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1817
1817
1817
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2nd millennium
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Years
February 12: Chilean and Argentine independence fighters defeat Spanish Royal Army at Battle of Chacabuco.
June 12: German inventor Karl Drais introduces his prototype of the bicycle.
1817 by topic
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1817 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1817
MDCCCXVII
Ab urbe condita2570
Armenian calendar1266
ԹՎ ՌՄԿԶ
Assyrian calendar6567
Balinese saka calendar1738–1739
Bengali calendar1223–1224
Berber calendar2767
British Regnal year57 Geo. 3 – 58 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar2361
Burmese calendar1179
Byzantine calendar7325–7326
Chinese calendar丙子年 (Fire Rat)
4514 or 4307
    — to —
丁丑年 (Fire Ox)
4515 or 4308
Coptic calendar1533–1534
Discordian calendar2983
Ethiopian calendar1809–1810
Hebrew calendar5577–5578
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1873–1874
 - Shaka Samvat1738–1739
 - Kali Yuga4917–4918
Holocene calendar11817
Igbo calendar817–818
Iranian calendar1195–1196
Islamic calendar1232–1233
Japanese calendarBunka 14
(文化１４年)
Javanese calendar1744–1745
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4150
Minguo calendar95 before ROC
民前95年
Nanakshahi calendar349
Thai solar calendar2359–2360
Tibetan calendarམེ་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་
(male Fire-Rat)
1943 or 1562 or 790
    — to —
མེ་མོ་གླང་ལོ་
(female Fire-Ox)
1944 or 1563 or 791
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1817.

1817 (MDCCCXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1817th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 817th year of the 2nd millennium, the 17th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1817, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

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January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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July 4: Construction on the Erie Canal starts.
  • July 4
  • August 15 – By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the Alabama Territory is created by splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, four months before Mississippi becomes a U.S. state.[3]
  • August 22 – The town of Araraquara, Brazil is founded.
  • August 23 – An earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of Helike results in 65 deaths.
  • August 26 – The University of Michigan is founded in the U.S., initially near the intersection of Bates Street and Congress Street in Detroit. It will move its campus to Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1837."U-M's Foundings in Detroit and Ann Arbor: Key Dates". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  • September 11 – The Great Rebellion of 1817-18 begins in Sri Lanka.[14]

October–December

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Date unknown

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Births

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January–June

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William III of the Netherlands
Joseph Dalton Hooker

July–December

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Mihail Kogălniceanu

Date unknown

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  • Sophia Wilkens, Swedish social reformer, pioneer in the education of the intellectually disabled (d. 1889)

Deaths

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January–June

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Thomas McKean

July–December

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Jane Austen
Karađorđe
William Bligh

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

1817

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
1817 was a pivotal year in early 19th-century history, characterized by foundational developments in American governance, finance, and infrastructure, alongside advances in Latin American independence struggles and nascent personal transportation technology. On March 4, James Monroe was inaugurated as the fifth President of the United States, ushering in an era of relative national unity known as the "Era of Good Feelings." Just days later, on March 8, stockbrokers formalized the New York Stock and Exchange Board, laying the groundwork for what became the New York Stock Exchange and centralizing securities trading. In July, construction commenced on the Erie Canal near Rome, New York, a ambitious engineering feat intended to link the Hudson River with the Great Lakes and spur economic integration across the young republic. Across the Atlantic, the Battle of Chacabuco on February 12 delivered a decisive victory to patriot forces led by José de San Martín and Bernardo O'Higgins against Spanish royalists, propelling Chile toward independence from colonial rule. Meanwhile, German inventor Karl Drais demonstrated his Laufmaschine—a steerable, two-wheeled wooden frame propelled by foot power—heralding the precursor to the modern bicycle and reflecting broader innovations amid post-Napoleonic resource constraints. The year also witnessed the deaths of literary figure Jane Austen on July 18 and naval commander William Bligh on December 7, alongside births including philosopher Henry David Thoreau on July 12, underscoring a confluence of cultural and intellectual transitions.

Events

January–March

On January 7, 1817, the Second Bank of the United States commenced operations in with a capitalization of $35 million, serving as a central institution to address postwar financial instability by issuing notes for a more uniform national currency and extending credit to facilitate economic recovery after the War of 1812. On January 18, 1817, General initiated the with an army of approximately 5,000 soldiers departing from , employing divided columns through high-altitude passes to surprise Spanish royalist forces in and advance the independence campaigns against Spanish colonial rule. This maneuver, completed by early February despite harsh weather and logistical challenges, demonstrated the efficacy of strategic deception and terrain exploitation in liberating southern territories from imperial control. On March 4, 1817, James Monroe was inaugurated as the fifth President of the United States in Washington, D.C., delivering an address emphasizing national unity and internal improvements amid the decline of Federalist opposition following the 1816 election. His administration's outset coincided with the historical period known as the Era of Good Feelings, characterized by one-party Republican dominance and reduced sectional partisanship. On March 8, 1817, stockbrokers in New York formalized the New York Stock & Exchange Board—predecessor to the modern New York Stock Exchange—by adopting a constitution that established rules for trading government securities, bank stocks, and insurance company shares under the Buttonwood Agreement framework. This organization provided a structured auction process at 40 Wall Street, promoting liquidity and investment in emerging American capital markets.

April–June

On April 28, 1817, Richard Rush, acting U.S. Secretary of State, and Charles Bagot, British minister to the United States, exchanged diplomatic notes formalizing the Rush-Bagot Agreement, which mutually limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes to one armed vessel per side on Lakes Ontario and Champlain, and two on the upper lakes, with any additional vessels requiring prior consent. This arrangement, arising from post-War of 1812 tensions over border fortifications, effectively demilitarized the shared waterways without a formal treaty ratification process, as the British viewed the notes as sufficient diplomatic commitment, while the U.S. Senate approved it the following year. The agreement exemplified practical bilateral restraint, averting an arms race amid unresolved territorial claims and fostering a precedent for unarmed neutrality that endured despite later violations during conflicts like World War II. In the , residents during this quarter advanced preparations for statehood through petitions submitted to , reflecting population growth from migration and agricultural settlement since its in 1812. These early submissions, formalized in documents like the 1817 petition from territorial leaders, sought for a constitutional convention, but immediately surfaced sectional frictions over whether the new state would permit , as southern representatives defended unrestricted expansion while northern voices questioned its compatibility with the Northwest Ordinance's precedents. Though no immediate resolution emerged—the enabling act passed only in March 1818—these discussions planted the seeds of prolonged congressional deadlock, exposing underlying causal tensions between economic interests in slave labor and emerging moral-economic arguments against its territorial spread. The Pentrich Rising unfolded on the night of June 9–10, 1817, in the village of Pentrich, Derbyshire, England, when roughly 300 frame-knitters, laborers, and farm workers, armed with pikes, scythes, and a few guns, assembled under Jeremiah Brandreth to overthrow the government amid postwar agricultural depression, high grain prices, and industrial unemployment. Brandreth, a charismatic radical influenced by Spencean agrarian egalitarianism, had rallied participants through promises of revolutionary support from larger cells in Nottingham and Manchester, but the plot was compromised by government informant William Oliver, who exaggerated threats to provoke action under the recently suspended habeas corpus act. The march toward Nottingham faltered after just 20 miles, with most "rebels" deserting upon encountering troops; Brandreth and two others were tried for high treason at Derby, convicted on coerced testimony, and executed by hanging, drawing, and quartering on November 7, while over a dozen received transportation to Australia. This abortive Luddite-adjacent revolt, rooted in genuine economic grievances but manipulated by spies, underscored the Tory government's use of preemptive intelligence and severe penalties to suppress working-class radicalism during the post-Napoleonic adjustment.

July–September

On July 4, 1817, construction of the commenced with a ceremonial groundbreaking in , marking the start of a major engineering project to link the with over 363 miles. Championed by New York following legislative approval and state bond financing supplemented by private investment, the canal aimed to transport goods efficiently between Atlantic ports and Midwestern markets, reducing reliance on costly overland routes and fostering commercial expansion. Actual excavation began six days later on July 10, initiating a multi-year effort that involved thousands of laborers in digging, lock-building, and aqueduct construction to navigate elevation changes. Throughout July to September 1817, cross-border raids by warriors into U.S. territory along the Georgia-Florida frontier escalated, targeting American settlers, plantations, and communities in response to prior U.S. incursions and the harboring of slaves among Seminole villages. These attacks, including depredations on border settlements, heightened security concerns and economic disruptions for residents, as Seminoles sought to defend their lands and resist slave recovery efforts by U.S. authorities. The persistent violence underscored tensions over territorial boundaries with , where Seminoles operated semi-autonomously, prompting American demands for defensive fortifications and retrieval operations to safeguard expansionist interests without yet triggering full-scale invasion. This period of raiding reflected causal pressures from , dynamics, and incomplete federal control over southern borders, paralleling northern infrastructure drives like the in advancing national connectivity and security.

October–December

On October 9, the State University of Ghent opened in the , established by King William I to promote higher education in Dutch-speaking regions following the . The institution began operations with Jean Charles van Rotterdam as its first rector and an initial enrollment of 190 students, emphasizing faculties in theology, law, medicine, and philosophy in line with Enlightenment ideals of rational inquiry and state-sponsored knowledge dissemination. The First War commenced on November 20 when U.S. Army forces under Brigadier General attacked the Seminole village of Fowltown near the Georgia- border, initiating military operations against Seminole communities accused of conducting raids into U.S. territory, sheltering escaped slaves who formed communities, and posing threats to white in Georgia. These provocations included documented Seminole incursions that killed settlers and seized property, prompting U.S. demands for Spanish authorities in —who exercised nominal control but lacked effective governance—to either expel the Seminoles or cede the territory, though protested the incursions as violations of sovereignty while failing to curb the cross-border activities. U.S. actions reflected enforcement of and expansionist pressures amid weak Spanish administration, contrasting Seminole assertions of over lands they occupied amid displacement from Creek territories, with empirical records prioritizing raid casualties and slave harborings as over broader territorial claims. Mississippi was admitted to the Union as the 20th state on December 10, marking the culmination of rapid territorial organization from the , which had been divided earlier that year to facilitate statehood amid booming production reliant on enslaved labor. The enabling act specified a prohibiting importation of slaves but permitting their continued ownership, aligning with the economic patterns of plantation agriculture that drove population influx and federal integration in the early 19th-century South. This admission underscored U.S. westward expansion, incorporating lands ceded by Native American tribes through treaties amid demographic shifts favoring slaveholding interests.

Date unknown

In 1817, German inventor developed the , a rudimentary two-wheeled vehicle constructed primarily from wood, propelled by the rider's feet pushing against the ground and steered via a handlebar connected to the front wheel. This device, also termed the Laufmaschine or running machine, emerged amid the agricultural disruptions of the (1816) and the unusually wet weather of 1817, which continued to reduce availability due to famine-induced shortages and poor harvests, prompting innovations in alternative personal transport. The draisine allowed riders to achieve speeds up to 15 km/h over distances of several kilometers, demonstrating practical utility for short-haul travel without animal power. The invention highlighted early 19th-century ingenuity in addressing mobility challenges through human-powered , influencing subsequent developments in velocipedes and bicycles by eliminating the need for pedals while introducing balanced two-wheeled . Drais patented variations of the design in and other European cities, though adoption was limited by rudimentary roads and social resistance to the novel conveyance. This technological step underscored the post-Napoleonic era's shift toward mechanized individual transport, laying groundwork for broader vehicular evolution.

Births

January–June

On January 1, , a German renowned for discovering in 1789, , , , , , and , died in at the age of 73 from complications following strokes. Klaproth's analytical techniques advanced and chemistry by emphasizing precise separation and identification of elements, influencing subsequent empirical methods in the field despite the era's dominance. His death marked the loss of a foundational figure whose element isolations enabled later industrial applications in and nuclear science precursors. On April 4, , a under I and victor in campaigns such as Rivoli (1797) and (1799), died in at age 58 from lung disease exacerbated by wartime injuries. Masséna's tactical expertise, demonstrated in outmaneuvering larger Austrian and Russian forces, had shaped French military doctrine during the Revolutionary and ; his passing in the post-1815 restoration era removed a veteran strategist whose experience could have informed European defense reforms amid shifting alliances. On April 12, , the French astronomer who compiled the Messier catalog of 103 deep-sky objects including nebulae, galaxies, and star clusters between 1758 and 1782, died in at age 86 following a . Messier's observations, initially aimed at comet hunting but yielding systematic non-cometary object listings, standardized astronomical surveys and reduced confusion in stellar mapping for future observers using telescopes. His death concluded an era of manual cataloging that directly facilitated 19th-century advancements in positional astronomy and object classification.

July–December

On July 14, , French-Swiss writer and political essayist, died in at age 51 following a that had paralyzed her since February; her works, including Considerations on the Principal Events of the (published posthumously), advocated and individual liberty, shaping liberal opposition to absolutism during Europe's post-Napoleonic stabilization. Four days later, on July 18, English novelist died in Winchester at age 41 from an illness later hypothesized as ; her six completed novels, such as (1813), offered precise observations of class dynamics and marriage economics, influencing realist fiction and social critique in . On July 26, Serbian revolutionary leader Karađorđe Petrović was assassinated near on orders from rival ; as supreme leader of the (1804–1813), he organized guerrilla resistance against Ottoman taxation and conscription, establishing administrative precedents that facilitated Serbia's semi-autonomous principality by 1830 and broader Balkan realignments after the . In September, Paul Cuffee, African-American ship captain and Quaker, died on the 7th in , at age 58; his self-financed 1815 voyage transporting 38 free Black settlers to demonstrated viable logistics, informing subsequent abolitionist debates on voluntary as a reform to in the United States. Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish-Lithuanian general and engineer, died on October 15 in , , at age 71 from injuries sustained in a fall; his fortifications during the (1775–1783) and leadership of the 1794 advanced tactical engineering and egalitarian manifestos, inspiring constitutional reforms in and solidarity among independence seekers in and the Americas. These fatalities, amid lingering effects of the Napoleonic Wars' conclusion in 1815, included leaders in colonial and revolutionary governance whose administrative innovations—such as Bligh's—supported imperial consolidation; Vice Admiral William Bligh died on December 7 in London at age 63, his tenure as Governor of New South Wales (1806–1808) implementing land grants and convict labor systems that stabilized early Australian settlement despite the 1808 Rum Rebellion.

Deaths

January–June

On January 1, , a German renowned for discovering in 1789, , , , , , and , died in at the age of 73 from complications following strokes. Klaproth's analytical techniques advanced and chemistry by emphasizing precise separation and identification of elements, influencing subsequent empirical methods in the field despite the era's dominance. His death marked the loss of a foundational figure whose element isolations enabled later industrial applications in and nuclear science precursors. On April 4, , a under I and victor in campaigns such as Rivoli (1797) and (1799), died in at age 58 from lung disease exacerbated by wartime injuries. 's tactical expertise, demonstrated in outmaneuvering larger Austrian and Russian forces, had shaped French military doctrine during the and ; his passing in the post-1815 restoration era removed a veteran strategist whose experience could have informed European defense reforms amid shifting alliances. On April 12, , the French astronomer who compiled the Messier catalog of 103 deep-sky objects including nebulae, galaxies, and star clusters between 1758 and 1782, died in at age 86 following a . Messier's observations, initially aimed at comet hunting but yielding systematic non-cometary object listings, standardized astronomical surveys and reduced confusion in stellar mapping for future observers using telescopes. His death concluded an era of manual cataloging that directly facilitated 19th-century advancements in positional astronomy and object classification.

July–December

On July 14, , French-Swiss writer and political essayist, died in at age 51 following a that had paralyzed her since February; her works, including Considerations on the Principal Events of the (published posthumously), advocated and individual liberty, shaping liberal opposition to absolutism during Europe's post-Napoleonic stabilization. Four days later, on July 18, English novelist died in at age 41 from an illness later hypothesized as ; her six completed novels, such as (1813), offered precise observations of class dynamics and marriage economics, influencing realist fiction and social critique in . On July 26, Serbian revolutionary leader Karađorđe Petrović was assassinated near on orders from rival ; as supreme leader of the (1804–1813), he organized guerrilla resistance against Ottoman taxation and conscription, establishing administrative precedents that facilitated Serbia's semi-autonomous principality by 1830 and broader Balkan realignments after the . In September, Paul Cuffee, African-American ship captain and Quaker, died on the 7th in , at age 58; his self-financed 1815 voyage transporting 38 free Black settlers to demonstrated viable logistics, informing subsequent abolitionist debates on voluntary as a reform to in the United States. Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish-Lithuanian general and engineer, died on October 15 in , , at age 71 from injuries sustained in a fall; his fortifications during the (1775–1783) and leadership of the 1794 advanced tactical engineering and egalitarian manifestos, inspiring constitutional reforms in and solidarity among independence seekers in and the Americas. These fatalities, amid lingering effects of the Napoleonic Wars' conclusion in 1815, included leaders in colonial and revolutionary governance whose administrative innovations—such as Bligh's—supported imperial consolidation; Vice Admiral William Bligh died on December 7 in London at age 63, his tenure as Governor of New South Wales (1806–1808) implementing land grants and convict labor systems that stabilized early Australian settlement despite the 1808 Rum Rebellion.
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References

  1. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/monroe1.asp
  2. https://moneyweek.com/429720/8-march-1817-the-new-york-stock-exchange-is-formed
  3. https://eriecanalway.org/bicentennial
  4. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/battle-chacabuco
  5. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_843083
  6. https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~jesusfv/PEEA_18_Toward_Age_Jackson.pdf
  7. https://guides.loc.gov/this-month-in-business-history/july/renewal-second-bank-united-states-vetoed
  8. https://research.kent.ac.uk/warandnation/1817-san-martin-crosses-the-andes-from-mendoza-to-chile/
  9. https://www.casarosada.gob.ar/international/latest-news/50840-208-years-after-the-crossing-of-the-andes-the-beginning-of-a-liberating-deed
  10. https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/march-4-1817-first-inaugural-address
  11. https://www.sechistorical.org/museum/galleries/sro/sro02b.php
  12. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/crash-selected-wall-street-chronology/
  13. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/rush-bagot
  14. https://digital.shsmo.org/digital/collection/GovColl/id/20762/
  15. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/protest-and-democracy-1816-to-1818/pentrich-rising/
  16. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/july-4/construction-begins-erie-canal
  17. https://miamioh.edu/news/2025/10/the-erie-canal-how-a-big-ditch-transformed-americas-economy-culture-and-even-religion.html
  18. https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2025/10/03/erie-canal-200-years
  19. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/seminole-wars/
  20. http://seminolewars.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Short-History-of-the-Seminole-Wars.pdf
  21. https://wams.nyhistory.org/building-a-new-nation/early-expansion/the-first-seminole-war/
  22. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=117154
  23. https://www.ugent.be/en/ghentuniv/history/aula.htm
  24. https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Seminole-War
  25. https://dos.fl.gov/florida-facts/florida-history/seminole-history/the-seminole-wars/
  26. https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/taxonomy/term/3
  27. https://www.si.edu/collections/snapshot/draisine
  28. https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2054
  29. https://www.volcanocafe.org/tambora-the-lost-summer-and-the-hobby-horse/
  30. https://rinconeducativo.org/en/anniversaries/january-1-1817-death-martin-klaproth-discoverer-of-uranium-zirconium-titanium-tellurium-strontium-cerium-chromium/
  31. https://www.famousscientists.org/martin-klaproth/
  32. https://riviste.fupress.net/index.php/subs/article/view/2125
  33. https://www.frenchempire.net/biographies/massena/
  34. https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/biographies/massena-andre/
  35. http://www.messier.seds.org/xtra/history/biograph.html
  36. https://science.nasa.gov/people/explore-the-night-sky-hubbleatms-messier-catalog-bio/
  37. https://www.space.com/16686-charles-messier-biography.html
  38. https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/germaine-de-stael-1766-1817-2/
  39. https://projectvox.org/stael-1766-1817/
  40. https://janeaustensworld.com/2012/07/18/cassandra-writes-about-jane-austens-death-july-18-1817/
  41. https://royalfamily.org/dinasty/djordje-petrovic-known-as-karadjordje/
  42. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8365340/djordje-karadjordje
  43. https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/who-led-the-1st-back-to-africa-effort/
  44. https://www.nps.gov/nebe/learn/historyculture/paulcuffe.htm
  45. https://info.mysticstamp.com/this-day-in-history-october-15-1817-2_tdih/
  46. https://www.onthisday.com/deaths/date/1817
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