He prioritized prevention of Iranian nuclear weapons over containment strategies, as stated in March 2012, and supported boycotts, sanctions for terrorism and nuclear pursuits in May 2011, and measures to end Iran's nuclear program in April 2009. In May 2015, he was among 25 members voting against the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act, which would have mandated congressional scrutiny of any nuclear deal before sanctions relief. Garrett sponsored legislation barring U.S. assistance to Iran's nuclear program and voted to halt cash payments perceived as ransom to . Garrett was a firm supporter of , affirming an "unbreakable" U.S.- bond in March 2010 and cosponsoring resolutions to move the U.S. embassy to as its capital in January 2015. He opposed the in November 2012 for potentially restricting arms transfers to and , and introduced measures condemning Palestinian while urging sanctions on for threats against . Reflecting , Garrett occasionally opposed defense and funding without offsets or riders, such as voting against a 2015 Department of appropriations bill lacking immigration enforcement provisions, making him the sole New Jersey House member to do so. He supported the 2017 Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act in June 2016 but voted against broader omnibus packages increasing military spending without corresponding cuts elsewhere. Garrett insisted on congressional authorization for presidential combat deployments, emphasizing checks on executive war powers. He voted to prohibit Guantanamo detainee transfers in September 2016 and to override President Obama's of the Justice Against Sponsors of Act in September 2016, enabling suits against foreign states for support.

Social and cultural issues

Garrett maintained a consistently conservative stance on , opposing federal funding for procedures and supporting restrictions. He voted in favor of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 (H.R. 760), which prohibited a specific late-term abortion method deemed by proponents to protect fetal life. In 2010, he supported legislation banning federal health coverage that includes , reflecting his view that taxpayer funds should not subsidize elective terminations. Garrett also opposed expanding federal research on lines, voting against measures in 2007 and 2009 that would have broadened such funding, prioritizing ethical concerns over potential medical advancements derived from destroyed embryos. On issues related to and marriage, Garrett opposed federal recognition of same-sex unions and protections for LGBT individuals. He cosponsored the Marriage and Religious Freedom Act, which aimed to shield business owners from penalties for denying services to same-sex couples based on religious objections. In 2015, Garrett drew criticism for reportedly withholding contributions to the (NRCC) dues unless it ceased supporting openly candidates, a position he later clarified as opposition to the party's recruitment of such candidates rather than outright discrimination, though critics interpreted it as reflecting discomfort with homosexuality in political leadership. He voted against the (ENDA) provisions extending workplace protections based on , arguing such mandates infringed on private employers' rights. Garrett was a staunch defender of Second Amendment rights, consistently voting against gun control measures. In 2005, he supported the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act, which barred lawsuits against firearm manufacturers for criminal misuse of their products, shielding the industry from liability absent direct . Following high-profile shootings, such as Orlando in 2016, he opposed expanded background checks or assault weapons bans, emphasizing enforcement of existing laws over new restrictions, a view aligned with positions. His record earned high ratings from gun rights groups, reflecting a belief that individual rights outweighed collective safety regulations.

Education and regulatory policies

Garrett advocated reducing federal involvement in K-12 education, emphasizing state and local control over national mandates. He introduced and reintroduced the Local Education Authority Returns Now (LEARN) Act, first as H.R. 3177 in 2007 and later as H.R. 2394 in 2013, to enable states to opt out of No Child Left Behind accountability requirements while retaining funding via taxpayer tax credits equivalent to their share of federal aid. The bill's provisions included reimbursing states for opted-out funds through credits calculated from allocations, aiming to eliminate federal strings attached to Title I grants. Garrett criticized No Child Left Behind for imposing burdensome, one-size-fits-all standards that undermined local innovation and constituted unconstitutional executive overreach, particularly through waivers bypassing . He supported school choice mechanisms, including vouchers, to empower parents in selecting educational options. During a 2010 visit to Yavneh Academy in , Garrett endorsed vouchers as a means to allocate taxpayer funds directly to preferred schools, arguing this would enhance competition and quality over centralized allocation. In regulatory policy, Garrett focused on curtailing what he viewed as excessive bureaucratic rulemaking, especially in , while chairing the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government Sponsored Enterprises from 2013 to 2017. He opposed broad expansions of post-2008 , including elements of the Dodd-Frank Act, which he argued lacked sufficient debate and imposed undue compliance costs on institutions without proportionally mitigating systemic risks. Instead of full repeal, Garrett pursued incremental reforms, such as budget constraints on agencies like the SEC and CFTC to limit implementation, and introduced the Federal Reserve Accountability and Transparency Act in 2014 to mandate public disclosure of rule-making processes. Garrett sponsored the SEC Regulatory Accountability Act (H.R. 1062, 2013), requiring the Securities and Exchange Commission to conduct formal cost-benefit analyses, retrospective reviews of existing rules, and advance notice for major s, passing the in May 2013. He backed the REINS Act (H.R. 427, 2015), voting yes on its House passage to require congressional approval for any with over $100 million in annual economic impact, positioning it as a check on executive overreach into legislative . Under his subcommittee leadership, the House advanced over a dozen bills in 2014 to ease regulatory burdens, including allowances for summarized investor disclosures and relief for smaller financial entities from post-Dodd-Frank mandates.

Controversies and public criticisms

Stances on social advocacy groups

Garrett drew criticism from LGBT organizations for remarks made during a July 2015 closed-door meeting of the House Financial Services Committee, where he expressed unfamiliarity with openly gay individuals in Republican leadership roles and indicated reluctance to contribute to party efforts supporting gay candidates. These comments, first reported by , prompted the (HRC), the largest U.S. LGBT civil rights group, to condemn Garrett for promoting "anti-LGBT bigotry" and to launch targeted ads against him in New Jersey's 5th district. HRC, which maintains a partisan stance favoring Democratic-aligned policies, highlighted Garrett's consistent opposition to federal protections for and in and . In response to the party's recruitment of openly gay candidates, Garrett withheld his mandatory dues to the (NRCC) starting in 2015, stating he would resume payments only if the NRCC ceased such support, a position that strained relations with GOP leadership and contributed to reduced campaign funding from financial sector donors. This stance amplified scrutiny from groups like Garden State Equality, New Jersey's leading LGBT advocacy organization, which endorsed his 2016 opponent and cited Garrett's record as evidence of hostility toward equality efforts. Garrett defended his views as rooted in traditional conservative principles, voting against measures like the (ENDA) in prior sessions and opposing the repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" in 2010. Garrett's social conservatism extended to opposition against funding for organizations aligned with progressive causes, including votes to defund in 2015 and 2016, framing such entities as advancing agendas over taxpayer priorities. Advocacy groups like the , which opposed similar defunding bills, critiqued these positions as undermining reproductive health access for minority communities, though Garrett maintained his actions upheld fiscal restraint and pro-life consistency. Environmentally focused social advocacy outfits, such as the , rated Garrett at 0% for his tenure, citing his resistance to climate initiatives often championed by progressive coalitions, but these evaluations reflect the groups' inherent policy biases rather than neutral assessments.

Opposition to federal spending programs

Garrett consistently advocated for reduced federal spending, arguing that unchecked appropriations contributed to unsustainable deficits and debt. As a member of the House Budget Committee, he opposed continuing resolutions and omnibus bills lacking corresponding cuts, stating in 2013 that such measures represented "fiscally and constitutionally irresponsible budgeting" without reforms. In the , he voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, the $700 billion (TARP), on October 3, 2008, contending it enabled and excessive intervention without addressing root causes like regulatory failures. Similarly, Garrett opposed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, voting no on the $787 billion stimulus package on February 17, 2009, as he believed it would exacerbate long-term fiscal burdens rather than promote genuine recovery through targeted tax relief. His stance extended to specific appropriations, including a nay vote on the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, on December 11, 2014, which funded government operations through September 2015. In March 2015, Garrett was the only New Jersey House member to oppose a Department of Homeland Security funding bill unless it incorporated immigration enforcement provisions, prioritizing spending restraint over temporary extensions. He also voted against the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act in 2010, the sole dissenter from New Jersey's delegation across three House votes that year, citing inadequate offsets for its projected $4.2 billion cost over a decade. These positions, rooted in Tea Party-aligned , earned Garrett high marks from groups like , which ranked him among the most conservative members on spending issues. However, critics, including Democratic opponents and media, portrayed his votes as ideological rigidity that risked essential services and bipartisan aid, such as 9/11 responder benefits, potentially alienating moderate voters in his district. During his 2016 reelection campaign, challenger highlighted these records to argue Garrett prioritized absolutism over pragmatic governance.

2016 election dynamics and defeat

In the November 8, 2016, general election for , Democratic challenger defeated seven-term Republican Scott Garrett by a margin of 53.4% to 46.6%, with Gottheimer receiving 170,728 votes to Garrett's 141,695. The district, encompassing parts of Bergen, Passaic, Morris, Sussex, and Warren counties, had historically favored Republicans, with Garrett securing victories by double-digit margins in prior cycles, including 59% in 2014. However, the 2016 contest became one of the nation's most expensive races, with total spending exceeding $20 million, driven largely by Democratic outside groups targeting Garrett's conservative record. Key dynamics included stark fundraising disparities, with Gottheimer—a former executive—raising over $11 million, much from donors and Democratic PACs, compared to Garrett's approximately $2.5 million from conservative groups like . Democrats framed Garrett as extreme, emphasizing his opposition to federal funding for , his votes against the reauthorization, and reports of an all-male campaign staff, which drew criticism from women's groups. Gottheimer positioned himself as a centrist, highlighting bipartisan credentials and , appealing to the district's affluent suburban voters amid national polarization. The single debate on devolved into personal attacks, with both candidates accusing each other of dishonesty on issues like and Social . Garrett's reluctance to fully embrace contributed to the race's volatility; while he stated he would vote for Trump despite unease over the candidate's October 2016 comments on women, Garrett stopped short of a formal endorsement, drawing fire from both Trump supporters and opponents in the district. This hesitation alienated elements of the GOP base, even as Trump carried Sussex County (a Garrett stronghold) by 20 points nationally, while won overall. Garrett's identification with the House Freedom Caucus—marked by his 2015 opposition to John Boehner's speakership—further energized Democratic turnout but may have fatigued moderate independents, who comprised about 20% of the electorate. Garrett conceded on November 9, 2016, praising his campaign's focus on and , though he declined transition discussions with Gottheimer amid reports of strained relations. The upset bucked the Republican national House gains of that cycle, with analysts attributing it to Democratic resource advantages and localized backlash against Garrett's ideological purity over pragmatic .

Post-congressional nomination

Export-Import Bank chair candidacy

In April 2017, President Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate Scott Garrett, a former Republican U.S. Representative from New Jersey, to serve as President and Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM Bank), the federal agency's top executive position responsible for overseeing its operations and board. Garrett's selection drew attention due to his long-standing opposition to the EXIM Bank during his congressional tenure, where he repeatedly voted against its reauthorization, labeling it a "corporate welfare program" that distorted markets through subsidized financing for exports. Supporters, including some conservative lawmakers, praised the as aligning with Garrett's fiscal conservative credentials, arguing he could steer the toward greater and reduced intervention in private lending, consistent with Trump's campaign on reforming . House Financial Services Committee Chairman , a fellow skeptic of the 's mandate, endorsed Garrett's potential to prioritize free-market principles over expansionist policies. However, the choice faced immediate pushback from export-dependent industries, such as and manufacturing, which lobbied the to withdraw it, citing Garrett's history of advocating for the agency's elimination as evidence he lacked the commitment to its core mission of financing U.S. s amid competition from foreign export credit agencies. Advocacy groups also mobilized against the nomination on ideological grounds unrelated to economic policy; for instance, the opposed Garrett due to his congressional voting record against LGBT rights legislation, including opposition to the and same-sex marriage recognition. These criticisms highlighted tensions within Trump's , as the EXIM Bank's quorum had lapsed since 2014 due to similar conservative blockades, leaving large deals stalled and amplifying business urgency for a nominee perceived as reliably pro-bank. The formal nomination advanced to consideration by November 2017, amid ongoing debates over whether Garrett's reformist stance would revitalize or undermine the institution.

Confirmation process and withdrawal

Garrett's nomination to chair the () advanced to a confirmation hearing before the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee in July 2017, where he faced scrutiny over his prior opposition to the agency. As a congressman, Garrett had repeatedly voted to defund , describing it in 2015 as embodying "corruption" and "" that distorted markets by subsidizing large corporations at taxpayer expense. During the hearing, he affirmed his intent to support the bank's operations if confirmed but declined to renounce his earlier criticisms, prompting accusations from Democrats and business advocates that he lacked the necessary commitment to 's export-financing mandate. Opposition intensified from industry groups, including the and Aerospace Industries Association, which argued Garrett's record disqualified him from leading an institution he had sought to dismantle, potentially undermining U.S. competitiveness against subsidized foreign rivals like . These concerns, echoed by Democrats and a faction of Republicans sensitive to business constituencies, led to calls for the to withdraw the in mid-2017, though President Trump proceeded. On December 19, 2017, the Senate Banking Committee voted 13-10 against advancing Garrett's nomination, effectively ending the confirmation process; the tally included opposition from four Republicans alongside all Democrats, reflecting bipartisan reservations about his ideological history despite his assurances of pragmatic leadership. The rejection stalled EXIM's full board temporarily, hampering its ability to approve large deals, and highlighted tensions within the Republican coalition between free-market purists and pro-export business interests. No withdrawal occurred from Garrett or the administration; the committee's action terminated the bid.

Personal life

Garrett was born Ernest Scott Garrett on July 9, 1959, in , to parents Ernest and Sue Garrett. His family relocated to rural during his youth. He graduated from High Point Regional High School in , earned a B.A. in political science from in 1981, and received a J.D. from in 1984. Garrett resides in , with his wife, Mary Ellen; the couple has two adult daughters, Jennifer and . He and his wife homeschooled their daughters due to the absence of a local high school aligning with their Christian values. The family attends Lafayette Federated Church in Lafayette, New Jersey.

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