1869 in animation

Events in 1869 in animation.

Events

November 26: the Reverend Richard Pilkington received "Useful Registered Design Number 5074" for his Pedemascope.^[1] This was a variation of the optical toy thaumatrope. It had a card with pictures "painted in two different positions on both sides". This card was placed in the two-part mahogany holder with a handle and a brass pin that would semi-rotate the card when it was twirled, using a bit of iron to prevent full rotation. Transparent or cut-out variations were suggested for use with the magic lantern.^[2]
Specific date unknown:
- An "Optical Instrument" was patented in the United States in 1869 by O.B. Brown, using a phenakistiscope-like disc with a technique very close to the later cinematograph; with Maltese Cross motion; a star-wheel and pin being used for intermittent motion, and a two-sector shutter.^[3]
- Thomas Ross developed a small and transparent phenakistiscope system, called Wheel of life, which fitted inside a standard magic lantern slide. A first version, patented in 1869, had a glass disc with eight phases of a movement and a counter-rotating glass shutter disc with eight apertures. The discs depicted ice skaters, fishes, a giant's ladder, a bottle imp, and other subjects. Ross introduced an improved version of his animation device in 1871.^[4]^[5]
- In 1869, Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron suggested the use of colored line sheets for the photographic printing of color photographs. Over the following decades, several halftone printing and color photography processes inspired the use of line screens for autostereoscopic images. The developments led to the emergence of barrier-grid animation and stereography in the 1890s.^[6]
- In 1869, the civil engineer Charles Joseph Minard produced a flow map of Napoleon's March on Moscow. It was an early example of scientific visualization,^[7] and prefigured modern scientific visualization techniques which use computer graphics.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Births

July

July 12: Walter R. Booth, British stage magician and film pioneer (pioneer in the production of trick films, directed the animated short film The Hand of the Artist, which is credited as the first British animated film), (d. 1938).^[11]^[12]^[13]

September

September 6: Felix Salten, Austro-Hungarian writer, literary critic, hunter, and Zionist political activist (authored the bildungsroman-style novel Bambi, a Life in the Woods, sold the film rights to it, and had his novel adapted into the animated feature film Bambi), (d. 1945).^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

October

October 8: Pat Powers, Irish-born American film and animation producer and distributor (served as the first distributor of Walt Disney's film series Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies, co-founder (with Ub Iwerks) of the animation studio Iwerks Studio; produced the silent animated film series Fuller Pep, which was similar in premise to Paul Terry's Farmer Al Falfa series; sold to Walt Disney the Powers Cinephone which enabled Disney to produce sound cartoons, such as Mickey Mouse's Steamboat Willie), (d. 1948).^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

Deaths

September

September 12: Peter Mark Roget, British chess player, lexicographer, natural theologian, and physician, (his work Explanation of an optical deception in the appearance of the spokes of a wheel when seen through vertical apertures, a 1824 paper on optical illusions, is often regarded as the origin of the persistence of vision theory, which was commonly used to explain apparent motion in film and animation; claimed to have invented an early version of the animation device phenakistiscope which was supposedly older than Joseph Plateau's version), dies at age 90.^[25]^[26]^[27]

References

^ "Useful Registered Design Number: 5074. Proprietor: Richard Pilkington. Address: West... | The National Archives".
^ "The Popular educator: A complete encyclopaedia of elementary, advanced and technical education". 1888.
^ U.S. Patent No. 93,594. 10 August 1869.
^ Herbert, Stephen. "Projection Phenakistoscope 1". www.stephenherbert.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ "Ross 'Wheel of Life' magic lantern slide". London: Science Museum Group. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
^ Timby, Kim (2015-07-31). 3D and Animated Lenticular Photography. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110448061.
^ Michael Friendly (2008)."Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization".
^ Thomas G.West (February 1999). "Images and reversals: James Clerk Maxwell, working in wet clay". ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. 33 (1): 15–17. doi:10.1145/563666.563671. S2CID 13968486.
^ Tufte, Edward (2006). Beautiful Evidence. Graphics Press. Bibcode:2006beev.book.....T.
^ Jacobs, Frank (23 July 2010). "The Minard Map - "The best statistical graphic ever drawn"". Big Think. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
^ McKernan, Luke. "Booth, W.R. (1869-1938)". BFI Screenonlinee. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
^ Gifford, Denis. "Walter Robert Booth". Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
^ Crafton, Donald (April 2015). Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898-1928. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226231020.
^ "familysearch.org - Hungary - Pest - Jewish birth registers - Siegmund Salzmann - 1869. Sep 6". FamilySearch.
^ Grisar, PJ (2022-01-28). "Is 'Bambi' about Jewish persecution, Zionism or something else?". The Forward. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
^ Eddy, Beverley Driver (2010). Felix Salten: Man of Many Faces. Riverside (Ca.): Ariadne Press. pp. 111–114. ISBN 978-1-57241-169-2.
^ Ferguson, Donna (25 December 2021). "Bambi: cute, lovable, vulnerable ... or a dark parable of antisemitic terror?". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
^ "U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals Twin Books v Disney". FindLaw. 20 May 1996. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
^ Barrier, J. Michael (2003). "Disney, 1938–1941". Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford University Press. pp. 236, 244–245. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
^ Kaufman, J.B.; Gerstein, David (2018). Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse: The Ultimate History. Cologne: Taschen. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-8365-5284-4.
^ "Ub Iwerks - The Forgotten Man of Disney". DocumentaryTube. 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
^ "The Uncle Walt Podcast". The Uncle Walt Podcast. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
^ The New York Times, August 1, 1948.
^ Anderson, John; Anderson, Barbara (1993). "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited". Journal of Film and Video. 45 (1): 2–12.
^ Dwyer, Tessa; Perkins, Claire; Redmond, Sean; Sita, Jodi (25 January 2018). Seeing into Screens: Eye Tracking and the Moving Image. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781501328992.
^ "Bridgewater treatises on the power, wisdom, and goodness of God, as manifested in the creation". 1834.

[1] "Useful Registered Design Number: 5074. Proprietor: Richard Pilkington. Address: West... | The National Archives".

[2] "The Popular educator: A complete encyclopaedia of elementary, advanced and technical education". 1888.

[3] U.S. Patent No. 93,594. 10 August 1869.

[Herbertproj1-4] Herbert, Stephen. "Projection Phenakistoscope 1". www.stephenherbert.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2016.

[5] "Ross 'Wheel of Life' magic lantern slide". London: Science Museum Group. Retrieved 4 June 2017.

[Timby-6] Timby, Kim (2015-07-31). 3D and Animated Lenticular Photography. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110448061.

[MF08-7] Michael Friendly (2008)."Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization".

[8] Thomas G.West (February 1999). "Images and reversals: James Clerk Maxwell, working in wet clay". ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. 33 (1): 15–17. doi:10.1145/563666.563671. S2CID 13968486.

[tufte2006-9] Tufte, Edward (2006). Beautiful Evidence. Graphics Press. Bibcode:2006beev.book.....T.

[jacobs-10] Jacobs, Frank (23 July 2010). "The Minard Map - "The best statistical graphic ever drawn"". Big Think. Retrieved 13 November 2020.

[BFIso01-11] McKernan, Luke. "Booth, W.R. (1869-1938)". BFI Screenonlinee. Retrieved 2011-04-24.

[WWoVC01-12] Gifford, Denis. "Walter Robert Booth". Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. Retrieved 2011-04-24.

[13] Crafton, Donald (April 2015). Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898-1928. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226231020.

[SiegmundSalzmannbirth-14] "familysearch.org - Hungary - Pest - Jewish birth registers - Siegmund Salzmann - 1869. Sep 6". FamilySearch.

[Forward-15] Grisar, PJ (2022-01-28). "Is 'Bambi' about Jewish persecution, Zionism or something else?". The Forward. Retrieved 26 May 2024.

[16] Eddy, Beverley Driver (2010). Felix Salten: Man of Many Faces. Riverside (Ca.): Ariadne Press. pp. 111–114. ISBN 978-1-57241-169-2.

[Ferguson-17] Ferguson, Donna (25 December 2021). "Bambi: cute, lovable, vulnerable ... or a dark parable of antisemitic terror?". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 December 2021.

[Twin_Books_v_Disney-18] "U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals Twin Books v Disney". FindLaw. 20 May 1996. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009.

[Hollywood_Cartoons-19] Barrier, J. Michael (2003). "Disney, 1938–1941". Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford University Press. pp. 236, 244–245. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.

[ultimate-20] Kaufman, J.B.; Gerstein, David (2018). Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse: The Ultimate History. Cologne: Taschen. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-8365-5284-4.

[21] "Ub Iwerks - The Forgotten Man of Disney". DocumentaryTube. 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2021-06-01.

[22] Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.

[23] "The Uncle Walt Podcast". The Uncle Walt Podcast. Retrieved 2021-06-01.

[patpowersobit2-24] The New York Times, August 1, 1948.

[25] Anderson, John; Anderson, Barbara (1993). "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited". Journal of Film and Video. 45 (1): 2–12.

[dwyer-26] Dwyer, Tessa; Perkins, Claire; Redmond, Sean; Sita, Jodi (25 January 2018). Seeing into Screens: Eye Tracking and the Moving Image. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781501328992.

[27] "Bridgewater treatises on the power, wisdom, and goodness of God, as manifested in the creation". 1834.

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v t e Years in animation
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1860s	1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869
1870s	1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879
1880s	1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889
1890s	1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899
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1940s	1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
1950s	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1970s	1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
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