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1200
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1200 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1200
MCC
Ab urbe condita1953
Armenian calendar649
ԹՎ ՈԽԹ
Assyrian calendar5950
Balinese saka calendar1121–1122
Bengali calendar606–607
Berber calendar2150
English Regnal year1 Joh. 1 – 2 Joh. 1
Buddhist calendar1744
Burmese calendar562
Byzantine calendar6708–6709
Chinese calendar己未年 (Earth Goat)
3897 or 3690
    — to —
庚申年 (Metal Monkey)
3898 or 3691
Coptic calendar916–917
Discordian calendar2366
Ethiopian calendar1192–1193
Hebrew calendar4960–4961
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1256–1257
 - Shaka Samvat1121–1122
 - Kali Yuga4300–4301
Holocene calendar11200
Igbo calendar200–201
Iranian calendar578–579
Islamic calendar596–597
Japanese calendarShōji 2
(正治２年)
Javanese calendar1108–1109
Julian calendar1200
MCC
Korean calendar3533
Minguo calendar712 before ROC
民前712年
Nanakshahi calendar−268
Thai solar calendar1742–1743
Tibetan calendarས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་
(female Earth-Sheep)
1326 or 945 or 173
    — to —
ལྕགས་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་
(male Iron-Monkey)
1327 or 946 or 174
Philip II (August) and John (Lackland) making peace during the Angevin War.

1200 (MCC) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1200th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 200th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 12th century, and the 1st year of the 1200s decade. As of the start of 1200, the Gregorian calendar was 7 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.

The Proleptic Gregorian calendar called it a century leap year.

Events

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By place

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Europe

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Britain

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Levant

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Asia

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  • Temüjin (or Genghis Khan) manages to unite about half the feuding Mongol clans under his leadership. He delegates authority based on skill and loyalty, rather than tribal affiliation or family. The main rivals of the Mongol confederation are the Naimans to the west, the Merkits to the north, the Tanguts to the south and the Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) to the east.[5]

By topic

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Education

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  • The University of Paris receives its charter, from Philip II. He issues a diploma "for the security of the scholars of Paris", which affirms that students are subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction.


Births

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Deaths

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

1200

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Year 1200 (MCC) was a of the . It featured the Treaty of Le Goulet on 22 May, by which and King John of agreed to a truce, with John recognizing Philip's overlordship over several territories and paying a relief fee. actively preached the during the year, leading to initial assemblies of crusaders in , , and , though the main expedition departed in 1202. issued a royal charter formalizing the as an institution of higher learning, building on earlier scholarly gatherings. In , Temüjin (later ) pressed military campaigns against rival clans, consolidating power that would culminate in his proclamation as ruler of all in 1206. These events underscored a period of diplomatic maneuvering, religious mobilization, educational institutionalization, and emerging imperial ambitions across .

Chronology

Calendar and Astrological Details

1200 was a in the , which added an intercalary day on to align the calendar with the solar year, as the year was divisible by 4 under the Julian rule of inserting a leap day every fourth year. In the Chinese , 1200 corresponded to the Year of the White Metal Monkey, the ninth animal in the 12-year zodiac cycle associated with the metal element. The Islamic for 1200 AD spanned portions of AH 596 and AH 597, reflecting the shorter average length of lunar years compared to solar ones. In the , the year was reckoned as 6709 in the (Year of the World) system, counting from the traditional date of creation in 5509 BC. Astrological practices in medieval , influenced by Ptolemaic traditions transmitted via texts, emphasized planetary positions for prognostication, though no major conjunctions or eclipses uniquely defining the year are prominently recorded in contemporary sources.

Events

By Place: Europe

In France, King experienced a major ecclesiastical crisis when imposed an interdict on the entire kingdom on January 24, 1200, prohibiting most sacraments and public worship due to Philip's refusal to consummate and honor his 1193 marriage to Ingeborg of Denmark, whom he had repudiated shortly after the wedding on grounds of consanguinity and personal aversion. This measure, intended to pressure the monarch into reconciliation, stemmed from repeated papal exhortations ignored by Philip, highlighting tensions between royal and papal authority over matrimonial and moral issues. Concurrently, Philip issued a in 1200 recognizing and protecting the nascent , granting scholars privileges akin to those of clergy and fostering its emergence as a leading center of theological and philosophical learning amid growing urban intellectual activity. Relations between and saw a temporary détente through the Treaty of Le Goulet, signed on May 22, 1200, in which King John acknowledged Philip II's overlordship in and Anjou while securing Philip's recognition of John's legitimacy as king of and , along with rights to disputed continental territories; this accord aimed to stabilize John's precarious position following his 1199 accession and ongoing baronial and familial challenges. In , John negotiated a treaty with , prince of , establishing boundaries and mutual non-aggression, which allowed Llywelyn to consolidate power in northern while John focused on internal consolidation and preparations for continental conflicts. The remained embroiled in civil strife as the contest for the throne between Welf claimant Otto IV, backed by and initial papal support, and rival persisted; in late 1200 or early 1201, formally endorsed Otto as the sole legitimate king, promising non-interference in imperial elections and support against rivals, though this alignment shifted amid ongoing warfare that disrupted governance and trade in German lands. Under 's dynamic pontificate, the in witnessed administrative reforms and assertions of temporal authority, including interventions in Sicilian affairs and preparations for crusading efforts, as Innocent leveraged excommunications and interdicts to influence secular rulers across , exemplified by his actions against Philip II and endorsements in the Empire. These events underscored the papacy's expanding role in mediating and arbitrating continental disputes, contributing to the era's complex interplay of spiritual and political power.

By Place: Britain

In England, King John concluded the Treaty of Le Goulet with on 22 May 1200, whereby Philip recognized John's rights to the Angevin lands, including , Anjou, and , in exchange for a payment and territorial concessions; this temporary peace averted immediate conflict but sowed seeds for future disputes over feudal obligations. On 24 August 1200, John married at , annulling his prior union with Isabella of on grounds of ; the union, conducted without papal dispensation and disregarding a prior betrothal to the Lusignan family, produced five children—including future king Henry III—but alienated barons and prompted complaints to , contributing to John's later . In , Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, known as Llywelyn the Great, asserted dominance over northern by 1200, subduing rival princes in and through military campaigns and alliances, marking the beginning of his unification efforts that extended influence southward; this consolidation challenged Anglo-Norman marcher lords and prompted diplomatic exchanges with King John, who acknowledged Llywelyn's status in subsequent years. Scotland under King William I (the Lion) experienced relative stability in 1200, with focus on internal church reforms and border fortifications amid ongoing nominal English overlordship from the 1174 Treaty of Falaise, though no major armed conflicts occurred that year; economic activity centered on pastoral farming in upland areas, supported by the era's warm climate. In , the Lordship established under Henry II persisted without significant upheavals in 1200, as Anglo-Norman barons like those of the and de Burgh families expanded holdings in and through castle-building and Gaelic alliances, while native kings such as those of maintained autonomy in the west; the island's population and trade, including wool and hides, benefited from the broader .

By Place: Levant

In early 1200, , brother of the late , consolidated power within the by defeating his nephew Al-Afdal ibn Salah al-Din, thereby securing control over and the surrounding Syrian territories in the . This victory, achieved through military campaigns culminating in the Battle of Bilbeis in January, ended the internal strife that had fragmented Ayyubid holdings since Saladin's death in 1193, stabilizing Muslim authority across , , and . Al-Adil's proclamation as on February 17, 1200, via the khutba in Cairo's mosques, formalized his unification of the sultanate, enhancing defensive capabilities against the lingering Frankish Crusader enclaves along the Levantine coast. The consolidation under Al-Adil redirected Ayyubid resources toward maintaining truces with the , including the Kingdom of Jerusalem centered at Acre and the Lordship of Tyre, rather than immediate reconquest following the Third Crusade's conclusion in 1192. , as the strategic heart of Levantine Ayyubid administration, benefited from this stability, with Al-Adil prioritizing fortifications and alliances with local emirs in and to counter potential threats from both Crusaders and eastern rivals like the Seljuks. No major military engagements occurred in the region during 1200 itself, reflecting a period of diplomatic respite; however, Al-Adil's rule laid the groundwork for renewed pressures on Crusader holdings in subsequent years. In and coastal , Ayyubid governance emphasized tax collection and rhetoric to legitimize rule, while avoiding escalation that could invite European reinforcements amid the Fourth Crusade's distant preparations in . This interlude allowed for minor administrative reforms, such as improved in the Orontes Valley and trade facilitation through ports like Tripoli under nominal Crusader control, fostering economic continuity despite political divisions. The absence of recorded earthquakes, plagues, or uprisings in Levantine chronicles for 1200 underscores the year's relative calm under the new sultanate structure.

By Place: Asia

In Central Asia, Temüjin, later known as Genghis Khan, intensified his efforts to consolidate power among Mongol tribes, launching campaigns against rivals such as the Tatars in alliance with Toghrul of the Kereit around 1200, marking a pivotal phase in the unification of nomadic confederations that would culminate in 1206. These victories, achieved through superior cavalry tactics and merit-based organization, expanded his influence over steppe territories from the Onon River to the Gobi Desert fringes. In the Khwarezmian Empire spanning Persia and , Ala ad-Din Muhammad II ascended as shah following his father's death, inheriting a of approximately 2.3 million square kilometers with a population exceeding 10 million, bolstered by control over trade routes and a professional army of 40,000-100,000 troops. His rule initially focused on internal stabilization and expansion against the Seljuks and , though diplomatic missteps with emerging Mongol forces would later prove catastrophic. In the , seized effective control of the Ayyubid Sultanate after the death of his nephew Al-Aziz in 1198, formally consolidating power over , , and by 1200 through strategic alliances and suppression of rival kin, maintaining a domain that included key ports like and with an estimated annual revenue of 7 million dinars from agriculture and trade. This period saw defensive preparations against Crusader remnants, including fortifications along the Levantine coast, while internal administrative reforms emphasized Kurdish and Turkish military elites over Arab factions. In northern , continued to govern conquered territories through vassals like , who administered and amid ongoing resistance, with Ghurid forces numbering around 30,000 maintaining dominance over the following the 1192 victory at Tarain. Consolidation efforts included revenue extraction via land grants, yielding an estimated 10-15 million dirhams annually, though decentralized control foreshadowed the Sultanate's formal emergence post-1206. In , the Southern Song dynasty under sustained economic output equivalent to 25-30% of global GDP, driven by iron production exceeding 125,000 tons annually and maritime trade via ports like , while facing nominal threats from the Jin dynasty to the north. Scholar-officials advanced technologies such as printing, with over 100,000 book titles in circulation by this era. In , the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto no Yoriie navigated clan rivalries, with Hōjō Tokimasa exerting regental influence amid a samurai population of roughly 50,000, emphasizing codes and Zen Buddhist patronage.

By Topic: Religion and Education

In 1200, canonized , empress consort of Henry II, on March 3, recognizing her piety and charitable works following her death in 1039. This act exemplified the papacy's role in elevating royal figures as saints to reinforce moral authority amid feudal politics. , reigning since 1198, also advanced preparations for the , originally proclaimed in 1198 to reclaim , though the expedition's assembly gained momentum in 1200 with recruitment across Europe. These efforts reflected the Church's intensifying focus on crusading as a religious obligation, intertwined with temporal power assertions against secular rulers. Educationally, marked the official founding of the , evolving from earlier cathedral schools into a structured with corporate privileges granted by under Philip II Augustus. This development formalized higher learning in theology, law, and arts, primarily under ecclesiastical oversight, fostering scholasticism's emphasis on reconciling faith with Aristotelian logic recovered via Arabic translations. The university's emergence catered to growing clerical and lay demands for educated administrators, amid a population of teachers and students seeking autonomy from local bishops. Such institutions prioritized Latin proficiency, biblical , and dialectical reasoning, with religious central to curricula, though tensions over academic freedoms foreshadowed later papal interventions like the confirmation of privileges.

Notable Figures

Births

Dōgen (January 19, 1200 – September 22, 1253), born in Kyōto, , was a Kamakura-period Buddhist monk who introduced the school of to after studying in ; his emphasis on (just sitting) meditation shaped practice. Louis IV the Saint (October 28, 1200 – September 11, 1227), of from 1217, was a Ludovingian noble who married in 1221 and joined the , dying of fever in en route; canonized for his piety, he supported monastic foundations and courtly patronage of poetry. Alix of (c. 1200 – October 21, 1221), daughter of Guy of and Constance of , succeeded as Duchess of in 1203 at age three, with her father as regent amid Anglo-French conflicts over the duchy; she married Peter I of Dreux in 1213, bearing two daughters before dying in childbirth.

Deaths

January 13 – I, Count of (born c. 1167–1171), ruled as count from 1190 and briefly as Count of from 1196 until his death. January 25 – Al-Qadi al-Fadil (born 1135), Egyptian administrator and chief advisor to , serving as chancellor and handling diplomacy and finances for the . July 26 – the Palmer of (born c. 1140), Italian pilgrim who, after losing his family to plague, undertook multiple pilgrimages to and founded a hospital for pilgrims in . September 19 – Alberic III, Count of Dammartin (born c. 1138), French noble who succeeded as count and married Matilda of Clermont, linking houses in northern . c. 1200 – (born 1149), poet and court bard to , author of the epic chronicling the king's battles against .
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References

  1. https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~feegi/calend3.html
  2. https://www.onthisday.com/date/1200
  3. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/the-fourth-crusade/
  4. https://www.factmonster.com/history/world/1200-1299-ad-world-history
  5. https://www.worldhistorymaps.info/medieval/1200-ad/
  6. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Mongol-Empire-Timeline
  7. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/Numbers/Math/Mathematical_Thinking/calendar_calculations.htm
  8. https://chinese-year.com/1200
  9. https://orthochristian.com/97046.html
  10. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/marriage-philip-augustus-and-ingeborg
  11. https://www.oldest.org/culture/universities/
  12. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/king-john
  13. https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/Kings-Princes-of-Wales/
  14. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Innocent-III-pope
  15. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-king-of-England
  16. https://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-kings/king-john-timeline.htm
  17. https://www.iwa.wales/wp-content/media/2_Factfile_History1.pdf
  18. https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usfeatures/timeline/to1300.html
  19. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/portrait-britain-ad-1200
  20. https://www.britannica.com/place/Ireland/The-Norse-invasions-and-their-aftermath
  21. https://worldhistoryedu.com/the-ayyubid-dynasty/
  22. https://www.geni.com/people/al-Malik-al-Adil-Sayf-ibn-Ayy%25C5%25ABb/6000000010632439638
  23. https://en.namu.wiki/w/%25EC%2595%258C%2520%25EC%2595%2584%25EB%2594%259C%25201%25EC%2584%25B8
  24. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ayyubids/
  25. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongol-empire
  26. https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/songdynasty-module/
  27. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08013a.htm
  28. https://academic.oup.com/jeea/article/22/4/1541/7438871
  29. https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en/about-us/history
  30. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dogen
  31. https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BRITTANY.htm
  32. https://ny.usa.museum-digital.org/people/65422
  33. https://kurdistantribune.com/qadi-al-fadil-first-minister-of-saladin/
  34. https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/1200raymondthepalmer.asp
  35. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/48953958/alberic_iii-de_dammartin
  36. https://youngintach.org/files/medieval_period24.pdf
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