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Area code 867
Area code 867
Area code 867
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Canada's numbering plan area 867

Area code 867 is the telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the three Canadian territories, all of which are in Northern Canada. The area code was created on October 21, 1997, for a new numbering plan area (NPA) established from combining regions that had been served by area code 403 and area code 819. As the least populated NPA in mainland North America, serving about 130,000 people, it is geographically the largest, with Alaska (907) a distant second.

The numbering plan area is adjacent to seven provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Quebec) and one U.S. state (Alaska), as well as Greenland and Russia (across the North Pole), more jurisdictions than any other in North America. It is also one of two Canadian area codes that are not part of an overlay numbering plan, the other being 807.

The incumbent local exchange carrier for area code 867 is Northwestel, a subsidiary of BCE. Until 1964, the geographic area served today by 867 had up to five independent telephone companies, and by Bell Canada.[citation needed]

History

[edit]

In 1947, Alberta was assigned area code 403 in the first continent-wide telephone numbering plan by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T).[1] When service became available from local regional carriers, individual locations in Yukon and the west of the Northwest Territories were served via the area code of the carrier. These companies were eventually merged into Canadian National Telecommunications, a subsidiary of the Canadian National Railway. CNT's operations in the territories became Northwestel in 1979.

The eastern Northwest Territories were among the last areas of North America without telephone service. When the area code system was created, the region was effectively served by western Quebec's area code 514.[citation needed] In 1957, those non-diallable areas were reassigned to eastern Quebec's area code 418.[citation needed] Bell Canada introduced telephone service in the eastern Northwest Territories in 1958. As direct distance dialing (DDD) was rolled out in this area in the 1970s, the eastern Northwest Territories and a large swath of northwestern Quebec were reassigned to western Quebec's area code 819. Bell Canada sold its northern service territory to Northwestel in 1992. In 1993, Bell Communications Research, functioning as the North American Numbering Plan Administration listed the vast majority of the territories with area code 403.[2]

Until area code 867 was created, area codes 403 and 819 had been geographically the two largest in the North American Numbering Plan. The area code commenced service on October 21, 1997.[3] Since its creation, all of the former 819 portion of the Northwest Territories, as well as the portion of the former 403 portion covering five exchanges, has become part of Nunavut. The split reduced area code 403 for service of Alberta only.

All existing central office prefixes, with one exception, were retained in the change to area code 867. An assignment conflict between 403-979 at Inuvik and 819-979 at Iqaluit was resolved by changing Inuvik from 403-979 to 867-777. A minor programming error allowed for a few weeks late in 1997 callers in the Inuvik area to dial 403-777 and reach Inuvik when they actually should have routed to Calgary, which appeared on customer's bills, along with the higher rate.

Evolution of area codes in northern territories[citation needed]
Evolution of area codes in northern territories[citation needed]

Northwestel's proposal for a new regulatory regime was approved for 2007 to allow resale of local telephone service, but no competitors entered the market to avail themselves of the resale option. In 2011, facilities-based local service competition was approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) and so additional central office codes are now required for competitive carriers wishing to offer local service. The expense limits deployment so far to Whitehorse, Yellowknife, Inuvik, Behchokǫ̀, Aklavik and Hay River, four of which already have multiple prefixes. Communities that now have only one prefix are not likely to need a second prefix other than for local growth or the entry of a competitor (as in Aklavik and the twin Behchokǫ̀ communities, Rae-Edzo[a]).

The sparsely populated area is unlikely to exhaust telephone numbers in the foreseeable future.

in June 2021, the CRTC recommended implementing the three-digit code 9-8-8 for the nationwide suicide prevention hotline. The CRTC decision followed the decision of the US Federal Communications Commission to adopt 9-8-8 as the number for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline.[4] 988 was already in use as a local exchange in the Yellowknife area, which would require ten-digit dialing in area code 867. In August 2022, the CRTC finalized its implementation plans for 9-8-8, effective November 30, 2023; it accepted a request from Northwestel to make ten-digit dialing mandatory only in the Yellowknife area and optional elsewhere within the region as of May 31, 2023, in part because it would ease the process of communicating the transition to remote communities and in Indigenous languages.[5]

Numbering plan area

[edit]

Area code 867 serves all points in the three Canadian territories, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. It has the largest land area (3,921,739 km2 (1,514,192 sq mi)) of any area code in the NANP. The territorial extent reaches 3,173 km (1,972 mi) from Cape Dyer on Baffin Island to the Alaska border, and 4,391 km (2,728 mi) from the south end of James Bay to the North Pole. The largest distances between exchanges are 2,200 km (1,400 mi) from Sanikiluaq to Grise Fiord, and 3,365 km (2,091 mi) from Beaver Creek to Pangnirtung. Four different official time zones are observed within the area: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific.

Telephone numbers in NPA 867 are the most expensive geographic destinations in Canada.[6] Iristel, the major CLEC in the region, bills subscribers in other area codes a 15¢/minute premium to call 867-numbers, and charges a $20/year premium to issue a 867-number in-region instead of assigning the same subscriber any other Canadian area code.[7]

The digits of the area code were reportedly chosen to promote the theme "TOP of the world", as 867 spells TOP on a standard North American keypad.[8] When combined with the NANP international dialing code 1, it spells 1867, which is the year of Canadian Confederation.

Exchanges

[edit]

Some exchanges in the territories serve some customers in Fraser and Swan Lake, British Columbia (from Carcross and Swift River, respectively). Fitzgerald, Alberta, is served from Fort Smith, Northwest Territories.[9] On a section of the Alaska Highway which crosses the BC-Yukon border six times in 6 mi (9.7 km), two highway lodges and area residents on the Yukon side are served by Watson Lake (867) numbers, not the nearer Lower Post (250) exchange.

Ellesmere Island is the northernmost terrestrial point in Canada. On Ellesmere, conventional telephony is available at Grise Fiord (1-867-980-xxxx), population 130, but not at two remote government outposts further north: Eureka, Nunavut (80.1°N) is host to an Environment Canada weather station[10] and Alert, Nunavut (82°N) is a Canadian Forces Station.[11] The only outside communication to Eureka is via satellite;[12] the weather station lists various extensions of an Ottawa 613 federal number, an Iridium satellite phone or the Winnipeg 204 number of a main Environment Canada office.[13] As Eureka is at the northern limit of access to geosynchronous satellite signals, a string of military terrestrial UHF links extends the signal from "Fort Eureka" to CFS Alert.[14] There is a skeleton crew at each location which is reachable by Internet or telephone, but these links are satellite or military communication and do not use the area code 867 infrastructure.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Area code 867

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Area code 867 is the telephone area code in the (NANP) for Canada's three northern territories: , , and . It serves all points within these territories, encompassing a total land and freshwater area of approximately 3,921,739 square kilometres—Yukon (482,443 km²), (1,346,106 km²), and (2,093,190 km²)—which is the largest geographic expanse of any NANP area code. This vast region spans multiple time zones, including Mountain, Central, and Eastern, and supports a sparse of approximately 136,000 people across remote communities as of 2025. Introduced on October 21, 1997, area code 867 was created as an all-services split from the overburdened area codes 403 () and 819 (northern and parts of the ), at the request of the government to better serve the northern regions. Prior to its implementation, telephone service in used area code 403, while much of the (including the area that became in 1999) relied on 819. The code's assignment reflects the unique challenges of telecommunications in Canada's Arctic and sub-Arctic areas, where harsh climates and low population density necessitate specialized infrastructure. As of 2024, area code 867 remains the sole code for these territories with no overlays or relief planned in the near term, though projections indicate potential numbering exhaust around 2043 due to gradual growth in demand. It is overlaid by no other codes and borders southern Canadian area codes such as 250/672 (), 403/587/825 (), and 204/431 ().

History

Creation and Introduction

Area code 867 was introduced on October 21, 1997, as the 221st numbering plan area (NPA) in the (NANP), serving Canada's northern territories. This new area code was established at the request of the Canadian government to provide dedicated numbering resources for the Yukon Territory and the , which at the time encompassed what would later become . The selection of 867 as the area code was intentional, with the digits chosen because they spell "TOP" on a standard , evoking the phrase "top of the world" to symbolize the northern location's position at the uppermost reaches of the continent. This mnemonic choice helped promote regional identity during the rollout. The primary purpose of creating 867 was to consolidate and expand telephone numbering capacity for the rapidly growing northern regions, relieving pressure on existing codes like 403 and addressing the unique demands of vast, sparsely populated areas within the NANP. Prior to this, telephone service in the territories had been provided by multiple independent companies dating back to the early , which were gradually consolidated; by the 1970s, Canadian National Telegraphs operated key networks, leading to the formation of Northwestel in 1979 and its acquisition by Enterprises in 1988, facilitating coordinated implementation. Implementation began with a permissive dialing period in late 1997, allowing both seven-digit and ten-digit local calls, followed by a phase-in of mandatory ten-digit dialing by 1999 to align with NANP standards for new codes—no splits or overlays were involved, as 867 was carved out as a standalone NPA for the territories.

Preceding Area Codes and Transitions

Prior to the introduction of area code 867, the regions now served by it were primarily covered by area codes 403 and 819 as part of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP). Area code 403, established in 1947 as one of the original 86 NANP codes, initially served the entire province of Alberta and was later extended to include the Yukon Territory and most of the Northwest Territories (NWT). Area code 819, introduced in 1957 to cover western and central Quebec, was subsequently expanded northward to encompass eastern portions of the NWT and what would become Nunavut. The telephone infrastructure in these northern regions evolved from a fragmented system involving up to five independent telephone companies operating until 1964, after which services consolidated under and its affiliates during the 1960s, facilitating more unified operations across the territories. By the mid-1990s, growing demand for telephone numbers in the rapidly expanding northern areas necessitated relief planning, which the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) initiated in 1997 to address exhaustion risks in the existing codes. The transition to area code 867 involved a split from both 403 and 819, with 403 relinquishing its northern portions covering the and NWT effective October 21, 1997, and 819 yielding the portions upon the territory's creation on April 1, 1999, achieving full cutover by October 1999. Existing subscribers retained their numbers without changes during the initial phase, while all new numbers in the affected areas were assigned under to streamline numbering and support regional growth. This shift significantly impacted the parent codes: 403 was reduced to serving exclusively, focusing on the province's southern and central regions, while 819 contracted to central and western , excluding its former northern extensions. The CRTC's oversight ensured a coordinated rollout, with Northwestel Inc. (formerly Canadian National Telecommunications) leading the implementation through approved revisions for message toll services.

Coverage Area

Territories and Communities Served

Area code 867 provides telephone service to Canada's three northern territories: , the , and . Yukon's capital is , the Northwest Territories' capital is , and Nunavut's capital is . These territories encompass vast and subarctic regions, with the area code overlaying the entire expanse without extending into any provinces. Key communities served within include (the largest city and territorial hub), (a historic town), and Watson Lake (a gateway to the territory's eastern regions). In the , major population centers are (the administrative and economic core), (a key northern outpost connected by ice roads), and Fort Smith (near the border, serving as an educational hub). 's prominent communities encompass (the legislative and cultural center), (a and transportation node in the ), and (an important community in the ). These examples represent a distribution of urban centers and smaller settlements across the territories' diverse landscapes. The territories served by area code 867 are home to approximately 136,000 residents as of July 1, 2025 estimates, with Yukon's population at 48,278, the at 45,950, and at 41,830. This population is sparsely distributed across more than 75 communities, including numerous small and remote hamlets that highlight the region's low density—often fewer than 1,000 people per settlement outside the capitals. The area code supports many , First Nations, and Métis communities, where comprise 23% of Yukon's population, 51% of the ', and 86% of 's, underscoring the territories' cultural and demographic focus on Indigenous residents. Among the most isolated outposts is in , recognized as Canada's northernmost civilian settlement. Unlike certain U.S. area codes that span multiple states, 867 maintains exclusive coverage within these territorial boundaries.

Geographic Extent and Borders

Area code 867 encompasses the three northern territories of —, the (NWT), and —covering a total area of 3,921,739 km², calculated as the sum of their individual land and inland water areas (: 482,443 km²; NWT: 1,346,106 km²; : 2,093,190 km²). This makes it the largest numbering plan area (NPA) in mainland by land coverage, surpassing other NPAs in the and southern . The region's immense scale includes vast expanses of remote wilderness, with its northern boundary reaching the along the coasts of and the NWT, and southern edges generally aligning with the , which forms the international border with the in parts of and the NWT. Laterally, the NPA is adjacent to seven Canadian provinces: , , , , , , and , primarily through shared land borders in the south and water adjacencies via and other waterways. The geographic extent of area code 867 spans three primary time zones: Mountain Time in and western NWT, Central Time in eastern NWT and western , and Eastern Time in eastern . observance varies across the region; has maintained permanent Mountain Standard Time (UTC-7) since 2020 without seasonal changes, while the NWT and generally observe daylight saving time, shifting to Mountain Daylight Time (UTC-6), Central Daylight Time (UTC-5), and Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-4) from to November. These time zone differences reflect the NPA's longitudinal stretch of over 50 degrees, from the Pacific-influenced west to the Atlantic-proximate east. Environmentally, the area features diverse biomes, including boreal forests in southern and the NWT, expansive across much of the NWT and , and numerous islands in that constitute about one-fifth of Canada's archipelago. Infrastructure development faces significant challenges from widespread , which underlies approximately 50% of Canada's landmass in the North and is thawing due to rising temperatures, leading to ground instability, , and damage to roads and buildings. , characterized by long, harsh winters with temperatures often below -30°C and short summers, further complicates connectivity and maintenance in this low-density region, where the overall is approximately 0.03 people per km² based on 2021 census figures (total population: 118,160). For scale, this NPA exceeds the total area of (1,723,337 km²) while supporting far fewer inhabitants.

Numbering Plan

Exchanges and Prefixes

The telephone numbering in area code 867 adheres to the (NANP), utilizing the 10-digit format 867-NXX-XXXX, where NXX represents the central office code or prefix. These prefixes range from 200 to 989, excluding N11 service codes and certain combinations prone to dialing errors, such as those starting with 0 or 1 in the second digit. Active prefixes within 867 total over 90, serving numerous rate centers across the three territories, with assignments including both wireline and wireless services; mobile prefixes have proliferated since the early to accommodate growing cellular demand in remote areas. Some prefixes hold cultural or vanity significance, such as 530, famously referenced in the 1981 Tommy Tutone song "867-5309/Jenny." In the Yukon territory, key exchanges include 393 for , the territorial capital and primary hub; 667 for , a historic northern community; and 536 for Watson Lake, supporting local landline services. Additional Yukon prefixes, such as 667 for and 634 for Haines Junction, reflect the territory's sparse population distribution. The Northwest Territories feature prominent prefixes like 766 for , the capital city; 777 for , a key Arctic gateway; and 872 for Fort Smith, near the Alberta border. Other assignments, including 873 for wireless and 695 for Hay River, underscore the region's reliance on both incumbent wireline and competitive mobile carriers. Nunavut's exchanges encompass 979 for , the legislative capital; 980 for , Canada's northernmost community; and 896 for Whale Cove, a coastal settlement. Further prefixes, such as 983 for and 975 for mobile, address the territory's vast, isolated hamlets with a mix of satellite-linked and traditional services.
TerritoryMajor Prefix ExamplesAssociated CommunitiesService Type Examples
393, 667, 536, , Watson Lake (Northwestel), Mobile (Bell)
Northwest Territories766, 777, 872, , Fort Smith (Northwestel), Mobile (SSI Micro)
Nunavut979, 980, 896, , Whale Cove (Northwestel), Mobile (Bell)

Rate Centers and Overlaps

Rate centers in area code 867 serve as the administrative hubs that delineate local calling boundaries, distinguishing intra-rate-center calls as local from those crossing centers as long-distance. Key examples include Whitehorse for Yukon, Yellowknife for the Northwest Territories, and Iqaluit for Nunavut, each anchoring exchanges that support telephony in remote communities tied to these points. The numbering extends beyond territorial borders to accommodate border communities, creating overlaps into adjacent provinces. In British Columbia, the Carcross rate center (Yukon) serves the nearby Fraser locality via prefixes such as 867-821 and 867-667, enabling local access from the closest infrastructure. In Alberta, the Fort Smith rate center (Northwest Territories) covers Fort Fitzgerald and Smith Landing through 867-872, homed outside the province but utilizing 867 for service continuity. Area code 867 integrates with the (NANP), mirroring U.S. conventions for 10-digit dialing and code structure to support cross-border connectivity. Under Canadian jurisdiction, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) regulates its implementation, including code allocation and local dialing rules, with no extensions into non-NANP international territories. With a served population of roughly 130,000 across expansive northern regions, 867 experiences minimal central office code demand, posing low exhaustion risk and no immediate relief planning. The (CNAC) oversees capacity, tracking assignments to sustain availability well into the future, with full depletion not anticipated before 2043.

Service Providers and Developments

Incumbent Carriers

Northwestel Inc. serves as the primary (ILEC) for area code 867, providing the majority of wireline telephone services across , the , and . As a of Enterprises since its acquisition in 1988, Northwestel has maintained a dominant role in delivering both fixed-line and select services in these remote northern regions. In June 2024, announced the sale of Northwestel to Sixty North Unity, an Indigenous consortium, for up to $1 billion, subject to regulatory approval and financing; as of October 2025, the transaction has not yet been finalized. Prior to the introduction of area code 867 in 1997, telephone services in the region were fragmented among multiple independent operators, including the Telephone Company and various providers such as the Hay River Telephone Company, which were gradually consolidated under Canadian National Telegraphs before merging into Northwestel upon its formation in 1979. By the , these historical shifts had unified operations under Northwestel, enabling a more cohesive network amid the region's vast geography, with ongoing (CRTC) oversight to support obligations and ensure access in underserved communities. While Northwestel holds a near-monopoly on wireline services due to the challenges of remoteness and infrastructure costs, wireless competition exists through providers like , which offers cellular coverage integrated with Northwestel's network, and independent operators such as Ice Wireless, which issues 867-numbered SIM cards for mobile services. Competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) remain limited in the 867 area, as CRTC decisions since 2011 have opened the market but practical barriers like sparse population have constrained broader entry. Northwestel's infrastructure combines links for isolated areas, radio systems for mid-range connectivity, and expanding fiber-optic networks to support reliable service across 97 northern communities. This hybrid approach addresses the territorial challenges, serving access lines across the region while adapting to recent fiber expansions for enhanced resilience. Economically, Northwestel operates in a monopoly-like environment in many unprofitable rural and remote areas, sustained by CRTC-mandated subsidies from the National Contribution Fund to maintain affordability and coverage. These mechanisms ensure essential access despite high operational costs, with the CRTC periodically reviewing frameworks to balance monopoly protections and competitive incentives.

Recent Dialing and Infrastructure Changes

In response to the implementation of the three-digit code for crisis and services, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) mandated ten-digit local dialing in the local interconnection region (including Dettah, Behchokǫ̀, and Whatì) within area code , effective April 1, 2023. This change, required by May 31, 2023, at the latest, ensured that seven-digit local calls would no longer conflict with the new code, with permissive dialing (allowing both seven- and ten-digit formats) permitted elsewhere in the numbering plan area. The full rollout of voice and text-to- services across , including the territories, occurred by November 30, 2023, with no charges to end-users and telecommunications service providers (TSPs) bearing all implementation costs. As of 2025, remains mandatory only in the specified Yellowknife-area exchanges, with no territory-wide expansion announced. Northwestel, the primary incumbent carrier in the territories, advanced fiber optic infrastructure through its Every Community plan launched in 2020, aiming to deliver unlimited high-speed internet to all land-served communities in Yukon and the Northwest Territories by 2023. Key post-2020 developments include the completion of the 3,857-kilometer Canada North Fibre Loop in November 2024, which enhances redundancy and protects against service disruptions in Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Additionally, the 778-kilometer Dempster Fibre Line, connecting Dawson City, Yukon, to Inuvik, Northwest Territories, supports broader network resilience, while over 95% of homes in Yukon and the Northwest Territories have access to high-speed, unlimited fibre-powered internet, either fibre to the home or fibre to the neighbourhood, as of late 2024. In Nunavut, the CRTC's Broadband Fund supported SSi Micro Ltd.'s capacity expansions via satellite and fiber, with a major project awarded up to $26.8 million in 2023 to improve transport services. Wireless advancements included initial 5G rollouts in urban centers. Bell Canada committed $22 million over three years starting in 2024 to expand 4G and 5G coverage in , including upgrades in that improved speeds but caused temporary outages during implementation. In , the Government of Nunavut piloted a private network in 2023, targeting government employees in , though widespread commercial 5G deployment lagged behind southern provinces as of 2025. The CRTC emphasized number conservation measures in Telecom Regulatory Policy -26, directing TSPs to reduce geographic number usage for non-geographic services and optimize existing resources in low-density areas like . No new overlays or relief plans were required for as of 2025 due to sufficient central office code availability and projected low exhaustion rates. A 2024 CRTC proceeding on call routing and termination in was terminated without further action, reflecting stable numbering conditions. To address climate-related vulnerabilities, such as wildfires damaging lines in remote areas, TSPs enhanced backups, including low-Earth (LEO) systems like Lightspeed, with federal commitments of up to $600 million for northern capacity. Nunavut's ongoing reliance on for connectivity was bolstered by these measures, improving resiliency against environmental disruptions. Integration with national 911 enhancements progressed through the Next-Generation 9-1-1 (NG9-1-1) transition, with the CRTC extending the decommissioning deadline for legacy systems to March 31, 2027, to accommodate northern challenges; in the , 9-1-1 call volumes remained stable in 2024-2025, supported by increased funding.

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  67. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nwt-5-year-911-stats-9.6964604
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