Anosov diffeomorphism

Three closely related definitions must be distinguished:

• If a differentiable map f on M has a hyperbolic structure on the tangent bundle, then it is called an Anosov map. Examples include the Bernoulli map, and Arnold's cat map.
• If the map is a diffeomorphism, then it is called an Anosov diffeomorphism.
• If a flow on a manifold splits the tangent bundle into three invariant subbundles, with one subbundle that is exponentially contracting, and one that is exponentially expanding, and a third, non-expanding, non-contracting one-dimensional sub-bundle (spanned by the flow direction), then the flow is called an Anosov flow.

A classical example of Anosov diffeomorphism is the Arnold's cat map.

Anosov proved that Anosov diffeomorphisms are structurally stable and form an open subset of mappings (flows) with the C¹ topology.

Not every manifold admits an Anosov diffeomorphism; for example, there are no such diffeomorphisms on the sphere . The simplest examples of compact manifolds admitting them are the tori: they admit the so-called linear Anosov diffeomorphisms, which are isomorphisms having no eigenvalue of modulus 1. It was proved that any other Anosov diffeomorphism on a torus is topologically conjugate to one of this kind.

The problem of classifying manifolds that admit Anosov diffeomorphisms turned out to be very difficult, and still as of 2023^[update] has no answer for dimension over 3. The only known examples are infranilmanifolds, and it is conjectured that they are the only ones.

A sufficient condition for transitivity is that all points are nonwandering: ${\displaystyle \Omega (f)=M}$. This in turn holds for codimension-one Anosov diffeomorphisms (i.e., those for which the contracting or the expanding subbundle is one-dimensional)^[2] and for codimension one Anosov flows on manifolds of dimension greater than three^[3] as well as Anosov flows whose Mather spectrum is contained in two sufficiently thin annuli.^[4] It is not known whether Anosov diffeomorphisms are transitive (except on infranilmanifolds), but Anosov flows need not be topologically transitive.^[5]

Also, it is unknown if every ${\displaystyle C^{1}}$ volume-preserving Anosov diffeomorphism is ergodic. Anosov proved it under a ${\displaystyle C^{2}}$ assumption. It is also true for ${\displaystyle C^{1+\alpha }}$ volume-preserving Anosov diffeomorphisms.

For ${\displaystyle C^{2}}$ transitive Anosov diffeomorphism ${\displaystyle f\colon M\to M}$ there exists a unique SRB measure (the acronym stands for Sinai, Ruelle and Bowen) ${\displaystyle \mu _{f}}$ supported on ${\displaystyle M}$ such that its basin ${\displaystyle B(\mu _{f})}$ is of full volume, where

${\displaystyle B(\mu _{f})=\left\{x\in M:{\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\delta _{f^{k}x}\to \mu _{f}\right\}.}$

As an example, this section develops the case of the Anosov flow on the tangent bundle of a Riemann surface of negative curvature. This flow can be understood in terms of the flow on the tangent bundle of the Poincaré half-plane model of hyperbolic geometry. Riemann surfaces of negative curvature may be defined as Fuchsian models, that is, as the quotients of the upper half-plane and a Fuchsian group. For the following, let H be the upper half-plane; let Γ be a Fuchsian group; let M = H/Γ be a Riemann surface of negative curvature as the quotient of H by the action of the group Γ, and let ${\displaystyle T^{1}M}$ be the tangent bundle of unit-length vectors on the manifold M, and let ${\displaystyle T^{1}H}$ be the tangent bundle of unit-length vectors on H. Note that a bundle of unit-length vectors on a surface is the principal bundle of a complex line bundle.

One starts by noting that ${\displaystyle T^{1}H}$ is isomorphic to the Lie group PSL(2,R). This group is the group of orientation-preserving isometries of the upper half-plane. The Lie algebra of PSL(2,R) is sl(2,R), and is represented by the matrices

${\displaystyle J={\begin{pmatrix}1/2&0\\0&-1/2\\\end{pmatrix}}\qquad X={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}\qquad Y={\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}}$

which have the algebra

${\displaystyle [J,X]=X\qquad [J,Y]=-Y\qquad [X,Y]=2J}$

The exponential maps

${\displaystyle g_{t}=\exp(tJ)={\begin{pmatrix}e^{t/2}&0\\0&e^{-t/2}\\\end{pmatrix}}\qquad h_{t}^{*}=\exp(tX)={\begin{pmatrix}1&t\\0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}\qquad h_{t}=\exp(tY)={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\t&1\\\end{pmatrix}}}$

define right-invariant flows on the manifold of ${\displaystyle T^{1}H=\operatorname {PSL} (2,\mathbb {R} )}$, and likewise on ${\displaystyle T^{1}M}$. Defining ${\displaystyle P=T^{1}H}$ and ${\displaystyle Q=T^{1}M}$, these flows define vector fields on P and Q, whose vectors lie in TP and TQ. These are just the standard, ordinary Lie vector fields on the manifold of a Lie group, and the presentation above is a standard exposition of a Lie vector field.

The connection to the Anosov flow comes from the realization that ${\displaystyle g_{t}}$ is the geodesic flow on P and Q. Lie vector fields being (by definition) left invariant under the action of a group element, one has that these fields are left invariant under the specific elements ${\displaystyle g_{t}}$ of the geodesic flow. In other words, the spaces TP and TQ are split into three one-dimensional spaces, or subbundles, each of which are invariant under the geodesic flow. The final step is to notice that vector fields in one subbundle expand (and expand exponentially), those in another are unchanged, and those in a third shrink (and do so exponentially).

More precisely, the tangent bundle TQ may be written as the direct sum

${\displaystyle TQ=E^{+}\oplus E^{0}\oplus E^{-}}$

or, at a point ${\displaystyle g\cdot e=q\in Q}$, the direct sum

${\displaystyle T_{q}Q=E_{q}^{+}\oplus E_{q}^{0}\oplus E_{q}^{-}}$

corresponding to the Lie algebra generators Y, J and X, respectively, carried, by the left action of group element g, from the origin e to the point q. That is, one has ${\displaystyle E_{e}^{+}=Y,E_{e}^{0}=J}$ and ${\displaystyle E_{e}^{-}=X}$. These spaces are each subbundles, and are preserved (are invariant) under the action of the geodesic flow; that is, under the action of group elements ${\displaystyle g=g_{t}}$.

To compare the lengths of vectors in ${\displaystyle T_{q}Q}$ at different points q, one needs a metric. Any inner product at ${\displaystyle T_{e}P=sl(2,\mathbb {R} )}$ extends to a left-invariant Riemannian metric on P, and thus to a Riemannian metric on Q. The length of a vector ${\displaystyle v\in E_{q}^{+}}$ expands exponentially as exp(t) under the action of ${\displaystyle g_{t}}$. The length of a vector ${\displaystyle v\in E_{q}^{-}}$ shrinks exponentially as exp(-t) under the action of ${\displaystyle g_{t}}$. Vectors in ${\displaystyle E_{q}^{0}}$ are unchanged. This may be seen by examining how the group elements commute. The geodesic flow is invariant,

${\displaystyle g_{s}g_{t}=g_{t}g_{s}=g_{s+t}}$

but the other two shrink and expand:

${\displaystyle g_{s}h_{t}^{*}=h_{t\exp(-s)}^{*}g_{s}}$

and

${\displaystyle g_{s}h_{t}=h_{t\exp(s)}g_{s}}$

where we recall that a tangent vector in ${\displaystyle E_{q}^{+}}$ is given by the derivative, with respect to t, of the curve ${\displaystyle h_{t}}$, the setting ${\displaystyle t=0}$.

When acting on the point ${\displaystyle z=i}$ of the upper half-plane, ${\displaystyle g_{t}}$ corresponds to a geodesic on the upper half plane, passing through the point ${\displaystyle z=i}$. The action is the standard Möbius transformation action of SL(2,R) on the upper half-plane, so that

${\displaystyle g_{t}\cdot i={\begin{pmatrix}\exp(t/2)&0\\0&\exp(-t/2)\end{pmatrix}}\cdot i=i\exp(t)}$

A general geodesic is given by

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{pmatrix}}\cdot i\exp(t)={\frac {ai\exp(t)+b}{ci\exp(t)+d}}}$

with a, b, c and d real, with ${\displaystyle ad-bc=1}$. The curves ${\displaystyle h_{t}^{*}}$ and ${\displaystyle h_{t}}$ are called horocycles. Horocycles correspond to the motion of the normal vectors of a horosphere on the upper half-plane.

• Ergodic flow
• Morse–Smale system
• Pseudo-Anosov map