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Copei
COPEI, also referred to as the Social Christian Party (Spanish: Partido Socialcristiano) or Green Party (Spanish: Partido Verde), is a Christian democratic party in Venezuela. The acronym stands for Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente (English: Independent Political Electoral Organization Committee), but this provisional full name has fallen out of use. The party was influential during the twentieth century as a signatory of the Puntofijo Pact and influenced many politicians throughout Latin America at its peak.
The Federación de Estudiantes de Venezuela (FEV) met in the National Theatre of Venezuela on 6 May 1936, and its leadership issued a statement against the Catholic Church and called for the Jesuits to be expelled from Venezuela. Jóvito Villalba, the leader of the FEV, called for President Eleazar López Contreras to close all religious seminaries and convents and enforce laws providing for secular education. Rafael Caldera rose in opposition to these statements and was supported by Lorenzo Fernández, Lara Peña, Pérez Machado, Eduardo López de Ceballos, and Francisco Alfonzo Ravard. These dissenters received Catholic educations and were aligned with the Catholic Church.
A group of students met in Caldera's house and formed the Unión Nacional Estudiantil (UNE). The organisation stated that it would make no distinction in religion or politics except for its rejection of communism. López was supported by the UNE.
Caldera, Peña, Fernández, Víctor Giménez Landínez, and others were taught social philosophy by Manuel Aguirre, a Catholic priest.
Acción Electoral and Acción Nacional were founded by UNE members. Acción Electoral focused on municipal elections in Caracas and three of its candidates were elected to the municipal council in December 1938. Caldera and Peña were elected to the Chamber of Deputies. Acción Nacional, a fusion of Acción Electoral and the Movimiento de Acción Nacionalista, was formed by Caldera in April 1942. Caldera and Peña were the only elected members of Acción Nacional and the party ceased to exist after they left office in 1945.
The government was overthrown in 1945. Members of the UNE, Acción Electoral, and Acción Nacional formed the Comité de Organización Electoral (CIE) in 1945. On 13 January 1946, CIE was reorganised into the Comite de Organizacion Politica Electoral Independiente (Copei). Caldera initially supported the new government and was made attorney general. However, he resigned on 13 April 1946 after protesting an attempt by the AD to break up a Christian democratic organisation's meeting in Táchira. Copei held its first national convention in September.
Copei won the second-largest number of seats in the 1946 Constituent Assembly election. Caldera placed second as Copei's nominee in the 1947 presidential election.
Venezuela was led by a military dictatorship from 1948 to 1958. Copei was a political party from 1948 to 1952, but was then in exile until the end of the dictatorship. Copei's right-wing led by Goméz Mora and Barrios Mora wanted to become a part of the dictatorship's government while the labour leaders and students wanted to oppose the dictatorship. Caldera, Fernández, Edecio La Riva, Pedro Del Corral, Miguel Angel Landáez, and Giménez supported a policy of gradually moving Copei's position on the government from neutrality to opposition.
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Copei
COPEI, also referred to as the Social Christian Party (Spanish: Partido Socialcristiano) or Green Party (Spanish: Partido Verde), is a Christian democratic party in Venezuela. The acronym stands for Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente (English: Independent Political Electoral Organization Committee), but this provisional full name has fallen out of use. The party was influential during the twentieth century as a signatory of the Puntofijo Pact and influenced many politicians throughout Latin America at its peak.
The Federación de Estudiantes de Venezuela (FEV) met in the National Theatre of Venezuela on 6 May 1936, and its leadership issued a statement against the Catholic Church and called for the Jesuits to be expelled from Venezuela. Jóvito Villalba, the leader of the FEV, called for President Eleazar López Contreras to close all religious seminaries and convents and enforce laws providing for secular education. Rafael Caldera rose in opposition to these statements and was supported by Lorenzo Fernández, Lara Peña, Pérez Machado, Eduardo López de Ceballos, and Francisco Alfonzo Ravard. These dissenters received Catholic educations and were aligned with the Catholic Church.
A group of students met in Caldera's house and formed the Unión Nacional Estudiantil (UNE). The organisation stated that it would make no distinction in religion or politics except for its rejection of communism. López was supported by the UNE.
Caldera, Peña, Fernández, Víctor Giménez Landínez, and others were taught social philosophy by Manuel Aguirre, a Catholic priest.
Acción Electoral and Acción Nacional were founded by UNE members. Acción Electoral focused on municipal elections in Caracas and three of its candidates were elected to the municipal council in December 1938. Caldera and Peña were elected to the Chamber of Deputies. Acción Nacional, a fusion of Acción Electoral and the Movimiento de Acción Nacionalista, was formed by Caldera in April 1942. Caldera and Peña were the only elected members of Acción Nacional and the party ceased to exist after they left office in 1945.
The government was overthrown in 1945. Members of the UNE, Acción Electoral, and Acción Nacional formed the Comité de Organización Electoral (CIE) in 1945. On 13 January 1946, CIE was reorganised into the Comite de Organizacion Politica Electoral Independiente (Copei). Caldera initially supported the new government and was made attorney general. However, he resigned on 13 April 1946 after protesting an attempt by the AD to break up a Christian democratic organisation's meeting in Táchira. Copei held its first national convention in September.
Copei won the second-largest number of seats in the 1946 Constituent Assembly election. Caldera placed second as Copei's nominee in the 1947 presidential election.
Venezuela was led by a military dictatorship from 1948 to 1958. Copei was a political party from 1948 to 1952, but was then in exile until the end of the dictatorship. Copei's right-wing led by Goméz Mora and Barrios Mora wanted to become a part of the dictatorship's government while the labour leaders and students wanted to oppose the dictatorship. Caldera, Fernández, Edecio La Riva, Pedro Del Corral, Miguel Angel Landáez, and Giménez supported a policy of gradually moving Copei's position on the government from neutrality to opposition.