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Stremma
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The stremma (pl. stremmata; Greek: στρέμμα, strémma) is unit of land area used mainly in Greece and Cyprus, equal to 1,000 square metres or approximately +1⁄4 acre.
History
[edit]The ancient Greek equivalent was the square plethron, which served as the Greeks' form of the acre. It was originally defined as the area plowed by a team of oxen in a day[1] but was nominally standardized as the area enclosed by a square 100 Greek feet (pous) to a side. It was the size of a Greek wrestling square.
The Byzantine or Morean stremma continued to vary depending on the period and the quality of the land, but usually enclosed an area between 900–1,900 m2 (9,700–20,500 sq ft).[2] It was originally known also as a "plethron" but this was replaced eventually during Byzantine times by the word "stremma", derived from the verb for "turning" the ground with a plow.[3]
The Ottoman stremma or Turkish stremma, is the Greek (and occasionally English) name for the dunam, which is probably derived from the Byzantine unit.[4] Again, this varied by region: some values include 1,270 m2 (13,700 sq ft),[5] and 1,600 m2.[6]
Conversions
[edit]One modern stremma is equivalent to:
Metric
[edit]- 1,000 square metres
- 0.1 hectares
- 0.001 square kilometres
Imperial
[edit]- 10,763.9 square feet
- 0.247 105 38 acres
- 0.000 386 102 square miles
See also
[edit]- 1 E3 m² for further comparisons
- Byzantine units
- Conversion of units
- Greek units
- Metric units
Bibliography
[edit]- ^ Pryce, Frederick Norman; et al. (2012), "measures", The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 917, ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
- ^ Siriol Davis, "Pylos Regional Archaeological Project, Part VI: administration and settlement in Venetian Navarino", Hesperia, Winter, 2004 [1]
- ^ Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής (Dictionary of Modern Greek), Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, Θεσσαλονίκη, 1998. ISBN 960-231-085-5
- ^ V.L. Ménage, Review of Speros Vryonis, Jr. The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the process of islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century, Berkeley, 1971; in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 36:3 (1973), pp. 659-661. at JSTOR (subscription required); see also Erich Schilbach, Byzantinische Metrologie.
- ^ The Dictionary of Modern Greek Λεξικό, 1998
- ^ Costas Lapavitsas, "Social and Economic Underpinning of Industrial Development: Evidence from Ottoman Macedonia" (PDF). Ηλεκτρονικό Δελτίο Οικονομικής Ιστορίας. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
Stremma
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
The stremma (Greek: στρέμμα, plural στρέμματα) is a unit of land area traditionally used in Greece and Cyprus, equivalent to exactly 1,000 square metres or approximately 0.247 acres.[1]
Introduced in 1836 as part of the metric system's adoption in the newly independent Greek state, the "royal stremma" was officially defined to align traditional measurements with the decimal system, where 1 royal stremma equals 10 ares.[1] This modern unit replaced or standardized older regional variants, such as the Peloponnesian stremma, which was approximately 1.27 times larger than the royal stremma and derived from Ottoman-era influences like the dunam.[1] Although Greek law abolished non-metric units on 31 March 1959 in favor of the International System of Units (SI), the stremma persists in everyday and real estate contexts for measuring agricultural plots, building land, and property sizes across Greece and Cyprus.[2][3][4]
Regional variations have historically existed; for instance, in rural areas like Corfu, a slightly larger stremma of about 1,011.71 square metres (equivalent to 1/4 acre) was sometimes retained into the 20th century, though the 1,000-square-metre standard now predominates.[2] The term originates from Byzantine Greek στρέμμα (“a turning”), reflecting its deep roots in the region's land measurement traditions, and it remains a key reference in legal and cadastral documents despite official metrication.[5][3][4]
Overview
Definition
A stremma is a Greek unit of land area exactly equal to 1,000 square meters (m²), also known as a decare or "royal stremma."[2][6] This metric-aligned measurement serves as a standard for quantifying land in practical applications, reflecting Greece's adoption of the International System of Units while retaining traditional nomenclature.[7] The stremma is primarily employed for measuring agricultural and rural land, especially in non-urban settings where smaller plots are common.[8] In official agricultural surveys, it quantifies utilized areas such as arable fields, permanent crops, and fallow land, facilitating land management and statistical reporting.[9] In Greek contexts, the unit is often abbreviated as "στ." (from στρέμμα).[10] One stremma equals 0.1 hectare, positioning it as a convenient subunit for parcels below full hectare scale.[2]Etymology
The term stremma derives from the Ancient Greek neuter noun στρέμμα (strémma), which is formed from the verb στρέφω (stréphō, "to twist" or "to turn") combined with the nominal suffix -μα (-ma), indicating the result of an action.[11] In its linguistic roots, στρέμμα originally connoted something twisted or turned, such as a coiled thread or a sprain, reflecting the verb's core sense of rotational or torsional motion.[11] In Byzantine Greek, the term evolved to denote the area of land turned or plowed by a team of oxen in a single day, symbolizing the agricultural act of twisting the soil with a plow.[5] This usage marked a shift toward practical land measurement, where the "turning" evoked the furrows created during plowing. The word persisted into the Ottoman period, where it served as a Greek variant for the dunam, an equivalent unit in Ottoman administration, maintaining its association with daily plowing capacity despite regional variations.[12] Linguistically, the root of στρέφω traces to the Proto-Indo-European *strebʰ- ("to twist"), which underlies concepts of turning and winding across Indo-European languages, though stremma itself lacks direct cognates in Latin or English.Historical Development
Byzantine Origins
The stremma originated in the Byzantine Empire, spanning approximately the 4th to 15th centuries AD, as a key unit for measuring agricultural land within the zeugarion system. This system defined land parcels based on the productive capacity of a zeugarion, or yoke, representing the area that could be plowed by a pair of oxen in a single day, emphasizing practical agricultural output over abstract geometry. The zeugarion typically encompassed multiple stremmata, often equivalent to about 8 modioi or roughly 7,900 square meters, depending on local standards.[13] The unit reflected the empire's agrarian economy, where land assessment was crucial for sustaining military and civilian needs amid frequent territorial shifts.[14] In its original Byzantine form, the stremma measured roughly 10,000 square Greek feet (podes), equivalent to about 991 square meters, though regional variations arose from differences in local foot standards and land quality. For arable fields and good vineyards, it typically equated to around 939 square meters, while marginal lands could extend to 1,280 square meters to account for lower yields. These adjustments ensured the unit aligned with actual cultivation potential rather than a rigid standard.[15] The stremma served primarily in agricultural administration for taxing and allocating farmland, integrating into the empire's fiscal mechanisms to assess peasant holdings and imperial estates. It underpinned taxation like the zeugaratikion, a levy scaled to the number of yokes a property supported, facilitating equitable revenue collection from rural producers.[16] Within the theme system, the Byzantine military-administrative districts established from the 7th century, stremmata quantified land grants to soldier-farmers, binding territorial defense to agricultural productivity and enabling the empire's decentralized governance.[17] Derived from earlier Hellenistic practices of plowing-based measurement, the stremma integrated into the Byzantine legal framework, systematizing Roman and Greek land tenure rules to support imperial land distribution and dispute resolution.Ottoman and Modern Standardization
During the Ottoman period from the 15th to 19th centuries, the stremma in Greek territories was heavily influenced by the Turkish dunam, serving as the primary unit for land registries and agricultural measurements, with sizes typically around 1,270 m² in regions like the Peloponnese, though varying locally from about 900 to 1,300 m².[15] This variability stemmed from regional differences in local practices and the Ottoman system's flexible definitions based on plowing capacity, leading to inconsistencies in land taxation and ownership records across regions like the Peloponnese and Thessaly.[15] Following Greek independence in the 1820s and 1830s, early efforts toward uniformity emerged amid the new state's need to reorganize land ownership from Ottoman holdings, including a national land survey in 1833 that quantified Peloponnesian national lands at approximately 17,400,000 stremmata.[18] Formal standardization occurred in 1836 under the Kingdom of Greece through a decree establishing the "royal stremma" at exactly 1,000 m², equivalent to one decare, as part of initial metrological reforms influenced by French metric principles.[1] However, local variations and resistance to centralization caused persistent inconsistencies in rural areas until broader metric adoption in the mid-20th century. In the 20th century, particularly post-1920s, the stremma's alignment with the metric system was reinforced, officially fixing it at 1,000 m² in Greece to facilitate modern land administration and agriculture.[1] In Cyprus, under British colonial rule from 1878 to 1960, the unit evolved from the Ottoman dönüm (often around 1,333 m²) toward metric equivalence, with post-independence standardization in the 1960s adopting the 1,000 m² definition to match Greek usage and international norms.[19] Key events included the 1833 survey's role in early mapping and, in the 1970s, EU pre-accession pressures that bolstered metric consistency in land registries without eliminating the traditional unit, aiding Greece's integration in 1981.[20]Usage
In Greece and Cyprus
In Greece, the stremma serves as a mandated unit in rural land deeds and agricultural planning, particularly for documenting property boundaries and sizes in official transactions. It is commonly employed by farmers to measure holdings in olive groves, vineyards, and arable fields, where its familiarity facilitates everyday management and yield assessments. For instance, olive oil producers often reference stremma when calculating subsidies or production capacities, such as requests for 200 euros per stremma to support growers amid economic challenges. Since the 1990s digitization of the Greek Cadastre under Law 2664/1998, which established the National Cadastre for geometric and ownership registration, the stremma has been integrated into digital records, enabling precise mapping across the country. As of 2025, the cadastre is approximately 65% complete, with full operational status expected by the end of the year.[21] In Cyprus, the stremma has been retained since the post-Ottoman and British colonial eras, persisting as a practical measure in land administration despite shifts to metric systems. It remains prevalent in real estate transactions for plots under 1 hectare, where its simplicity aids in valuing and subdividing smaller agricultural or residential parcels. Bilingual usage is standard, with the Greek term "stremma" alongside the Turkish equivalent "dönüm," reflecting the island's historical multicultural influences and facilitating cross-community dealings in property sales. Culturally, the stremma holds significance for smallholder farmers in both Greece and Cyprus, who prefer it over hectares due to generational familiarity rooted in rural traditions. This preference underscores its role in local economies, where land is often measured in stremmata for practical decisions like planting or harvesting. It also appears in folklore and literature as a symbol of land inheritance, evoking themes of family legacy and agrarian identity in narratives from Ottoman-era dowry agreements to modern rural stories. Legally, the stremma was not abolished by Greece's metrication laws, which mandated SI units in 1959 but allowed compatible traditional measures to coexist. In official documents, it parallels square meters, as seen in Cadastre entries and property laws like 2664/1998, ensuring continuity in rural and real estate contexts without conflicting with metric standards.[1]Contemporary Applications
In modern agriculture and real estate in Greece, the stremma remains a standard unit for assessing land eligibility under the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), where subsidies are calculated based on declared land areas often reported in stremmata by farmers to national authorities.[8] For instance, annual agricultural surveys by the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) quantify total arable and permanent crop land in stremmata, providing data that informs CAP allocations and supports rural development programs.[8] In real estate, rural property listings routinely use stremmata to describe plot sizes, facilitating transactions for homes and farms; examples include a 6.5 stremma olive grove estate in Olympia priced for family use and a 48 stremma development plot in Messinia.[22] The stremma also plays a role in environmental planning, particularly in reforestation and protected area management. In Crete, olive tree plantations—key to biodiversity and soil conservation efforts—are measured in stremmata for project planning, as seen in studies evaluating wildfire mitigation and ecosystem restoration where land extents are conveyed to stakeholders in this unit for clarity.[23] Broader initiatives, such as the EU-funded LIFE STEMMA project in Mount Athos, integrate stremma measurements to assess and reduce climate risks in forest ecosystems, emphasizing native species restoration across designated areas.[24] Similarly, wetland conversion analyses in Greece employ stremmata to quantify habitat changes, aiding policy for protected zones.[25] Economically, the stremma influences land valuation, with arable plots averaging €1,357 per stremma nationwide in 2022, though values escalate to €10,000–50,000 in fertile or accessible regions like the islands, reflecting soil quality, irrigation, and market demand.[26][27][28] This pricing dynamic affects investment in sustainable farming, as higher-value stremmata near urban centers command premiums for conversion potential under environmental regulations. Digital tools have enhanced the stremma's practicality, with Geographic Information System (GIS) software integrated into Greek land surveys for precise mapping and management. Web-based platforms like FarmGeoBalance allow farmers to record practices on stremma-denominated plots, supporting compliance with EU environmental standards.[29] Mobile applications, such as the GGRS87 GPS converter tailored for Greece, enable users to define land boundaries in stremmata using GPS coordinates under the national grid system, streamlining surveys for agriculture and planning.[30] Despite the metric system's dominance, the stremma persists in rural applications, as evidenced by its continued use in ELSTAT reports from the 2010s onward and in stakeholder communications for land-related policies.[31]Conversions
Metric Equivalents
The stremma, as standardized in modern Greece, is exactly equivalent to 1,000 square meters (m²).[32][25] This primary metric equivalence aligns the unit with the International System of Units (SI), facilitating integration with global land measurement practices. In relation to other metric area units, 1 stremma equals 10 ares, as 1 are is defined as 100 m².[2] It also corresponds to 0.1 hectares (ha), derived from the hectare's definition of 10,000 m² (thus, 1,000 m² ÷ 10,000 m²/ha = 0.1 ha).[25] Additionally, 1 stremma is 0.001 square kilometers (km²), since 1 km² encompasses 1,000,000 m² (1,000 m² ÷ 1,000,000 m²/km² = 0.001 km²).[25] Practical conversions follow simple scaling: the area in square meters is calculated as stremmata × 1,000, while in hectares it is stremmata × 0.1. For example, a 5-stremma field measures 5,000 m² or 0.5 ha. In agricultural contexts like irrigation planning, actual crop water needs in Greece are estimated at approximately 500 cubic meters (500,000 liters) annually per stremma, based on average requirements of 5,000 m³ per hectare.Imperial Equivalents
The stremma, equivalent to 1,000 square meters, converts to approximately 0.2471 acres in the US survey system, derived from the acre's definition as 4,046.87261 square meters, yielding 1,000 ÷ 4,046.87261 ≈ 0.2471.[34] In terms of smaller imperial units, 1 stremma equals about 10,763.91 square feet, calculated as 1,000 square meters × 10.76391 square feet per square meter.[35] It also approximates 0.9884 roods, based on the rood's area of 1,011.718 square meters (one-quarter of a US survey acre), and roughly 1,196 square yards, using the square yard's value of 0.836 square meters.[36][35] For practical comparisons in international real estate, such as Greek properties marketed abroad, a 2-stremma plot equates to about 0.494 acres (2 × 0.2471).[2] Conversion formulas for common use include acres = stremmata × 0.2471 and square feet = stremmata × 10,763.91, providing approximations suitable for non-metric contexts while relying on the stremma's metric foundation.[34][35]References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stremma
- https://www.[researchgate](/page/ResearchGate).net/publication/228428324_Irrigation_systems_performance_in_Greece