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Coregonus albula
Coregonus albula
Coregonus albula
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Coregonus albula
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Genus: Coregonus
Species:
C. albula
Binomial name
Coregonus albula

Coregonus albula, known as the vendace or as the Least cisco,[1] is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. It is found in lakes in northern Europe, especially Finland, Latvia,[2] Lithuania, Sweden, Russia and Estonia, and in some lakes of Norway, the United Kingdom, northern Germany, and Poland. It is also found in diluted brackish water in the Gulfs of Finland and Bothnia, both of which are in the Baltic Sea.[3]

The length of an adult is normally about 20 cm (8 in). The maximum age is about ten years.[3]

Fried vendace is a popular summertime food in Finland.

The vendace is traditionally the most important target of freshwater fisheries in parts of Fennoscandia and Russia. Vendace roe is considered a delicacy, which has been granted a PDO status in the Swedish Bothnian Bay archipelago (Kalix löjrom).

Description

[edit]

The vendace is a slim and streamlined fish with an adipose fin - an additional small fin on the back between the dorsal fin and the tail (caudal fin) which is typical in the salmon family. Its lower jaw is longer than the upper one. It is similar in appearance to both the common whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus sensu lato), whose upper jaw is longer than its lower one, and the peled (Coregonus peled), whose jaws are of equal length. The back is bluish green or brown, the flanks are silvery and the belly white. This fish seldom grows more than 30 cm (12 in) long.[4]

Biology

[edit]

Vendace mainly feed on zooplankton, such as small crustaceans and their larvae, but larger fish also feed on floating insects and fish fry. The fish live in schools made up of large groups of individuals. They lay their eggs on pebbly or sandy ground, some in shallow water and others at depths of down to 20 m (66 ft). The fish mature at a young age and most spawn for the first time in their second year, but a few may breed in their first autumn.[4]

Systematics

[edit]
Finns fishing vendace with seine on Puruvesi lake in Finland in February 1964

The European vendace is very closely related to the Siberian Coregonus sardinella (sardine cisco) and also to C. peled, although phenotypic differences are clear.[5]

Within the vendace, taxonomic subdivisions have been suggested both on geographical grounds and between sympatric ecotypes. FishBase lists the British populations of vendace as a separate species, Coregonus vandesius,[6] but this distinction is not accepted by all scientists.[7]

Coregonus albula generally breeds in the autumn, but in several North European lakes distinct spring-spawning populations of vendace exist, some of which have been described as separate species: in Sweden, as Coregonus trybomi, and in two lakes of northern Germany, as Coregonus fontanae and Coregonus lucinensis. These populations are sympatric with autumn-spawning vendace and seem to have evolved post-glacially from them independently in each lake.[8][9]

Seven vendaces in the coat of arms of Viitasaari in Finland

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Coregonus albula

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Coregonus albula, commonly known as the vendace, is a small species of belonging to the family and subfamily Coregoninae. It is characterized by a body shape, with a maximum total length of 48 cm, a maximum weight of 1 kg, and a lifespan up to 10 years. Native to , this planktivorous fish plays a significant role in lacustrine and coastal ecosystems, where it forms pelagic schools in open waters. The vendace is primarily found in temperate freshwater and brackish environments across the basin, including the , , upper drainage lakes, basin, and parts of the basin east of the River. Some populations exhibit anadromous , migrating from coastal marine areas into rivers for spawning, while lacustrine forms remain in deeper lakes. It prefers cold, oligotrophic waters with low (typically below 5 PSU for larvae) and has been extirpated from areas like the but is frequently stocked in lakes and reservoirs in countries such as and . Biologically, C. albula matures in its second year and spawns along sandy or gravelly shores at depths of 3–22 m, typically from late to mid-November, with eggs hatching in spring. Its diet consists mainly of , supplemented opportunistically by benthic crustaceans and small , making it an obligate that influences lower trophic levels. As prey for larger species like salmonids and seals, it occupies a key position in the , though it faces competition and exhibits in growth and adapted to local conditions. The vendace supports commercial fisheries in the , with annual catches exceeding 500 tonnes in and up to 1,700 tonnes in during peak years, often targeted for . Experimental efforts exist, but , , and habitat alterations pose potential threats. Overall, it is classified as Least Concern on the , reflecting stable populations but highlighting the need for cross-border management to address and environmental pressures.

Taxonomy and Etymology

Scientific Classification

_Coregonus albula is classified within the domain Eukarya, kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Teleostei, order Salmoniformes, family , subfamily Coregoninae, genus Coregonus, and species albula. Phylogenetic studies based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA indicate close relations between C. albula and both Coregonus sardinella (least ) and Coregonus peled (peled), with analyses of the gene and control region sequences placing them in a shared Eurasian within the broader cisco complex; a 2021 study proposes that C. albula and C. sardinella are actually a single species. Morphological similarities, such as counts and body proportions, further support this grouping among coregonids. Debates persist regarding the species status of certain populations, particularly spring-spawning forms historically named Coregonus trybomi in Scandinavian lakes, which exhibit distinct spawning timing and morphology compared to typical autumn-spawning C. albula. analyses reveal fixed, divergent haplotypes in these spring forms, linked to North American lineages and suggesting postglacial isolation with divergence estimated at approximately 1,900 years ago, though increased has led to phenotypic convergence in surviving populations. These genetic distinctions fuel arguments for recognizing C. trybomi as a separate or , contrasting with views that classify it as a variant within C. albula.

Nomenclature and Synonyms

The binomial name Coregonus albula was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, originally described as Salmo albula in Systema Naturae, with the species later transferred to the genus Coregonus. The specific epithet "albula" is a diminutive form of the Latin "albus," meaning "white," alluding to the fish's silvery-white appearance. The genus name Coregonus derives from the Greek "korē" (pupil of the eye) and "gonia" (angle), referring to the angular shape of the pupil. Common names for C. albula vary regionally, reflecting its distribution across and limited introductions elsewhere. In the , it is known as vendace, while in , introduced populations are also referred to as vendace, though occasionally confused with the native least cisco (C. sardinella). Other names include European cisco in broader English contexts and "kleine Maräne" (small whitefish) in German-speaking regions. Synonymy in C. albula has been complicated by historical taxonomic revisions, particularly within the diverse Coregonus genus. Notable synonyms include Coregonus albula finnica Günther, 1866, and various subspecies like C. albula ladogae Pravdin et al., 1938, now considered junior synonyms or invalid. The name Coregonus vandesius Richardson, 1836, originally applied to British populations (e.g., from Lochmaben), is now widely regarded as conspecific with C. albula, though some classifications treat it as a distinct subspecies due to morphological variations. Historical misidentifications have arisen in introduction efforts, such as in the when the U.S. Fish Commission imported eggs labeled as C. albula from for stocking North American waters; subsequent analysis revealed many were actually from other Coregonus , like C. fontanae or C. peled, leading to failed establishments and taxonomic confusion. These issues highlight ongoing debates on subspecies validity within C. albula, often resolved through modern genetic studies.

Physical Characteristics

Morphology

Coregonus albula possesses a streamlined, body typical of pelagic salmonids, featuring an adipose fin located between the dorsal and caudal fins. The is subterminal, with the lower slightly longer than the upper , facilitating filter-feeding on . Coloration includes a dark dorsal surface ranging from bluish-green to blackish-brown, silvery flanks, and a white ventral area, aiding in open-water . The body is covered in small, scales, with 76–88 scales along the . The contains 11–13 soft rays and originates midway along the body length, while the anal fin has 13–17 soft rays and is positioned opposite the . Pectoral and pelvic fins are short, with 15–16 and 12 rays, respectively. rakers are numerous and elongated, numbering 45–52 on the first arch, which supports its planktivorous diet by straining small . is subtle, with females often larger than males; differences are more apparent during spawning, primarily in body size and possibly coloration. are relatively consistent, with depth at the origin averaging 18–20% of standard length across populations.

Size and Growth

Coregonus albula typically attains a of 15–20 cm, with a maximum recorded of 25–30 cm in most European lake populations, though anadromous forms may reach up to 48 cm total overall. weights range from 50–100 g in lake populations, though individuals can reach up to 1 kg, influenced by length-weight relationships where weight increases approximately as raised to the power of 3.21. Growth is rapid during the first year, with juveniles reaching 8–15 cm, before slowing in subsequent years; is typically achieved at 10–20 cm in length, often by age 2. In the wild, vendace longevity reaches up to 10 years, though some populations exhibit lifespans of 5–7 years. Growth patterns are commonly modeled using the von Bertalanffy equation, with parameters from European lake studies approximating an asymptotic length L∞≈25L_\infty \approx 25 cm, growth coefficient K≈0.3K \approx 0.3 year−1^{-1}, and theoretical age at zero length t0≈−0.5t_0 \approx -0.5 years. Growth rates vary significantly by population, with faster somatic growth observed in nutrient-rich (eutrophic) lakes due to abundant planktonic food resources, compared to slower rates in oligotrophic lakes where lower productivity limits development. For instance, first-year growth can exceed 13 cm in eutrophic conditions but may fall below 12 cm in oligotrophic ones.

Distribution and Habitat

Native Range

Coregonus albula, commonly known as the vendace or European cisco, is native to boreal and subarctic freshwater systems across northern Europe. Its original distribution encompasses drainages connected to the North and Baltic Seas, extending to the Pechora River basin in Russia. This range includes key regions in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, with prominent populations in large lakes such as Ladoga, Onega, Seliger, Vseluga, and Perejaslavskoe, as well as the Baltic basin, upper Volga drainage, White Sea basin, and North Sea basin east of the Elbe River. The species occurs marginally in the British Isles, where populations in Bassenthwaite Lake and Derwent Water are considered ancient native relicts. Vendace prefers deep oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes exceeding 20 meters in depth, where adults inhabit pelagic zones and migrate to littoral areas for spawning. These habitats feature cold water temperatures, with optimal ranges of 4–15°C for general activity, though the species avoids the when surface waters exceed 18–20°C and prefers depths where temperatures average around 2.6°C during certain seasons. The distribution of C. albula has been profoundly shaped by Pleistocene glaciations, with post-Ice Age colonization occurring in glaciated lakes formed after the retreat of ice sheets. Populations derive from multiple refugia, recolonizing via distinct routes from southern and eastern glacial holdouts, which explains genetic structuring in contemporary lake systems of glacial origin. This species thrives in these postglacial environments, where cold, clear waters support its planktivorous lifestyle.

Introduced Populations

Introduced populations of Coregonus albula, commonly known as vendace, have resulted from deliberate human-mediated translocations and stockings primarily for conservation, , and enhancement, though many efforts have met with limited success. In the , the native populations in and Derwent Water in the English have been the source for conservation translocations to Scottish sites to safeguard against local extinctions, including Loch Skeen (late 1990s), Daer Reservoir (early 2000s), and (1989, with ongoing supplementation), where vendace have adapted to similar deep, oligotrophic conditions. As of 2025, populations in these Scottish refuge sites, such as Loch Skeen, are thriving according to recent surveys. These UK efforts highlight successes in controlled, habitat-matched environments but underscore ongoing threats from and invasive competitors. In , early attempts to introduce C. albula occurred in the 1880s when the U.S. Fish Commission imported eggs from , hatching them for stocking into lakes in (e.g., Heart Pond and Lake Hebron), Wisconsin, and Michigan waters adjacent to the ; however, these efforts failed to produce self-sustaining populations, possibly due to misidentification of the eggs as a related species like C. wartmanni or unsuitable conditions. Similar stocking trials in parts of during the late 19th and early 20th centuries also largely failed, with no established wild populations reported, attributed to rapid colonization challenges in unfamiliar ecosystems. Across both regions, hybridization with native coregonids, such as in the , may have occurred sporadically but did not lead to viable introgressed lineages. Beyond the and , C. albula has been introduced to various European sites, including aquaculture facilities and reservoir stockings in and , where it is routinely propagated for release into managed lakes to bolster fisheries; these efforts have succeeded in controlled settings but often falter in wild releases due to environmental mismatches. Establishment factors for introduced populations generally favor cold, clear lakes with abundant , mirroring native habitats in , yet failures are common from intense predation—such as by (Salmo salar) on juveniles—or interspecific competition, exemplified by (Perca fluviatilis) outcompeting larvae or C. artedi overlapping niches in North American trials. Genetic monitoring of introduced populations has employed allozyme analyses to detect introgression with sympatric whitefishes, revealing gene flow between C. albula and species like Coregonus lavaretus in European lakes where vendace was stocked, potentially altering local adaptive traits and emphasizing the risks of secondary contact in non-native ranges. Such studies, often using enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase for differentiation, indicate low but detectable hybridization rates, particularly in sympatric zones, without evidence of widespread genomic swamping in successful introductions.

Reproduction and Life Cycle

Spawning Behavior

Coregonus albula, commonly known as the vendace, typically spawns in autumn, from to in northern latitudes, aligning with cooling water temperatures. This timing coincides with the fish's migration to shallower waters for , where spawning ceases as temperatures drop below 4–8°C. While most populations exhibit iteroparous , allowing multiple spawning events over their lifespan, some exhibit semelparous tendencies, particularly males, due to high post-spawning mortality rates of up to 56%. Spawning occurs in gravelly or sandy shallows of lakes, at depths of 3–10 m, though depths up to 22 m have been recorded in clearer waters. Females deposit eggs measuring 1–2 mm in diameter, with total ranging from 3,000 to 10,000 eggs per female, released in multiple communal pair rises during the dark. These rises involve synchronized darts by males and females from the bottom toward the surface, facilitating egg and release in batches. Sexual maturity is reached by females at 2 years of age, though some mature at 1 year, while males mature at 1–2 years. The in spawning aggregations is often approximately 1:1, with males typically arriving at sites first to initiate pairings. Environmental cues such as decreasing water temperatures below 8°C and shortening photoperiod trigger the onset of spawning. Rare variations include spring-spawning forms in certain Finnish lakes, such as Ännättijärvi and Sokojärvi, where reproduction occurs after winter circulation at similar temperatures around 6°C.

Development Stages

The eggs of Coregonus albula undergo incubation lasting approximately 2–3 months at temperatures around 4°C, a condition typical in controlled hatchery settings or during natural overwintering in cooler profundal waters. This duration can vary with precise thermal regimes; for instance, embryogenesis extends to about 183 days at 1.1°C but shortens to 45 days at 9.9°C, with optimal hatching success (up to 61%) occurring at around 4.9°C. Hatching typically produces yolk-sac larvae measuring 8–10 mm in total length, which remain pelagic and dependent on yolk reserves for the initial 1–2 weeks post-hatch, during which they exhibit limited mobility and aggregate near the water surface. Following yolk absorption, the juvenile phase begins with a transition to exogenous feeding around 15–20 mm in length, marking the shift from endogenous nutrition to active foraging on . This stage features rapid growth, with larvae reaching up to 5 cm by the end of the first summer under favorable conditions, supported by rearing temperatures of 10°C yielding daily net gains of 7–8%. occurs concurrently, involving the development of scales, fins, and other adult-like structures within 2–3 months after , enhancing mobility but also increasing to predators during this vulnerable period. Early life stages are highly susceptible to mortality, with overall survival rates from egg to age-1 ranging from 1–10%, heavily influenced by factors such as oxygen levels and silting, as well as the availability of for initial feeding. In natural environments, egg-to-larva survival is often as low as 2–4%, with over 95% mortality during winter incubation due to environmental stressors, though interventions like manipulation can improve rates to 60–76%. Predation risk remains elevated through the larval and early juvenile phases, underscoring the critical role of dispersal and quality in cohort success.

Ecology and Behavior

Diet and Foraging

Coregonus albula, commonly known as the vendace, is an obligate whose diet consists predominantly of , often comprising 70-98% of its food intake in various studies. Primary prey items include cladocerans such as Daphnia spp. and Bosmina spp., as well as copepods like Cyclops strenuus and their nauplii stages, with studies showing selective predation favoring smaller, more digestible forms. In addition to , older individuals occasionally consume chironomid larvae and , particularly when zooplankton densities are low, though these items rarely exceed 10-20% of the diet. This planktivorous specialization is facilitated by the species' dense structure, which supports efficient particle retention during feeding. Foraging occurs primarily in the through schooling behavior in open water, where vendace employ a combination of visual detection and ram-filter feeding mechanisms. Fish swim with mouths agape to engulf water volumes, using their gill rakers as a sieve to retain particles while expelling excess water; this prevents clogging and allows continuous feeding on suspended prey. Vendace exhibit diel vertical migrations, typically ascending to shallower depths at night to exploit concentrated patches near the surface and descending to deeper waters during the day, a pattern driven by light-mediated efficiency and predator avoidance. Schooling enhances success by increasing encounter rates with patchy prey distributions in the water column. Seasonal shifts in diet reflect changes in prey availability and environmental conditions, with vendace showing continued reliance on such as copepods during winter under ice cover, supplemented by benthic insects like chironomid larvae year-round. Energy intake and growth peak in summer, coinciding with high in the , allowing for rapid condition improvement before spawning. Stable isotope analysis confirms this pelagic orientation, with δ¹³C values ranging from -27 to -30‰ indicating reliance on open-water carbon sources and δ¹⁵N values around 7-8‰ placing vendace at a of 2.0-2.5 as a secondary consumer within lake food webs.

Population Dynamics

Coregonus albula exhibits as a key aspect of its population structure, forming dense pelagic schools consisting of to thousands of individuals in deeper lakes to facilitate foraging and evade predators. These schools are characteristic of its planktivorous lifestyle in cold, oligotrophic to mesotrophic waters, where coordinated movement enhances survival against visual hunters. During spawning, aggregations become looser, shifting to communal groups along shorelines or riverine habitats, which supports group spawning while reducing energy expenditure on individual mate searching. Predation plays a significant role in shaping C. albula populations, with major fish predators including (Esox lucius), (Perca fluviatilis), and smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), which target juveniles and smaller adults in pelagic zones. Avian predators such as loons and other piscivorous birds also contribute to mortality, particularly during surface-oriented activities, while competition for resources occurs with sympatric Coregonus species like whitefish (C. lavaretus), leading to exploitative interactions that can result in partial competitive exclusion in shared habitats. These interspecies dynamics influence population stability, with predation pressure often density-dependent and varying by lake depth and prey size vulnerability. Migration patterns in C. albula are generally limited, dominated by diel vertical movements within lakes to track prey and avoid daytime predators, with fish ascending to surface layers at night. In populations, some coastal movements occur over tens of kilometers, including semi-anadromous behaviors where individuals migrate between brackish feeding grounds and coastal or riverine spawning sites. These patterns support localized population persistence but expose fish to varying and gradients. Population regulation in C. albula is strongly density-dependent, manifesting in boom-bust cycles driven by for zooplankton resources, where high densities lead to , reduced fecundity, and lower cohort survival. exacerbates these cycles by initially boosting and food availability, potentially increasing to around 10-20 kg/ha in affected lakes, but subsequent oxygen depletion and altered predator-prey balances can trigger collapses. Compensatory mechanisms, such as elevated reproductive output during low-density phases, help stabilize populations, though extreme fluctuations remain common in enclosed systems.

Conservation and Human Use

Fishery Importance

Coregonus albula, commonly known as vendace, plays a significant role in commercial fisheries across Nordic inland waters and the Baltic Sea, where it is one of the most economically important freshwater fish species. In Finland, annual commercial catches from inland waters have ranged from approximately 2,000 to 3,000 tons in recent years (as of 2023), primarily harvested using gillnets during the autumn spawning season when fish aggregate near shores. In the northern Baltic Sea, pelagic trawling dominates commercial operations, accounting for the majority of landings in recent decades, with targeted fisheries operating under seasonal restrictions to align with peak abundance periods. These harvests contribute substantially to regional economies, particularly in rural areas dependent on small-scale lake fisheries. Aquaculture production of vendace remains limited due to challenges associated with its rapid early maturation and specific planktivorous diet, which complicate controlled rearing. Historically, egg imports from European sources supported stocking programs in non-native regions, but commercial-scale farming has not expanded widely. Research indicates potential for systems integrating vendace with salmonids like or , where vendace could serve as a natural to enhance overall ; however, early sexual maturation often leads to energy diversion from growth, reducing viability for intensive operations. Vendace is valued for human consumption in various forms, including fresh, smoked, and canned products, with being a traditional preservation method that enhances flavor while retaining nutritional benefits. It is particularly prized for its high content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as EPA and DHA, providing approximately 280–600 mg per 100 g serving, which supports cardiovascular health and is comparable to other fatty cold-water fish. In Nordic cultures, including among the of northern , vendace fisheries hold cultural importance as a staple in traditional diets and communal harvesting practices, fostering intergenerational knowledge transfer in indigenous communities. Fishery management in waters emphasizes through frameworks like the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), which recommends monitoring and precautionary quotas to prevent , particularly in shared Baltic stocks. In , for instance, trawl fisheries are capped at 40 licenses with a five-week seasonal limit prior to spawning. Stock assessments frequently employ hydroacoustic surveys to estimate and , revealing sustainable yields in many unexploited or lightly fished lakes, where populations maintain densities supporting long-term harvests without depletion.

Conservation Status

The global conservation status of Coregonus albula is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List (as of 2023), reflecting its wide distribution across northern Europe and stable overall populations despite localized pressures. In the Baltic Sea region, the species is also rated Least Concern in the HELCOM Red List of Baltic Sea species (2025 update), indicating no immediate risk of extinction at the regional scale, though earlier assessments (2013–2023) had categorized it as Vulnerable due to environmental stressors. Regionally, however, populations face higher risks; for instance, in the United Kingdom, C. albula is assessed as Endangered nationally owing to habitat loss and small population sizes in remnant lakes. Major threats to C. albula include habitat degradation from and acidification, which alter water quality and availability essential for this planktivorous , as well as introductions of that compete for resources or prey on juveniles. exacerbates these issues by causing earlier spring warming, leading to phenological mismatches between spawning timing and peak abundance, potentially reducing recruitment success. A 2024 analysis of Finnish lake populations showed declines in 67% of sites since 2000, underscoring the need for continued monitoring amid climate impacts. Overfishing in localized stocks, particularly in coastal Baltic areas, has contributed to population fluctuations, with some catches declining by 10–20% in polluted basins since the early . To address these threats, C. albula is protected under Annex V of the EU , which permits regulated exploitation while requiring monitoring and management to ensure sustainable use. Restoration initiatives in and include liming of acidified lakes to neutralize and restore suitable habitats, benefiting coregonid populations including vendace. Ongoing monitoring occurs through the ICES Baltic Fisheries Assessment Working Group, which tracks stock dynamics and environmental impacts via hydroacoustic surveys and catch data. Post-2020 genetic studies have highlighted population fragmentation in southern ranges, underscoring the need for targeted conservation to preserve distinct lineages amid ongoing habitat pressures.

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