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TextEdit
DeveloperApple Inc.
Initial releaseJuly 1996; 29 years ago (1996-07) with the release of OPENSTEP 4.0[1]
Stable release
1.18 Edit this on Wikidata / 24 October 2022; 2 years ago (24 October 2022)
Operating systemOriginally released for NeXTSTEP, released for macOS after Apple's purchase of NeXT;
Ported to all GNUstep systems (up to 1.6)
TypeText editor, word processor
LicenseBSD-3-Clause
Websitedeveloper.apple.com/library/mac/samplecode/TextEdit
Part of a series on
macOS
History and architecture
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TextEdit is an open-source word processor and text editor, first featured in NeXT's NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP. It is now distributed with macOS since Apple Inc.'s acquisition of NeXT, and available as a GNUstep application for other Unix-like operating systems such as Linux.[2] It is powered by Apple Advanced Typography.

Implementation

[edit]

TextEdit replaced the text editor of previous Macintosh operating systems, SimpleText. TextEdit uses the Cocoa text system to read and write documents in Rich Text Format (RTF), Rich Text Format Directory, plain text, and HTML formats, and can open (but not save) old SimpleText files. It also has access to the operating system's built-in spell-checking service. The version included in Mac OS X v10.3 added the ability to read and write documents in Word format, and the version in Mac OS X v10.4 added the ability to read and write Word XML documents. The version included in Mac OS X v10.5 added read and write support for Office Open XML and OpenDocument Text. The version included in Mac OS X v10.6 added automatic spelling correction, support for data detectors, and text transformations. The version included in Mac OS X v10.7 added versioning of files, and Autosave similar to iOS.

Formatted text, justification, and even the inclusion of graphics and other multimedia elements are supported by TextEdit, as well as the ability to read and write to different character encodings, including Unicode (UTF-8 and UTF-16). TextEdit automatically adjusts letter spacing in addition to word spacing while justifying text. TextEdit does not support multiple columns of text.

The high-resolution TextEdit 1.5 icon found in Mac OS X versions starting with 10.5 (Leopard) features an extract from Apple's "Think different" ad campaign. This was replaced by a blank sheet of notebook paper in 10.10 (Yosemite).

Source code

[edit]

Apple formerly distributed TextEdit's source code as part of the documentation of its integrated development environment (IDE) Xcode. On the Internet, the source code of TextEdit can be found in Apple's Mac Developer Library.[3] The following quote is from the characteristic part of the BSD-3-Clause-compliant license text included in the source code:

[...] In consideration of your agreement to abide by the following terms, and subject to these terms, Apple grants you a personal, non-exclusive license, under Apple's copyrights in this original Apple software (the "Apple Software"), to use, reproduce, modify and redistribute the Apple Software, with or without modifications, in source and/or binary forms; provided that if you redistribute the Apple Software in its entirety and without modifications, you must retain this notice and the following text and disclaimers in all such redistributions of the Apple Software. Neither the name, trademarks, service marks or logos of Apple Computer, Inc. may be used to endorse or promote products derived from the Apple Software without specific prior written permission from Apple. Except as expressly stated in this notice, no other rights or licenses, express or implied, are granted by Apple herein, including but not limited to any patent rights that may be infringed by your derivative works or by other works in which the Apple Software may be incorporated.[...]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

TextEdit

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
TextEdit is a versatile and basic that comes pre-installed as the default text editing application on Apple's macOS operating system. It supports creating and editing a range of formats, including , rich text (such as RTF and RTFD), , (.docx), (.odt), and Web Archive files, while also allowing users to lock for protection and convert between formats. Originating from the Edit application developed for NeXTSTEP in the late 1980s, TextEdit was integrated into Mac OS X (now macOS) after Apple acquired NeXT Software in 1996, evolving into a core utility for everyday text handling tasks. The application's source code is open source and publicly available through Apple's developer documentation, reflecting its roots in the open development practices of NeXTSTEP. Since its introduction with Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001, TextEdit has remained a lightweight, integrated tool, receiving updates alongside macOS releases to incorporate modern features like version history via Time Machine and integration with iCloud for seamless syncing across Apple devices. TextEdit offers essential productivity features tailored for macOS users, including automatic spell and grammar checking, customizable smart quotes and dashes, font and style formatting with a ruler tool, and the ability to insert special characters, tables, and images. Users can annotate embedded images with shapes, text, and drawings, hear documents read aloud via built-in speech synthesis, and work in tabbed windows for multitasking. While not a full-featured suite like Pages, its simplicity and compatibility make it ideal for quick notes, code snippets, web content editing, and basic document management, with settings adjustable for plain or rich text defaults in new files.

History and Development

Origins in NeXTSTEP

TextEdit originated from the efforts of , the software-focused incarnation of following its pivot away from hardware production in 1993. Developed as a successor to the longstanding Edit application bundled with earlier releases, TextEdit was designed to provide a more robust text editing experience within NeXT's object-oriented ecosystem. This transition addressed limitations in the original Edit tool, which had served as the primary since 1.0 but lacked advanced formatting capabilities suited to evolving developer and user needs. The application made its debut in July 1996 alongside OPENSTEP 4.0, NeXT's implementation of the OpenStep specification for the Mach kernel, positioning it as a demonstration tool within the developer distribution at /NextDeveloper/Demos. As part of the standard /NextApps directory in the OPENSTEP user environment, TextEdit functioned as both a word processor and text editor, emphasizing integration with NeXT's Application Kit framework for seamless handling of graphical user interfaces and document management. Its initial release highlighted the open nature of the OpenStep API, allowing for broader portability while remaining tightly coupled to NeXT's proprietary extensions. Core to TextEdit's early design were features like basic support for (RTF) and plain text editing, enabling users to create and manipulate formatted documents with elements such as fonts, colors, and styles directly within NeXT's Display PostScript-based rendering environment. These capabilities were tailored for the object-oriented paradigm of , utilizing classes like NSTextView for efficient text rendering and editing operations, which facilitated rapid development and customization. The application's lightweight architecture made it ideal for both casual writing and developer prototyping, reflecting NeXT's emphasis on productivity tools that exemplified the platform's strengths. In line with the specification's push for interoperability, TextEdit was subsequently ported to , an open-source implementation of the standard. These ports preserved compatibility with the original NeXT codebase, supporting , RTF, search/replace functions, and wrap-to-page modes across environments, ensuring the application's utility endured beyond NeXT's ecosystem.

Integration into macOS

Apple's acquisition of NeXT in 1997 paved the way for TextEdit's transition from the operating system into the core of what would become macOS. The deal, announced on December 20, 1996, and finalized in February 1997 for approximately $427 million, brought NeXT's advanced software technologies, including the Cocoa framework on which TextEdit is built, to Apple. This acquisition enabled the development of Mac OS X, incorporating TextEdit as a foundational application derived from its original NeXT origins. TextEdit made its debut in , released on March 24, 2001, serving as the direct replacement for SimpleText, the basic from the . Unlike SimpleText, which was limited to 32 KB files and basic styling, TextEdit offered enhanced capabilities such as support for (RTF), RTFD, , and , leveraging the new Cocoa architecture for improved performance and integration. Bundled free with every macOS installation, TextEdit has since functioned as the default for opening and editing files on the platform. Over the years, TextEdit evolved through key milestones tied to macOS releases. In Mac OS X 10.3 Panther (2003), it gained enhanced support, aligning with the system's adoption of Unicode 3.2 decomposition for better handling of international text and characters. Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger (2005) introduced improvements such as better support for .doc files and enhanced search functionality. With Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard (2007), the application's icon was updated to reflect the refined , featuring a more polished document preview. A significant advancement came in Mac OS X 10.7 Lion (2011), which integrated system-wide Autosave and features into TextEdit, allowing automatic saving of document changes and easy reversion to previous iterations without manual backups, along with a new graphical toolbar for font selection and text highlighting. TextEdit's development continued steadily, reaching stable version 1.18 on October 24, 2022, coinciding with the release of (13). Subsequent updates have been delivered alongside later macOS versions, including Sonoma (14) in 2023 and Sequoia (15) in 2024, ensuring compatibility with new system features like enhanced security and optimizations. In macOS Sequoia, TextEdit gained support for Writing Tools powered by Apple Intelligence for AI-assisted text editing. while maintaining its role as a , reliable default editor.

Features

Core Editing Functions

TextEdit provides essential text manipulation capabilities through standard editing operations, including , paste, find, replace, , and redo. Users can cut selected text using Command-X, copy it with Command-C, and paste it via Command-V, allowing seamless transfer of content within the application or to other macOS apps. The find function enables locating specific text by selecting Edit > Find > Find or pressing Command-F, with options to navigate matches using arrow buttons or clear the search. Replace extends this by allowing substitution of found text, either individually or across the entire document, with toggles for case sensitivity and patterns like regular expressions via the Insert Pattern menu. reverses the most recent action with Command-Z, while redo restores it using Command-Shift-Z; these operations support multiple levels of history through the Cocoa framework's NSUndoManager, enabling extensive reversal of changes without a fixed limit in practice for text editing tasks. The application supports robust text input for characters and multilingual typing, leveraging macOS's system-wide input methods. Users can insert Unicode symbols, , or special characters via Edit > Emoji & Symbols, which draws from the system's comprehensive character palette supporting over 140,000 glyphs across scripts. For multilingual work, TextEdit integrates with the Input menu to switch keyboards and input sources seamlessly, allowing composition in languages like Chinese, , or Japanese directly into documents. Encoding settings ensure proper handling of Unicode files, with defaults configurable to or other standards to prevent display issues in diverse scripts. Spell-checking and tools are embedded in TextEdit, powered by macOS's unified and processing . As users type, the app can highlight misspelled words with red underlines and grammatical issues with blue dotted lines, configurable under TextEdit > Settings > New Document > Options to check spelling, correct automatically, or include for , rich text, or modes. These features sync with global Keyboard settings in > Keyboard > Text Input, ensuring consistency across apps and supporting multiple through the system's dictionaries. Right-clicking underlined text offers suggestions or "Learn Spelling" to customize the . TextEdit operates in two primary modes for editing: and (RTF). In mode, selected via Format > Make Plain Text, the editor treats content as unformatted ASCII or , ideal for code-like editing where is absent but line wrapping can be toggled to or page boundaries for precise control. RTF mode, enabled by Format > Make Rich Text, supports styled documents with features like bold, italic, font changes, and lists, while maintaining compatibility with formatted output; users can switch modes mid-document, though this may strip or apply formatting accordingly. These modes allow flexible workflows, from simple in to creating basic formatted reports in RTF.

File Format Support

TextEdit provides native support for creating, editing, and saving documents in (RTF) and (.txt) files, allowing users to work with formatted text including fonts, colors, and basic styling in RTF or unformatted content in . This core compatibility ensures seamless handling of standard text-based documents without requiring additional software. For interoperability with other applications, TextEdit supports importing and exporting to , enabling web-ready content creation and viewing. Additionally, TextEdit facilitates compatibility with popular word processing formats through import and export options for Microsoft Word documents (.docx, which uses Office Open XML, and legacy .doc, which uses a binary format), as well as OpenDocument Text (.odt) files, broadening its utility in cross-platform environments. It also handles Web Archive formats for preserving complete web pages with linked resources. A macOS-specific format, RTFD (Rich Text Format Directory), extends RTF capabilities by packaging rich text with embedded images, attachments, and other media, making it ideal for documents requiring integrated multimedia without external references. While TextEdit does not offer native creation or direct editing of PDF files, users can export documents to PDF format via the File > Export as PDF menu option, which converts the current content while preserving layout and formatting. Graphics embedding is supported within RTF and RTFD, where images and files can be inserted directly into the document structure, though RTF may convert to RTFD automatically when attachments are added to maintain compatibility on macOS systems. This format handling integrates with TextEdit's core editing functions to allow modifications across supported types without data loss in most cases.

Advanced Capabilities

TextEdit incorporates the macOS Autosave and feature, introduced in macOS 10.7 , which provides automatic backups and access to revision history for documents. This system saves versions of documents every hour or more frequently during active editing sessions, as well as upon actions like opening, saving, or duplicating a file. Users can access the revision history by selecting File > Revert To > Browse All Versions, which opens a timeline interface allowing them to preview, restore, duplicate, or delete specific versions, ensuring recovery from accidental changes without manual backups. In (RTF) mode, TextEdit supports the insertion of graphics to enhance document layout and . Users can embed s by dragging them from the Finder, selecting Edit > Attach Files, or using File > Insert from or for Continuity Camera integration, with these elements seamlessly integrated into the text flow. Tables can be added via Format > Table, where users specify rows and columns, adjust cell alignment, borders, and colors, and resize by dragging borders for organized . Additionally, shapes can be incorporated through annotation tools; after inserting an image, users access the Markup menu to draw or add predefined shapes like rectangles or arrows directly onto it, supporting visual annotations within RTF documents. TextEdit offers an HTML editing mode that enables users to create and modify with toggling between preview and source views. To work with , users can set preferences via TextEdit > Settings > Open and Save to display files as code by default or as formatted text for preview. In this mode, switching between source code editing ( view) and rendered preview (rich text view) is achieved through Format > Make Plain Text or Format > Make Rich Text, allowing real-time verification of HTML structure and appearance as in a browser. This dual-view capability facilitates and styling without external tools, supporting tags, attributes, and basic scripting in a lightweight environment. Since macOS Sequoia 15.1 (2024), TextEdit integrates with Apple Intelligence's Writing Tools for AI-assisted text enhancement, available on compatible Mac models with and sufficient RAM, in supported languages including English, French, German, Spanish, and others. Users select text and right-click to choose "Writing Tools," or access via the Edit menu, to proofread for and style issues (highlighted with glowing underlines), rewrite with tone adjustments (e.g., friendly, professional, concise) or custom instructions, or summarize content into key points, paragraphs, lists, or tables. These features require Apple Intelligence to be enabled in and are not available in all regions or languages as of November 2025. As a native macOS application, TextEdit fully integrates with system-wide accessibility features, including screen reader compatibility and zoom support. enables navigation and editing of documents by announcing text, formatting, and interface elements, with specific commands for proofreading via the Text Checker to identify issues like misspellings or inconsistent styles. Zoom functionality, configurable in System Settings > Accessibility > Zoom, allows magnification of TextEdit's interface and content using keyboard shortcuts or gestures, ensuring readability for users with visual impairments across all document modes. These features build upon core editing functions to promote inclusive use without additional configuration.

User Interface and Integration

Design Evolution

TextEdit's icon design began evolving significantly with the release of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard in 2007, incorporating elements inspired by Apple's advertising campaign. The icon depicted a white document with subtle blue lines and a , but at higher resolutions, it revealed hidden text from the campaign's famous script, such as embedded as an to honor the company's creative heritage. This design persisted through macOS versions 10.5 to 10.9 , maintaining a detailed, illustrative style that aligned with the era's skeuomorphic aesthetics. With macOS 10.10 Yosemite in 2014, TextEdit's icon underwent a major redesign to embrace the flat, minimalist trend introduced across the system. It shifted to a simple notebook paper motif—a plain white sheet with a single horizontal blue line—evoking a basic notepad while shedding the previous ornamentation and hidden elements. Subsequent refinements appeared in later versions, such as macOS Big Sur (11.0) in 2020, where the icon adopted softer edges, subtle shadows, and increased transparency to match the system's updated design language, emphasizing depth and fluidity without reverting to heavy detailing. This design has remained consistent through subsequent releases, including macOS Sequoia (15.0) as of 2024. The user interface layout of TextEdit has also progressed to support efficient editing, particularly in rich text mode. Users can customize the to include or exclude tools for fonts, alignment, and lists via the View menu or preferences, allowing personalization based on needs. A appears at the top in rich text documents for precise control over margins, indents, tabs, and spacing, toggleable through Format > Text > Show . Additionally, a sidebar provides navigation aids in rich text mode, such as outlines or find results, enhancing document management without cluttering the main view. Support for dark mode was introduced in (10.14) in 2018, allowing TextEdit's interface—including the toolbar, ruler, and background—to adapt to the system's appearance settings for reduced in low-light environments. Overall, TextEdit's design has transitioned from the ornate Aqua interface of early macOS, characterized by glossy buttons and 3D effects, toward a more minimalist aesthetic starting in Yosemite, and further incorporating transparency and blurred elements in to align with evolving macOS visual paradigms.

macOS System Integration

TextEdit serves as the default application for opening plain text (.txt) and rich text format (.rtf) files on macOS, allowing users to associate these common formats directly with the app for seamless file handling. This integration ensures that double-clicking such files in Finder launches TextEdit automatically, supporting both basic editing and formatted content without requiring additional configuration. Additionally, TextEdit documents benefit from Quick Look preview support, enabling users to view file contents in a full-size window by selecting the file in Finder and pressing the space bar, which displays formatted text, images, and attachments without fully opening the app. For sharing and collaboration, TextEdit leverages macOS's built-in services, permitting users to send documents directly via for wireless transfer to nearby Apple devices, or through and Messages for email attachments and instant messaging integration. This is accessible via the Share button in the app's or by right-clicking files in Finder. Furthermore, documents saved to Drive are automatically synchronized across signed-in Apple devices, ensuring changes made on one Mac appear on others with iCloud enabled, while maintaining version history for recovery. This synchronization provides continuity for editing across devices, though TextEdit does not support Handoff due to the absence of a native counterpart on or . TextEdit files are indexed by Spotlight, macOS's system-wide search tool, which scans document contents for keywords, metadata, and file names to facilitate quick retrieval from the Spotlight menu or Finder search bar. This integration enhances discoverability, particularly for large collections of notes or drafts. As of macOS Sequoia (15.0) in , TextEdit integrates with features, including Writing Tools, which allow users to proofread, rewrite, and summarize text directly within the app on compatible hardware.

Technical Details

Implementation Architecture

TextEdit is constructed using the Cocoa framework and the AppKit toolkit on macOS, leveraging NSTextView as the primary component for text rendering, , and display . NSTextView acts as the front-end to the AppKit text system, handling the visual representation of text while integrating with backend elements like NSLayoutManager for layout and NSTextStorage for . This architecture enables seamless support for rich text features, including font variations, colors, and attachments, all processed through Cocoa's model-view-controller pattern for text handling. The implementation marked a significant shift from SimpleText, the text editor used in classic Mac OS, to a fully Cocoa-native design introduced in Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah), incorporating elements from NeXTSTEP's original text editor to align with the new operating system's object-oriented foundations. This transition allowed TextEdit to exploit Cocoa's advanced text capabilities, such as dynamic type handling and integration with system services, replacing SimpleText's resource fork-dependent formatting with more robust attributed string support. Components of TextEdit's source code are provided as an open-source sample by Apple, released under a permissive license that permits modification and redistribution, facilitating community adaptations like the port for non-Apple platforms. The version maintains compatibility with standards, enabling TextEdit-like functionality on systems through GNUstep's implementation of the runtime and AppKit equivalents. For performance, TextEdit employs optimizations inherent to the Cocoa text system, such as batch-editing modes that defer layout updates during multiple changes and on-demand field editor instantiation to minimize overhead in document handling. These features support efficient rendering of formatted text by coordinating generation and display only as needed, while mechanisms like incremental loading help manage large documents without full immediate parsing.

Source Code and Licensing

TextEdit's source code is provided by Apple as sample code to demonstrate the use of Cocoa frameworks for text editing applications. It has historically been included in the developer tools, accessible through the Mac Developer Library on developer.apple.com, where developers could download the complete implementation of the application. This release allows examination of how TextEdit leverages NSText and NSDocument subsystems for core functionality. The source code is distributed under Apple's Sample Code License, a permissive agreement that grants users a personal, non-exclusive right to use, reproduce, modify, and redistribute the software in source or binary form, with or without modifications. Redistribution requires retaining the original copyright notice and disclaimers, while prohibiting the use of Apple's trademarks for endorsement without permission. This license facilitates educational and developmental use but disclaims any warranties, holding Apple harmless from liability related to the code's application. Although not part of Apple's core open-source Darwin releases on opensource.apple.com, the TextEdit codebase has inspired community efforts. A notable port exists for , an open-source implementation of the Cocoa/ frameworks, enabling TextEdit to run on non-Apple platforms like and while maintaining compatibility with and RTF formats. Third-party enhancements, such as additions for full-screen support in older macOS versions, have been developed based on the official source, demonstrating its adaptability. Apple retains official maintenance and updates for the macOS version of TextEdit, ensuring alignment with system evolutions.

References

  1. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/create-open-and-convert-documents-txtee6663a0e/mac
  2. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/welcome/mac
  3. https://www.howtogeek.com/816759/textedit-is-notepad-for-mac-but-better/
  4. https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/view-and-restore-past-versions-of-documents-mh40710/mac
  5. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/check-spelling-and-grammar-txte86b1c1b9/mac
  6. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/format-with-fonts-and-styles-txte2be20f33/mac
  7. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/insert-special-characters-txtec0fe94d2/mac
  8. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/annotate-images-txte52183e41/mac
  9. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/hear-documents-read-aloud-txte825e96e7/mac
  10. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/change-textedit-settings-txted1063/mac
  11. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26677912
  12. https://bitsavers.org/pdf/next/OpenSTEP_Developers_Tutorial_4.0_Mach_1996.pdf
  13. https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/apple-acquires-next-jobs/
  14. https://roughlydrafted.de/home/2020/2/7/apple-officially-acquired-next-23-years-ago-changing-everything
  15. https://eclecticlight.co/2024/05/25/a-short-history-of-styled-text-on-the-mac-teachtext-to-textedit-rtf/
  16. https://512pixels.net/projects/aqua-screenshot-library/mac-os-x-10-0-cheetah/
  17. https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/389494/list-of-unicode-version-support-by-macos-version
  18. https://macdailynews.com/2007/11/01/what_does_that_say_on_apples_mac_os_x_leopards_textedit_icon/
  19. https://forums.appleinsider.com/discussion/119771/insider-mac-os-x-10-7-lion-auto-save-file-versions-and-time-machine
  20. https://roaringapps.com/app/textedit
  21. https://support.apple.com/en-us/120342
  22. https://support.apple.com/en-us/102650
  23. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/find-and-replace-text-txtef6cfde1a/mac
  24. https://support.apple.com/en-in/guide/mac-help/mchlp1406/mac
  25. https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/typing-suggestions-correct-mistakes-mac-mchlp2299/mac
  26. https://fileinfo.com/extension/rtfd
  27. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/add-photos-movies-and-files-txte5d6611d0/mac
  28. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/add-tables-and-lists-txte4120841e/mac
  29. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/work-with-html-documents-txted0b6cd61/mac
  30. https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/find-the-right-words-with-writing-tools-mchldcd6c260/mac
  31. https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/zoom-in-on-whats-onscreen-mchl779716b8/mac
  32. https://www.cultofmac.com/news/think-different-essay-hidden-on-textedit-icon
  33. https://gizmodo.com/leopard-icon-contains-first-think-different-ad-copy-295210
  34. https://basicappleguy.com/basicappleblog/macos-icon-history
  35. https://support.apple.com/guide/textedit/adjust-paragraphs-txte313927e3/mac
  36. https://osxdaily.com/2018/12/09/textedit-dark-mode-mac/
  37. https://www.goodmanconsulting.com/hottips/2018/7/14/reduce-transparency-in-the-macos-interface
  38. https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/preview-a-file-mh14119/mac
  39. https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/work-with-folders-and-files-in-icloud-drive-mchl1a02d711/mac
  40. https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/search-with-spotlight-mchlp1008/mac
  41. https://developer.apple.com/documentation/AppKit/NSTextView
  42. https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/samplecode/TextEdit/Introduction/Intro.html
  43. https://mediawiki.gnustep.org/index.php/TextEdit.app
  44. https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/TextFonts/Conceptual/CocoaTextArchitecture/TextEditing/TextEditing.html
  45. https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/TextEditing/TextEditing.html
  46. https://github.com/zadr/TextEdit
  47. https://developer.apple.com/support/downloads/terms/apple-sample-code/Apple-Sample-Code-License.pdf
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