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Coprinellus
Coprinellus
Coprinellus
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Coprinellus
Coprinellus disseminatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Psathyrellaceae
Genus: Coprinellus
P.Karst. (1879)
Type species
Coprinellus deliquescens
(Bull.) P.Karst. (1879)

Coprinellus is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Psathyrellaceae. The genus was circumscribed by the Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1879.[1] Most Coprinellus species were transferred from the once large genus Coprinus. Molecular studies published in 2001 redistributed Coprinus species to Psathyrella, or the segregate genera Coprinopsis and Coprinellus.[2]

In 2020, phylogenetic analysis conducted by the German mycologists Dieter Wächter & Andreas Melzer reclassified many Coprinellus species as belonging to the new genus Tulosesus.[3][4]

Species

[edit]
Coprinellus disseminatus
Coprinellus ellisii
Coprinellus micaceus
Coprinellus xanthothrix

As of July 2022, Index Fungorum accepted 62 species of Coprinellus. In recent years many species were added to the genus having mostly been moved from Coprinus whilst numerous species were removed and placed in the genus Tulosesus in 2020. One species was moved to the monotypic genus Punjabia. The total number of accepted species has not changed greatly from the 66 in 2019, however many species have been moved. Due to the significant changes to this genus recently many old synonyms are likely to still be in use.

Many of these species appear similar and require microscopic analysis to differentiate and identify.[5]

  1. Coprinellus alkalinus (Anastasiou) Voto (2021)
  2. Coprinellus alvesii P. Voto (2019)
  3. Coprinellus apleurocystidiosus Voto (2021)
  4. Coprinellus aquatilis (Peck) Voto (2019)
  5. Coprinellus arenicola Wartchow & A.R.P. Gomes (2014)
  6. Coprinellus aureogranulatus (Uljé & Aptroot) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (2001)
  7. Coprinellus bipellis (Romagn.) P. Roux, Guy García & Borgarino (2006)
  8. Coprinellus bulleri (Cacialli, Caroti & Doveri) Gminder (2010)
  9. Coprinellus campanulatus S. Hussain & H. Ahmad (2018)
  10. Coprinellus carbonicola (Singer) Voto (2020)
  11. Coprinellus chaignonii (Pat.) Voto (2019)
  12. Coprinellus crassitunicatus Voto (2021)
  13. Coprinellus criniticaulis Voto (2021)
  14. Coprinellus curtoides Voto (2021)
  15. Coprinellus curtus (Kalchbr.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson (2001)
  16. Coprinellus deliquescens (Bull.) P. Karst. (1879)
  17. Coprinellus deminutus (Enderle) Valade (2014)
  18. Coprinellus dilectus (Fr.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (2001)
  19. Coprinellus disseminatisimilis S. Hussain (2018)
  20. Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers.) J.E. Lange (1938)
  21. Coprinellus domesticus (Bolton) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson (2001)
  22. Coprinellus duricystidiosus Voto (2021)
  23. Coprinellus ellisii (P.D. Orton) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (2001)
  24. Coprinellus fimbriatus (Berk. & Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (2001)
  25. Coprinellus flocculosus (DC.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson (2001)
  26. Coprinellus furfurellus (Berk. & Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (2001)
  27. Coprinellus heptemerus (M. Lange & A.H. Sm.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson (2001)
  28. Coprinellus hylaeae (Singer) Voto (2022)
  29. Coprinellus limicola (Uljé) Doveri & Sarrocco (2011)
  30. Coprinellus magnoliae N.I. de Silva, Lumyong & K.D. Hyde (2021)
  31. Coprinellus maysoidisporus Voto (2021)
  32. Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson (2001)
  33. Coprinellus neodilectus Voto (2019)
  34. Coprinellus occultivolvatus Voto (2021)
  35. Coprinellus ovatus M. Kamran & S. Jabeen (2020)
  36. Coprinellus pallidissimus (Romagn.) P. Roux, Guy García & S. Roux (2006)
  37. Coprinellus papillatus Voto (2021)
  38. Coprinellus parapellucidus Voto (2021)
  39. Coprinellus parvulus (P.-J. Keizer & Uljé) Házi, L. Nagy, Papp & Vágvölgyi (2011)
  40. Coprinellus phaeoxanthus A.R.P. Gomes & Wartchow (2016)
  41. Coprinellus plicatiloides (Buller) Voto (2020)
  42. Coprinellus pseudodisseminatus T. Bau & M. Huang (2018)
  43. Coprinellus pseudomicaceus (Dennis) Voto (2019)
  44. Coprinellus punjabensis Usman & Khalid (2021)
  45. Coprinellus pusillulus (Svrček) Házi, L. Nagy, Papp & Vágvölgyi (2011)
  46. Coprinellus pyrrhanthes (Romagn.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (2001)
  47. Coprinellus radians (Desm.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson (2001)
  48. Coprinellus rufopruinatus (Romagn.) N. Schwab (2019)
  49. Coprinellus saccharinus (Romagn.) P. Roux, Guy García & Dumas (2006)
  50. Coprinellus sclerobasidium (Singer) Voto (2020)
  51. Coprinellus silvaticus (Peck) Gminder (2010)
  52. Coprinellus subangularis (Thiers) Voto (2020)
  53. Coprinellus subcurtus P. Voto (2019)
  54. Coprinellus subradians Voto (2021)
  55. Coprinellus subrenispermus (Singer) Voto (2020)
  56. Coprinellus tenuis S. Hussain (2018)
  57. Coprinellus tibiiformis Voto (2021)
  58. Coprinellus truncorum (Scop.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (2001)
  59. Coprinellus venustus (McKnight & P. Allison) Voto (2020)
  60. Coprinellus verrucispermus (Joss. & Enderle) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (2001)
  61. Coprinellus xanthothrix (Romagn.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson (2001)
  62. Coprinellus xylophilus Voto (2021)

Former Species

[edit]

These species were reclassified as Tulosesus in 2020.

  1. Coprinellus allovelus (Uljé) Doveri & Sarrocco 2011[6]
  2. Coprinellus amphithallus (M.Lange & A.H.Sm.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  3. Coprinellus angulatus (Peck) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  4. Coprinellus aokii (Hongo) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq.Johnson 2001[2]
  5. Coprinellus bisporiger (Buller ex P.D.Orton) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  6. Coprinellus bisporus (J.E.Lange) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson 2001[2]
  7. Coprinellus brevisetulosus (Arnolds) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  8. Coprinellus callinus (M.Lange & A.H.Sm.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq.Johnson 2001[2]
  9. Coprinellus canistri (Uljé & Verbeken) Doveri & Sarrocco 2011[6]
  10. Coprinellus christianopolitanus Örstadius & E.Larss. (2015)[7]
  11. Coprinellus cinereopallidus L.Nagy, Házi, T.Papp & Vágvölgyi 2012[8]
  12. Coprinellus cinnamomeotinctus (P.D.Orton) D.J.Schaf. 2012
  13. Coprinellus congregatus (Bull.) P.Karst. 1879
  14. Coprinellus doverii (L.Nagy) Házi, L.Nagy, T.Papp & Vágvölgyi 2011[8]
  15. Coprinellus ephemerus (Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  16. Coprinellus eurysporus (M.Lange & A.H.Sm.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  17. Coprinellus fallax (M.Lange & A.H.Sm.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  18. Coprinellus fuscocystidiatus L.Nagy, Házi, T.Papp & Vágvölgyi 2012[8]
  19. Coprinellus heterosetulosus (Locq. ex Watling) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq.Johnson 2001[2]
  20. Coprinellus heterothrix (Kühner) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  21. Coprinellus hiascens (Fr.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  22. Coprinellus impatiens (Fr.) J.E.Lange 1938[9]
  23. Coprinellus marculentus (Britzelm.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  24. Coprinellus minutisporus (Uljé) Doveri & Sarrocco 2011[6]
  25. Coprinellus mitrinodulisporus Doveri & Saccoro 2011[6]
  26. Coprinellus pallidus L.Nagy, Házi, T.Papp & Vágvölgyi 2012[8]
  27. Coprinellus pellucidus (P.Karst.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  28. Coprinellus plagioporus (Romagn.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  29. Coprinellus pseudoamphithallus (Uljé) Doveri & Sarrocco 2011[6]
  30. Coprinellus radicellus Házi, L.Nagy, T.Papp & Vágvölgyi 2011[8]
  31. Coprinellus sabulicola L.Nagy, Házi, T.Papp & Vágvölgyi 2012[8]
  32. Coprinellus sassii (M.Lange & A.H.Sm.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  33. Coprinellus sclerocystidiosus (M.Lange & A.H.Sm.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq.Johnson 2001[2]
  34. Coprinellus singularis (Uljé) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  35. Coprinellus subdisseminatus (M.Lange) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  36. Coprinellus subimpatiens (M.Lange & A.H.Sm.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  37. Coprinellus subpurpureus (A.H.Sm.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]
  38. Coprinellus uljei L.Nagy, Házi, T.Papp & Vágvölgyi 2012[8]
  39. Coprinellus velatopruinatus (Bender) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 2001[2]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Coprinellus

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Coprinellus is a of saprotrophic mushroom-forming fungi in the family , order , and phylum , comprising approximately 80 species worldwide that are characterized by small to medium-sized, often plicate (wrinkled) pilei with hairy or scaly surfaces, deliquescent lamellae that dissolve into an inky liquid, dark brown to blackish basidiospores, and fragile central stipes. Established by Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1879 with Coprinellus deliquescens as the lectotype, the genus was long subsumed under the broader sensu lato but was formally segregated in 2001 based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of and morphological traits, distinguishing it by the absence of a , a hymeniderm or cystoderm pileipellis, and the presence of pileocystidia in many . These fungi play a key ecological role as decomposers, breaking down lignocellulosic materials such as decaying wood, leaf litter, herbivore , and soil in terrestrial habitats ranging from grasslands and woodlands to urban areas and burn sites globally. Microscopically, Coprinellus species feature basidiospores that are darkly pigmented, ovoid to with a prominent germ pore, and sizes typically ranging from 6–15 µm in length; basidia are often dimorphic (bi- or tetramorphic), and veil remnants may include globose cells or micaceous granules depending on the section, such as Micacei or Domestici. Notable include Coprinellus micaceus (the mica cap, common on buried wood with shimmering cap scales), (the fairy inkcap, gregariously fruiting in troops on soil or stumps), and Coprinellus radians (with reddish-brown caps and a predilection for grassy areas). While generally non-toxic, some like C. micaceus have been investigated for potential biotechnological applications in due to their lignolytic enzymes. The remains dynamic, with ongoing phylogenetic studies refining species boundaries using multi-gene alignments of ITS, LSU, and β-tubulin regions.

Taxonomy

History of classification

The genus Coprinellus was established in 1879 by Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in his publication Bidrag till kännedom af Finlands natur och folk, with Coprinellus deliquescens (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst. selected as the type species (lectotypified by Horak in 1968). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, species now assigned to Coprinellus were largely encompassed within the expansive genus Coprinus Pers. sensu lato, reflecting the limited taxonomic resolution available at the time. Taxonomy during this period relied heavily on microscopic examination of morphological traits, such as spore shape, size, and ornamentation, as well as veil remnants and cystidia, to delineate sections and species within Coprinus, though these features often led to ambiguities due to variability and convergence among coprinoid fungi. A pivotal advancement came in 2001 with the work of Scott A. Redhead, Rytas Vilgalys, and Jean-Marc Moncalvo, who employed molecular phylogenetic methods—including sequencing of the large subunit (LSU-rDNA) and (ITS) regions—to reconstruct evolutionary relationships in sensu lato. This analysis revealed that was polyphyletic, prompting its division into several genera: sensu stricto (retained for section Coprini with dark spores and annular veils), P. Karst. (for deliquescent species with smooth spores and fibrillose veils), (Fries) Quél. (non-deliquescent with smooth spores), and (for deliquescent species with dark, rough spores and granular or mealy veils). The revision emphasized correlations between molecular clades and these microscopic traits, elevating previously underappreciated features like spore structure to generic significance. Subsequent molecular studies further refined Coprinellus. In 2020, Dieter Wächter and Andreas Melzer conducted a taxon-rich phylogenetic analysis using multi-locus (ITS, LSU, RPB1, and RPB2 genes) across , identifying a distinct within Coprinellus that warranted separation due to phylogenetic divergence and unique traits like a pseudovolvate base. They erected the genus Tulosesus Wächter & Melzer ex Redhead, transferring approximately 39 (e.g., Tulosesus bisporus, Tulosesus congregatus) from Coprinellus to this new genus, thereby narrowing Coprinellus to its core monophyletic group. has since been instrumental in confirming Coprinellus' and addressing lingering uncertainties unresolved by alone.

Current classification

Coprinellus is classified within the kingdom Fungi, division Basidiomycota, class Agaricomycetes, order Agaricales, family Psathyrellaceae, and genus Coprinellus. The type species is Coprinellus deliquescens (Bull.) P. Karst. 1879. Phylogenetic analyses have identified three major clades within Coprinellus: the Domestici/Micacei clade, which includes species with veil remnants forming an initially continuous sheath, and two additional clades comprising species characterized by the presence of sphaerocysts or absence of a veil. These clades were first delineated in molecular studies from 2001 and subsequently refined through multigene analyses incorporating LSU, ITS, and β-tubulin sequences. Coprinellus is distinguished from related genera in Psathyrellaceae by its deliquescing fruitbodies, dark roughened spores, and granular or mealy veil remnants; in contrast, Coprinopsis features deliquescing fruitbodies with dark smooth spores and often shaggier or patch-forming veils, while Psathyrella lacks deliquescence entirely. Tulosesus, recently segregated from former Coprinus and Coprinellus taxa, includes non-deliquescing species with distinctive setulose or fibrillose cystidia and is placed in Psathyrellaceae. As of 2022, approximately 62 are accepted in Coprinellus according to Index Fungorum, though molecular studies continue to refine this number through ongoing phylogenetic updates.

Description

Macroscopic morphology

Coprinellus are characterized by small to medium-sized agaricoid fruiting bodies featuring a central stipe and a with gills that often undergo deliquescence, auto-digesting into a black, ink-like liquid as they mature. These mushrooms are typically fragile and ephemeral, with the gills dissolving from the margin upward to facilitate dispersal. This deliquescent process is a hallmark of the , distinguishing it from non-ink relatives. The (pileus) is generally conical to bell-shaped upon expansion, reaching diameters of 0.5–5 cm, with margins often plicate or striate. Its surface ranges from smooth and membranous to fibrillose, pubescent, or adorned with easily detachable granules, scales, or setules; coloration varies across species from pale beige and whitish to various or grayish, sometimes with reddish tinges. A frequently leaves remnants as mica-like granules or floccose patches on the cap, as seen in species like C. micaceus. The gills (lamellae) are free or adnate, crowded to close, and narrow, measuring 1–5 mm broad. They begin white or pale, progressively darkening to grayish and then blackish due to maturation, with most exhibiting partial or full deliquescence during sporulation. Some taxa show ageotropic (non-gravity-oriented) gills or varying degrees of dissolution. The stem (stipe) is slender and fragile, typically 3–10 cm long and 0.2–9 mm thick, hollow throughout without a central cottony core, and often equal or slightly tapering upward with a bulbous base in some cases. It is colored white to pale brownish or grayish, with a surface that may be glabrous, finely tomentose, or pubescent; an annular zone or basal flange from remnants occasionally appears. A is absent. The , when present, is floccose, granular, or composed of setulose elements, leaving scales, patches, or a fragile annulus but not forming a persistent universal covering. and are mild and indistinct, sometimes described as faintly earthy or mealy, providing no diagnostic value for identification.

Microscopic features

The basidiospores of Coprinellus species are characteristically smooth, elliptical to subcylindrical in shape, and typically measure 6–15 µm in length by 4–8 µm in width, producing a dark reddish-brown to black deposit. These s are thick-walled with a prominent central germ pore but lack a metachromatic reaction in staining tests such as Cresyl blue. Basidia are often dimorphic (bi- or tetramorphic), club-shaped (clavate) to cylindrical, typically bearing four sterigmata, and range from 15–25 µm in length by 6–10 µm in width. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia are abundant on the faces and edges, respectively, often cylindrical to utriform or lageniform in shape, measuring 50–100 µm long by 10–30 µm wide, and frequently thick-walled. Some species feature sphaerocysts in the layer, contributing to granular or flocculose remnants. The pileipellis is structured as a cutis or hymeniform layer of hyphae, sometimes with erect elements forming setulose or hairy projections; clamp connections are typically absent at hyphal septa, though present in some species. Microscopic examination is crucial for identifying Coprinellus species, as macroscopic traits often overlap with similar genera like Coprinopsis; staining with 5% KOH or phloxine highlights spore walls, cystidia, and pigmentation for diagnostic clarity. Variations in veil cystidia presence or structure delineate major clades within the , such as the Micacei section, where granular veils arise from chains of sphaerocysts and cystidia.

Ecology and distribution

Habitat and ecology

Coprinellus species are primarily saprotrophic fungi that function as decomposers, deriving from dead such as woody debris, leaf litter, , dung, and herbaceous remains. Many exhibit a lignicolous , specializing in the breakdown of wood from fallen logs, stumps, and wood chips, which contributes to in and grassland ecosystems. This saprotrophic role is evident across diverse substrates, including clay-like soils, sand dunes, and disturbed areas like lawns and pastures. A key ecological adaptation in many Coprinellus species is deliquescence, the rapid auto-digestion of tissues into a black, inky fluid, which facilitates release and accelerates in humid environments. This process, observed in most but not all species, enhances return to the by breaking down the fruiting body quickly, often within hours, and is particularly advantageous in moist, temperate settings where evaporation is limited. Non-deliquescing exceptions occur in certain clades adapted to drier substrates. Fruiting typically occurs in gregarious clusters from spring through autumn, triggered by increased moisture levels following , and is common in both natural and anthropogenic habitats such as urban parks and agricultural fields. While predominantly saprobic, no true mycorrhizal associations have been documented. Certain Coprinellus taxa serve as indicators of old-growth forests or urban wood debris, rendering them vulnerable to loss from , , and land-use changes.

Geographic distribution

Coprinellus exhibits a , with species widespread in temperate and subtropical regions worldwide, including , , , and . Many species, such as C. micaceus and C. disseminatus, are commonly reported across these continents, reflecting their adaptation to diverse woody substrates in grasslands, forests, and urban areas. This broad presence is documented through extensive observational records, underscoring the genus's global reach beyond strictly holarctic limits. Regional hotspots of diversity occur in , the genus's type locality established by Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten in 1879, and in , where surveys have identified numerous species in and mixed woodlands. In contrast, tropical records are sparser, though the genus is confirmed in subtropical to tropical zones of and , with recent discoveries including four new species from (C. campanulatus, C. disseminatus-similis, C. pakistanicus, and C. tenuis) reported in 2018, and additional species such as C. aureodisseminatus from and C. punjabensis from the described in 2025. These findings from northern 's lowlands and other subtropical areas highlight expanding documentation in and beyond. Endemism is evident in certain species restricted to specific habitats, such as C. arenicola, which is known only from sandy coastal areas in , . While many Coprinellus species display or holarctic ranges, regional variants contribute to localized patterns. Human-mediated dispersal via wood transport has likely expanded the genus's ranges, as saprotrophic species colonize introduced woody materials in new locales. Distribution data derive from sources like Index Fungorum (listing approximately 80 accepted species as of 2025), iNaturalist (thousands of global observations), and regional surveys through 2025.

Species

Diversity and accepted species

The genus Coprinellus includes approximately 85 species as of October 2025. Ongoing molecular phylogenetic studies, particularly those employing multi-locus approaches, indicate potential for further additions, with estimates suggesting numerous undescribed taxa persist in understudied regions such as and . Phylogenetic analyses from 2001 established the infrageneric of Coprinellus, dividing it into sections primarily based on and microscopic features. Notable sections include Micacei, characterized by a granular, mica-like remnant on the , and Domestici, featuring a sheathed or fibrillose ; additional sections such as Setulosi encompass with setose or haired structures. Identification of Coprinellus presents significant challenges due to their high morphological similarity, particularly in macroscopic traits like color and shape, necessitating detailed microscopic analysis of spores, cystidia, and elements. , especially of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, has become essential for resolving cryptic complexes, as many taxa fruit sporadically and exhibit subtle or overlapping variations. Post-2020 taxonomic revisions have contributed to the genus's growing diversity, with new species such as Coprinellus ovatus described from in 2020 based on combined morphological and molecular evidence, and four species in the newly established section Aureodisseminati (including C. aureodisseminatus) from in 2024. This expansion mirrors broader phylogenetic refinements within the family , where molecular data continue to delineate Coprinellus from allied genera. Although few Coprinellus species are formally assessed under global conservation frameworks like the IUCN Red List, microhabitat specialists—such as those dependent on specific decaying wood or dung substrates—face risks from habitat fragmentation and urbanization.

Notable species

_Coprinellus micaceus, commonly known as the mica cap, is one of the most widespread species in the genus, frequently encountered in clusters on buried hardwood roots, stumps, and decaying wood debris. Its bell-shaped to convex cap, typically 1–3 cm in diameter, is covered in a granular, mica-like coating that gives it a sparkling appearance, especially when young. Although edible when fresh and before deliquescence, the small fruitbodies yield little flesh and are best avoided from polluted sites due to potential heavy metal accumulation. Coprinellus disseminatus, the fairy inkcap, forms dense, gregarious troops—often numbering in the thousands—on soil, rotting wood, or near stumps, making it a striking sight in woodland clearings. Unlike many congeners, its tiny, 0.5–2 cm conical caps do not deliquesce fully, remaining intact longer and facilitating mass spore dispersal. This cosmopolitan saprobe thrives in temperate regions worldwide, from spring through fall. Coprinellus radians, or snapping bonnet, specializes in coprophilous habitats, growing in troops on the dung of large herbivores such as or , with a primarily tropical to subtropical distribution across the and beyond. The species features radially split, reddish-brown caps up to 2 cm across and produces a that aids in breaking down aromatic compounds in its nutrient-rich substrate. Coprinellus ellisii is a inhabitant primarily documented in , where it fruits solitarily or gregariously on and decaying in mixed forests. Its reddish to cinnamon-brown , reaching 2–4 cm, develops wrinkles with age, and the gills undergo characteristic deliquescence, turning from to blackish. Coprinellus domesticus, known as the fir rug inkcap, is a post-fire specialist that colonizes charred wood and burnt ground, often emerging from an orange mycelial mat called an ozonium. The honey-ochre to yellowish caps, up to 5 cm wide, are fibrillose and radially grooved, with fruiting occurring in spring and summer on coniferous or debris. Certain species hold significance in applied ; for instance, some exhibit potential by degrading organic pollutants in soil, as demonstrated in studies on related coprinoid fungi. Additionally, the serves as a model for investigating deliquescence, the autolysis of tissues that releases enzymes and facilitates rapid maturation in ephemeral fruitbodies.

References

  1. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.39.26743
  2. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1224525
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  5. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/56315-Coprinellus
  6. https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordId=17364
  7. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3852/11-149
  8. https://www.inaturalist.org/posts/6866-genera-and-species-within-the-psathyrellaceae
  9. https://www.facesoffungi.org/tulosesus/
  10. https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names.asp?strGenus=Coprinellus
  11. https://www.fungaldiversity.org/fdp/sfdp/15-4.pdf
  12. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.30.21430
  13. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6160792/
  14. https://www.facesoffungi.org/coprinellus-facesoffungi-number/
  15. https://www.mycoweb.com/systematics/journals/Persoonia/Persoonia%20v05n2.pdf
  16. https://group.szbk.u-szeged.hu/sysbiol/data/nagy-laszlo-lab/papers/Nagy_2012_Mycologia.pdf
  17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230788142_Conservation_and_management_of_forest_fungi_in_the_Pacific_Northwestern_United_States_an_integrated_ecosystem_approach
  18. https://mycokeys.pensoft.net/article/26743/
  19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394277264_Coprinellus_aureodisseminatus_from_Australia_C_punjabensis_from_Dominican_Republic_and_notes_on_C_disseminatisimilis_MycolObs_-Mycological_Observations_vol_13
  20. https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Coprinellus
  21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21937727/
  22. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mtax/mt/2020/00000135/00000002/art00010
  23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39247893/
  24. https://www.mushroomexpert.com/coprinellus_micaceus.html
  25. https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/coprinellus-micaceus.php
  26. https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/mica-cap
  27. https://www.mushroomexpert.com/coprinellus_disseminatus.html
  28. https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/coprinellus-disseminatus.php
  29. https://www.fungusfactfriday.com/214-coprinellus-disseminatus/
  30. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2042081/
  31. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269879699_Rare_species_of_the_genus_Coprinus_Pers_s_lato
  32. https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/coprinellus-domesticus.php
  33. https://www.mushroomexpert.com/coprinellus_domesticus.html
  34. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280349879_Mycoremediation_potential_of_Coprinus_comatus_in_soil_co-contaminated_with_copper_and_naphthalene
  35. https://blog.mycology.cornell.edu/2008/07/01/the-dish-on-deliquescence-in-coprinus-species/
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