Hubbry Logo
AjugaAjugaMain
Open search
Ajuga
Community hub
Ajuga
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Ajuga
Ajuga
Ajuga
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Ajuga
Common bugle (Ajuga reptans)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Tribe: Ajugeae
Genus: Ajuga
L.(1753)
Type species
Ajuga reptans
L.
Synonyms[1][2][3]
  • Abiga Saint-Lager
  • Bugula P. Miller
  • Chamaepitys Hill
  • Moscharia Forssk. 1775 rejected name, not Ruiz & Pav. 1794 conserved name
  • Phleboanthe Tausch
  • Rosenbachia Regel
  • Bulga Kuntze
Ajuga on fine gravel

Ajuga /əˈdʒuːɡə/,[4] also known as bugleweed,[5] ground pine,[6] carpet bugle, or just bugle, is a genus of flowering plants in the Ajugeae tribe of the mint family Lamiaceae. There are over 60 species[7] of annual or perennial, mostly herbaceous plants.[8] They are native to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.[7]

They grow to 5–50 cm (2.0–19.7 in) tall, with opposite leaves.[9]

Species

[edit]

Species accepted within Ajuga include:[3]

[edit]
  • Blue bugle (Ajuga genevensis)
    Blue bugle (Ajuga genevensis)
  • Common bugle from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, 1885
    Common bugle from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, 1885
  • Color specimen of Ajuga nipponica Makino, 1962
    Color specimen of Ajuga nipponica Makino, 1962
  • Pyramid bugle (Ajuga pyramidalis)
    Pyramid bugle (Ajuga pyramidalis)

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Ajuga

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Ajuga is a of approximately 64 of and herbaceous flowering belonging to the mint family, Lamiaceae, that are primarily native to temperate and subtropical regions across , , , and . These are typically low-growing herbs reaching 5–50 cm in height, featuring square stems characteristic of the Lamiaceae family, opposite or whorled leaves that are often simple and ovate to lanceolate, and terminal spikes or racemes of bilabiate (two-lipped) flowers predominantly in , , or occasionally . The name derives from the Greek word meaning "without a ," referring to the lack of a yoke-like structure connecting the lower lip of the corolla to the stamens in some . Many Ajuga species exhibit a creeping or stoloniferous growth habit, allowing them to form dense, mat-like ground covers that spread rapidly via runners, making them popular in for and in shaded or partially shaded areas. They thrive in a variety of soils but prefer moist, well-drained conditions, and their flowers, which bloom in spring to early summer, attract pollinators such as bees. While most species are non-native to the , several, including (common bugle), have been widely introduced and naturalized there as ornamentals. In addition to their ornamental value, certain Ajuga species have historical and ethnopharmacological significance, with compounds isolated from their leaves and flowers showing potential , , and properties in across their native ranges.

Taxonomy

Etymology

The genus name Ajuga was established by in his 1753 publication , where he classified several species within the mint family . The etymology of Ajuga remains subject to interpretation among botanists, with two primary derivations proposed. One widely accepted origin combines the Latin prefix a- (meaning "without" or "not") and jugum (), alluding to the plant's undivided calyx, where the lobes are equal rather than bilabiate, or to the absence of a prominent upper (yoke-like structure) in the corolla. Another explanation traces the name to a corruption of the Latin abigere ("to drive away" or "dispel"), as recorded by the Roman naturalist , reflecting the plant's historical use in ancient medicine as an or . Common names for Ajuga species vary regionally and often describe their growth habit or appearance. In English-speaking regions, they are frequently called or bugleweed, a reference to the tubular, spike-like blue flowers resembling a instrument, with "carpet bugle" emphasizing the low-spreading, mat-forming growth used as ground cover. In , particularly for A. chamaepitys, the name "ground " persists due to the plant's pine-like foliage and prostrate habit, evoking a miniature on the forest floor.

Classification

Ajuga is classified within the kingdom Plantae, phylum Tracheophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Lamiales, family Lamiaceae, and tribe Ajugeae. The genus was established by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753), with Ajuga reptans L. designated as the type species. Historical synonyms for the genus include Abiga St.-Lag., Bugula Moench, Bulga Kuntze, Chamaepitys Hill, Moscharia Forssk., Phleboanthe Tausch, and Rosenbachia Kudr.; additionally, the name reflects earlier placements such as Teucrium sect. Ajuga Benth., where certain species like Teucrium chamaepitys L. were reclassified into Ajuga. The of Ajuga has seen revisions, notably by Govaerts in 1995 and 2003, with further updates by Stalažs in 2024; according to the World Checklist of Vascular , there are 64 accepted as of the 2023-2024 updates.

Description

Morphology

Ajuga are herbaceous , typically annual, biennial, or , with a growth habit that varies from erect to prostrate, often featuring creeping stolons that form dense mats. generally reach heights of 5–50 cm, depending on the and environmental conditions. The root system is shallow and fibrous, supporting the plant's mat-forming tendency in suitable substrates. Stems are characteristically square in cross-section, a hallmark of the family, and may be hairy or glabrous, arising from basal rosettes or branching from the base. Leaves are , simple, and papery, with blades ovate to obovate, 1–8 cm long, and margins often crenate or dentate, though sometimes subentire; surfaces can be hairy or glabrous. For example, in , the shiny dark green leaves form low rosettes that contribute to the plant's ground-covering spread. These stolons, which root at nodes, enable vegetative propagation alongside seed production. The consists of dense whorls (verticillasters) of flowers arranged in or false spikes, subsessile and 2- to many-flowered per whorl. Flowers feature tubular corollas, typically 1–2 cm long, typically in to purple but ranging from white and pink to yellow in some species, with a hooded or entire upper and a three-lobed lower ; the calyx is ovoid to funnelform with five teeth. In species like , the corolla's upper lip is entire, distinguishing it from relatives with more divided .

Reproduction

Ajuga species exhibit both sexual and asexual reproduction, with the latter often dominating in natural populations due to efficient vegetative spread. Flowers are hermaphroditic, containing both pollen- and seed-producing parts, and typically emerge from spring to summer in vertical spikes. These flowers feature nectar guides on the lower lip, which direct pollinators like bees to the reproductive structures. Pollination occurs primarily through , with insects such as bees and lepidopterans facilitating cross-, though is also possible in some . Successful leads to the development of fruits, dry structures that split into four nutlets, each typically containing one small, reticulate (with 1-4 nutlets produced per fruit). Asexual reproduction is prevalent via stolons and rhizomes, which are horizontal stems that root at nodes to form new clonal , enabling rapid mat formation and colony expansion. Ajuga seeds often exhibit physiological , particularly in freshly matured ones, requiring cool temperatures and a period of after-ripening or stratification to break . is favored under moist, shaded conditions that mimic the habitats where the thrives, promoting establishment in low-light, humid environments.

Distribution and Habitat

Native Range

The genus Ajuga, comprising approximately 64 species of herbaceous plants in the family , is native to the , with its natural distribution centered in temperate and subtropical regions across , , , and . In , Ajuga species are widespread throughout temperate zones, occurring from the northern and southward to the , , and the , and eastward to the and western . This broad European presence reflects adaptation to diverse temperate habitats, with many species forming part of the Euro-Siberian floristic element characterized by cool, moist conditions in northern and central areas. In , the genus extends from the Mediterranean-adjacent western regions through the Irano-Turanian zone—including , , , and the —to the , , , , and as far east as and the . These distributions highlight biogeographic patterns influenced by both Euro-Siberian (northern Asian extensions) and Irano-Turanian (arid and mountainous interior) elements, facilitating species dispersal along ancient migration corridors. African occurrences of Ajuga are concentrated in the northern Mediterranean fringe (, , , , and ) and extend to East Tropical (, , , ) and Northeast Tropical (, ), with disjunct populations in southern (Cape Provinces, ) and . In , native Ajuga species are restricted to eastern and southeastern regions, including , , Victoria, , and , representing endemic adaptations to temperate woodlands. The Mediterranean basin stands out as a key hotspot for diversity, with over 30 species concentrated in this area due to its climatic variability and historical refugia, supporting high among Ajuga . Historical evidence for Ajuga's distribution is limited, with no confirmed records of the genus documented in pre-Quaternary sediments as of 2025, though palynological studies suggest related lineages persisted in Eurasian temperate zones during the Tertiary. Pre-colonial distributions align closely with current native ranges, indicating long-term stability shaped by Pleistocene glaciations and post-glacial recolonization.

Ecological Preferences

Ajuga species exhibit a preference for moist, well-drained soils rich in , typically with a neutral to slightly acidic ranging from 5.5 to 7.0, although certain taxa like Ajuga chamaepitys tolerate alkaline, substrates. These plants avoid waterlogged conditions, which can lead to , but many endure periodic dryness once established, particularly in humusy loams that retain moisture without becoming compacted. Fertile, loamy soils support vigorous production, enhancing their spread in natural settings. In terms of light, Ajuga thrives across a spectrum from partial shade to full sun, with optimal growth often in dappled woodland light where direct exposure is moderated; full shade reduces vigor but is tolerated, while excessive sun may scorch foliage in non-adapted species. This versatility allows occupancy of forest understories, where A. reptans benefits from filtered light beneath canopies. Naturally, Ajuga inhabits diverse environments such as temperate woodlands, moist meadows, grasslands, riverbanks, and rocky slopes, often in the of mixed forests or along edges where disturbance creates openings. In , A. reptans colonizes thickets and meadows, while Mediterranean representatives like A. chamaepitys favor dry steppic grasslands and montane scrubs on outcrops. These niches reflect the genus's affinity for moderately disturbed, mesic to semi-arid locales with good drainage. The genus demonstrates notable adaptations to environmental stresses, including stoloniferous growth that facilitates rapid of disturbed ground, forming dense mats that stabilize on slopes or banks. In Mediterranean climates, species such as A. iva exhibit drought resistance through scleromorphic leaves and efficient water retention, enabling persistence in arid, rocky terrains. Overall, Ajuga tolerates temperate to subtropical regimes, with hardiness spanning USDA zones 3–10, though humid subtropical conditions may promote fungal issues in poorly drained sites.

Ecology

Pollination and Dispersal

Ajuga species are primarily pollinated by insects, particularly bees from the order Hymenoptera, which are attracted to the tubular, lipped flowers typical of the Lamiaceae family. Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and other long-tongued bees serve as key pollinators for species like Ajuga reptans, visiting the blue-violet flower spikes to collect nectar and pollen. In Asian species such as Ajuga decumbens, diverse bee pollinators including honeybees (Apis cerana), carpenter bees (Xylocopa sinensis), and mason bees (Osmia rufina) have been documented, with higher visitation rates in habitat edges compared to forest interiors. The phenological timing of Ajuga flowering aligns closely with peak spring activity of insect pollinators, enhancing . Flowers typically emerge in early spring and continue through summer, synchronizing with the foraging periods of bumblebees and other when temperatures rise and resources are abundant. This temporal overlap ensures efficient transfer, as the verticillaster inflorescences present rewards during a critical window for emergence. Seed dispersal in Ajuga occurs mainly through gravity and vegetative propagation, with limited mechanisms for long-distance transport that contribute to the genus's patterns of regional endemism. Each fertilized flower produces four small, oval-shaped nutlets with pitted surfaces, which typically fall near the parent plant upon dehiscence, facilitating short-range establishment. Vegetative spread via stolons is a dominant mode, with runners extending up to 30 cm or more in a season and potentially reaching spreads of 0.5–1 m within the first year, allowing rapid of suitable habitats and formation of dense mats. This reliance on local dispersal limits over large distances, as seen in endemic species like Ajuga boninsimae restricted to isolated island archipelagos.

Biological Interactions

Ajuga species engage in various symbiotic and antagonistic interactions that influence their ecological roles. The genus attracts a range of pollinators, including bees and hoverflies, through its nectar-rich, tubular flowers, which provide essential resources in grassland ecosystems. For instance, Ajuga decumbens in fragmented urban forests supports pollinator visitation, contributing to local biodiversity by enhancing reproductive success of associated flora. This nectar provision aids in maintaining insect populations in semi-natural grasslands, where Ajuga acts as a key floral resource during spring flowering periods. Herbivory on Ajuga is moderated by chemical defenses, though certain generalist herbivores still exploit it. Slugs and , such as , commonly feed on foliage and stems, while deer occasionally browse young shoots despite the plant's general resistance due to bitter taste and aromatic compounds. Ajuga counters these pressures with iridoids and phytoecdysteroids, secondary metabolites that deter insect herbivores by disrupting molting processes and inducing . Phytoecdysteroids, in particular, serve as a defense mechanism against phytophagous , with like Ajuga iva exhibiting activity against pests such as . Several Ajuga species, notably A. reptans, exhibit invasiveness in non-native regions like parts of , where they form dense mats that outcompete native vegetation. This spread is facilitated by rapid production and potential allelopathic effects from exudates and leachates. In poor soils, Ajuga benefits from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associations, which enhance uptake and overall acquisition, as evidenced by reduced levels in A. reptans following fungal suppression. Data on specific pathogens remain limited as of 2025, with occasional reports of fungal diseases like powdery mildew but no widespread ecological impacts documented.

Cultivation and Uses

Ornamental Cultivation

Ajuga species, particularly , are widely valued in as low-growing, spreading s that serve as effective groundcovers in shaded landscapes. They thrive in woodland gardens, borders, and rockeries, where their dense mats suppress weeds and provide year-round interest through foliage in mild climates. Popular cultivars such as 'Burgundy Glow' are prized for their striking tricolored leaves featuring shades of burgundy, pink, and cream, enhancing visual appeal in partial shade settings. Propagation of Ajuga is straightforward and typically achieved through division, stem cuttings, or seeds, allowing gardeners to expand plantings economically. Division is the most common method, performed in early spring or fall by separating rooted stolons from established clumps; cuttings can be taken from non-flowering shoots in summer and rooted in moist soil. Seeds may be sown indoors in late winter for transplanting, though they often produce variable offspring compared to vegetatively propagated cultivars. Planting is best done in spring or autumn to allow establishment before extreme temperatures, with Ajuga suited to USDA hardiness zones 3 through 9. Select sites with moist, well-drained soils enriched with , positioning 6 to 12 inches apart to accommodate their spreading habit via stolons. While adaptable to full sun in cooler climates, partial to full shade is ideal to prevent leaf scorch, especially for variegated forms. Ongoing care for Ajuga is minimal, making it suitable for low-maintenance gardens; moderate watering is required to maintain without waterlogging, particularly during dry spells in the first year. Applying a layer of around plantings helps retain moisture and further control weeds, while occasional trimming of spent flower encourages tidiness and denser growth. Ajuga exhibits good tolerance to light foot traffic, rendering it useful along pathways or in informal areas. Good air circulation should be ensured to avoid crown rot in humid conditions. Beyond native Eurasian ranges, Ajuga has been introduced widely as an ornamental since the , becoming naturalized and escaping cultivation across and in . In , it forms persistent populations in temperate regions, often in disturbed shady sites, while in it has established as a garden escapee in similar moist, shaded habitats. However, it is considered invasive in certain regions of and may require management to prevent unwanted spread; gardeners should check local guidelines.

Medicinal Applications

Ajuga species have been employed in traditional medicine across various cultures for their purported therapeutic properties. In Austrian folk medicine, the herb of Ajuga reptans is prepared as a tea to alleviate respiratory tract disorders, such as coughs and sore throats. In Persian traditional medicine, species like Ajuga iva and Ajuga bracteosa are used to treat jaundice, gout, joint pain, sciatica, amenorrhea, and wounds, often as anti-inflammatory agents. Additionally, Ajuga remota has been prescribed by Kenyan herbalists for fever, infections, and malaria, with 66% of surveyed practitioners recommending it for these conditions. Other traditional applications include external use of A. reptans for stopping bleeding, relieving wounds, treating sores, and aiding broken bones, typically through poultices or salves. The medicinal potential of Ajuga is attributed to bioactive compounds identified in analyses. Phytoecdysteroids, such as , are prominent in species like A. reptans and A. turkestanica, contributing to deterrent properties that may extend to therapeutic effects. glucosides, including new variants isolated from A. reptans, alongside and phenolic compounds, exhibit and activities; for instance, extracts of A. reptans and A. genevensis demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects by reducing and leukocyte activity . These compounds, including neo-clerodane diterpenes and withanolides, are widespread across the and support traditional uses for , , and infections. Modern research has focused on validating these applications, particularly , though clinical trials remain limited as of 2025. and studies show that extracts of Ajuga taiwanensis promote migration and closure by activating the PI3K/Akt/ pathway in dermal cells. Similarly, Ajuga bracteosa extracts and its compound ajugarin I accelerate excision in rats, with significant and antibacterial effects reducing and bacterial load compared to controls. A double-blind randomized on Ajuga chamaecistus ssp. tomentella (3% alcoholic extract ointment) demonstrated faster epithelialization and reduced healing time in second-degree burn wounds versus placebo, with no adverse effects reported in 60 participants. Hepatoprotective activity has also been observed, as A. reptans extracts (25 mg/kg) mitigate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats by lowering levels. Preparations of Ajuga typically involve decoctions, infusions, or extracts for internal use, and ointments or poultices for topical application. Ethnopharmacological studies suggest dosages of 100–400 mg/kg of crude extracts in animal models for effects, but data are sparse, with traditional teas prepared from 1–2 g of dried per cup. Safety profiles indicate low acute and subchronic , with LD50 values exceeding 3,800 mg/kg in for like A. iva and A. parviflora, and no significant liver toxicity observed. However, Ajuga nipponensis may cause mild gastrointestinal side effects such as or at higher doses, and use is cautioned during or with concurrent medications due to limited long-term studies.

Species

Diversity Overview

The genus Ajuga comprises approximately 64 accepted , predominantly herbaceous perennials, though a few annuals are known. These species exhibit significant morphological variation, including differences in leaf shape, structure, and growth habit, with the highest diversity concentrated in the Mediterranean Basin and temperate to subtropical regions of . This concentration reflects the genus's adaptation to a range of environments, from moist woodlands to dry grasslands. Evolutionary studies indicate that Ajuga originated in during the , with a divergence time estimated at around 7.78 million years ago based on analyses. The underwent , enabling of diverse habitats across the , including , , and . Hybridization is a common phenomenon, contributing to taxonomic complexity; for instance, A. × bastarda arises from crosses between A. decumbens and A. yesoensis in . Studies on nutlet morphological characteristics of Iranian Ajuga taxa highlight taxonomic complexity and suggest refinements to infrageneric groupings due to variation in nutlet traits. Habitat loss from urbanization and agriculture threatens populations of some Ajuga species in arid zones, particularly in the Mediterranean and Middle East. For example, A. bracteosa faces risks from road construction and landslides in Himalayan arid areas despite stable overall numbers.

Selected Species

Ajuga reptans, commonly known as common bugle or carpet bugle, is a native to , extending to northern and northwestern . It features prostrate stems forming dense mats, with ovate leaves and spikes of to violet flowers blooming in spring. Widely used as an ornamental groundcover in shady areas due to its rapid spread and attractive foliage, it has become invasive in parts of , outcompeting native vegetation in woodlands and lawns. Traditionally employed in folk medicine for its , , and hepatoprotective properties, extracts have shown and wound-healing potential in studies. Ajuga genevensis, or , is a perennial species native to central and , including the and extending to the region. It exhibits an upright habit with woolly stems up to 18 inches tall, oblong crenate leaves, and terminal spikes of blue flowers, adapted to alpine and rocky habitats at higher elevations. Valued in for treating various disorders, it is less commonly cultivated ornamentally compared to A. reptans but shares similar temperate preferences. Ajuga orientalis, known as eastern bugle, occurs naturally in the , from to northwestern , favoring coastal and rocky temperate habitats. This perennial herb grows 10–30 cm tall with quadrangular stems, producing whorls of blue-violet flowers; it has minor applications in for anti-inflammatory effects. Its compact form makes it suitable for rock gardens, though it is less widespread in cultivation. Among other notable species, Ajuga australis, endemic to eastern and southern Australia, is a subtropical with potential ornamental value in native . Ajuga iva, found in and the Mediterranean including , is an aromatic annual or used in traditional Moroccan medicine for , featuring broad leaves and small flowers. Hybrids and cultivars, such as A. reptans 'Catlin's Giant' with its large bronze-green leaves and robust growth, enhance ornamental diversity while retaining the genus's groundcovering traits. Identification of selected Ajuga species often relies on growth habit and floral features: A. reptans is distinctly creeping with basal rosettes, A. genevensis upright and woolly, A. orientalis compact with inflorescences, A. australis taller in subtropical settings, and A. iva aromatic with simpler leaves.

References

  1. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20646-1
  2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/ajuga
  3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26564370_The_Morphological_and_Anatomical_Properties_of_Ajuga_reptans_L_and_Ajuga_chamaepitys_L_Schreber_subsp_chia_Schreber_Arcangeli_var_chia_Lamiaceae_taxa
  4. https://docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/pjbs/2006/289-293.pdf
  5. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ajuga-reptans/
  6. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b200
  7. https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile/AJRE
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19783524/
  9. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6515068/
  10. https://www.uaex.uada.edu/yard-garden/resource-library/plant-week/ajuga-bugleweed-6-27-14.aspx
  11. https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/ajuga-reptans/
  12. https://www.maltawildplants.com/LABT/Ajuga_iva_subsp_iva.php
  13. https://www.first-nature.com/flowers/ajuga-reptans.php
  14. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ajuga
  15. https://files.commons.gc.cuny.edu/wp-content/blogs.dir/16876/files/2021/04/epdf.pub_the-names-of-plants.pdf
  16. http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Ajugachamaepitys_page.htm
  17. https://www.ipni.org/n/20646-1
  18. https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/genus/1362
  19. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:444546-1
  20. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=100916
  21. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/ajuga/reptans/
  22. https://friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/commonbugle.html
  23. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ajuga-pyramidalis/
  24. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b200
  25. http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/homegardening/scened732.html
  26. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6757348/
  27. http://www.misin.msu.edu/facts/detail/?project=misin&id=64
  28. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332378853_Germination_ability_and_biochemical_properties_of_ajuga_chamaepitys_subsp_Chia_Var_Chia_and_Ajuga_orientalis_cultivated_in_climatic_conditions_in_Lake_district_Turkey
  29. https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000001061
  30. https://www.phytoneuron.net/2015Phytoneuron/52PhytoN-Ajugachamaepitys.pdf
  31. https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Ajuga
  32. https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/carpet_bugle.htm
  33. https://floraveg.eu/factsheet/default/104201
  34. https://growcycle.com/learn/agriculture/farming-trends-and-tips/ajuga-bugleweed-a-hardy-perennial-for-shade-and-sun
  35. https://www.mdpi.com/2037-0164/14/3/57
  36. https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/Ajuga_pyramidalis_species_account.pdf
  37. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1618866721004052
  38. https://landscapeplants.aub.edu.lb/Plants/PlantProfile/44368760-98b3-44b5-a239-c252cb717aa1
  39. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-019-0490-7
  40. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7698930/
  41. https://plantaddicts.com/ajuga-pests/
  42. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8343124/
  43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21604353/
  44. https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=10094
  45. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01239.x
  46. https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/ajuga-powdery-mildew
  47. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=243536
  48. https://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/perennial/ajuga/
  49. https://www.almanac.com/plant/how-grow-care-ajuga-groundcover
  50. https://www.thespruce.com/ajuga-or-bugleweed-plants-2132213
  51. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279959
  52. https://www.masterclass.com/articles/ajuga-plant-care-guide
  53. https://assessment.ifas.ufl.edu/site/assets/files/1246/ajuga_reptans_wra2017.pdf
  54. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/56099-Ajuga-reptans
  55. https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/2/219
  56. https://brieflands.com/journals/jjnpp/articles/119209
  57. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944711311003308
  58. https://www.mainegardens.org/blog/ajuga-reptans-6-20-17/
  59. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.8b03029
  60. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51535519_Four_New_Iridoid_Glucosides_from_Ajuga_reptans
  61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39159665/
  62. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10867974/
  63. https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_141991.html
  64. https://www.scienceopen.com/document_file/e46adc9a-ee4e-48be-9487-3e79c8871538/PubMedCentral/e46adc9a-ee4e-48be-9487-3e79c8871538.pdf
  65. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874103004185
  66. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8276434/
  67. https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/ajuga_nipponensis.htm
  68. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1251829/full
  69. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:444530-1
  70. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335676346_Analysis_of_nutlet_morphological_characteristics_of_some_Iranian_Ajuga_L_taxa
  71. https://netjournals.org/pdf/IJEE/2016/1/15-023.pdf
  72. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Conservation-status-of-Ajuga-bracteosa-Wall-ex-An-Tali-Ganie/b214aee62c78573c12f4ec389f3c3f619e013825
  73. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:444664-1
  74. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7407557/
  75. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:444576-1
  76. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/ajuga/genevensis/
  77. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:444639-1
  78. https://www.florafauna.life/flora-lebanon/ajuga-orientalis
  79. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:444528-1
  80. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/444598-1
  81. https://temperate.theferns.info/plant/Ajuga%2Biva
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.