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112 (emergency telephone number)
Operator in Kraków responding to a 112 phone call

112 is a common emergency telephone number that can be dialed free of charge from most mobile telephones and, in some countries, fixed telephones in order to reach emergency services (ambulance, fire and rescue, police).

112 is a part of the GSM standard and all GSM-compatible telephone handsets are able to dial 112 even when locked or, in some countries, with no SIM card present. It is also the common emergency number in nearly all member states of the European Union as well as several other countries of Europe and the world. 112 is often available alongside other numbers historically used in the given country to access emergency services. In some countries, calls to 112 are not connected directly but forwarded by the GSM network to local emergency numbers (e.g., 911 in North America, 999 in the United Kingdom and Hong Kong, and 000 in Australia).

Origins

[edit]
A "cocaine alert" sign posted by GGD Amsterdam: the sign reminds people to "Call 112 for an ambulance."

112 was first standardised as the pan-European number for emergency services following the adoption of recommendation[1] by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) in 1976 and has since been enshrined a CEPT Decision ECC/DEC/(17)05.[2]

The European Emergency Number Association,[3] founded in 1999, an organization of emergency services representatives and others, has campaigned for an efficient 112 service all over Europe on behalf of European citizens. EENA continues to promote awareness of 112 as a core element of its mission.

This choice of number has been cited in logical terms as offering the following advantages:

  • Different digits: with the numeric keypads widely used today, using at least two different digits instead of the same digit repeatedly significantly reduces the risk of accidental calls. Young children, vibrations, defective keys and collisions with other objects are much more likely to press the same key repeatedly than a particular sequence of different keys, particularly with a button-operated keypad. Accidental calls to emergency centres from mobile phones, which can dial emergency numbers even with locked keypad, are a particular problem with same-digit numbers, such as the UK's 999.[4]
  • Low digits: on rotary dial telephones, using only those digits that require the least dial rotation (1 and 2) permits a dial lock[5] in hole 3 to effectively disable unauthorised access to the telephone network without preventing access to the emergency number 112. The same choice also maximises dialling speed. Additionally, with telephone systems using pulse dialling, briefly activating the hook once has the same effect as dialling "1", so repeatedly pushing the hook might result in calling 1-1-1. For this reason, Germany's police emergency number was changed from 111 to 110. With numeric keypads, pressing only the first and second button on the keypad is marginally easier in a difficult situation than other keys.

Implementation

[edit]
112 on a lifeguard tower in Pájara, Spain
Implementation of the two International Telecommunication Union approved[6] emergency telephone numbers in the world:
  112
  911
  112 and 911
  Other number, no redirection or redirection for mobile phones only

After adoption in continental Western Europe, other countries began to use the 112 number for emergencies. Nations that have adopted it (including as a redirect alongside a pre-existing other emergency number) include:

Africa

[edit]
  • Egypt (alongside 122 for Police, 123 for Ambulance and 180 for Fire)
  • Ghana[7]
  • Mauritius (Police only; alongside 114 for Ambulance and 115 for Fire)
  •  Morocco (alongside 19 for police, 15 for fire and ambulance, and 177 for the Gendarmerie)[8][9]
  • Nigeria
  • Rwanda (Police and fire brigade; 912 for Ambulance)
  • Senegal (alongside 17 for Police, 18 for Fire, and 15 for Ambulance)
  • South Africa (alongside 10111 for Police and 10177 for Ambulance and Fire)
  • Uganda (alongside 999 for Police)

Asia

[edit]
  • China (A recorded guidance about the correct SOS numbers in China: Police 110, Fire Services 119, Ambulance 120. GSM mobile phones will be redirected)[10]
  • East Timor
  • Hong Kong (Automatically connects to the 999 emergency call centre from any local mobile phone network that has coverage in the location)
  • India (112 is now the pan-country single emergency number for all emergencies. All the existing emergency numbers like 100 (police), 101 (Fire and Rescue) and 102/108 (ambulance), 181 (Woman and Child Care), 1098 (Childline), etc. are integrated to the unified number 112)[11]
  • Indonesia (alongside 110 for Police, 118 for Ambulance, 113 for Fire)[12][13]
  • Iran (alongside 110 for Police, 115 for Ambulance, 112 for Hilal Ahmar Ambulance and 125 for Fire; 911 is redirected to 112 on mobile phones)
  • Israel (Redirects to 100 – Police – alongside 911, and will serve the planned unified center. Alongside 100 for Police, 101 for Ambulance and 102 for Fire).
  • Jordan (alongside 911)
  • Kazakhstan (alongside 101 for Fire, 102 for Police and 103 for Ambulance)
  • Kuwait
  • Kyrgyzstan (alongside 101 for Fire, 102 for Police and 103 for Ambulance)
  • Lebanon (Police only; alongside 160 for Police, 140 for Ambulance and 125 for Fire)
  • Macau (alongside 999)
  • Malaysia (Redirects to 999 on mobile phones)
  • Mongolia (alongside 102 for Police, 103 for Ambulance and 105 for Fire)
  •   Nepal (Police only; alongside 100 for Police, 101 for Fire and 102 for Ambulance)
  • Palestine (fire dep. 102, police dep. 100, ambulance 101)
  • Saudi Arabia (alongside 911)
  • Singapore Singapore (redirected to 999 police line)
  • South Korea (Police only; alongside 119 for Ambulance and Fire)
  • Sri Lanka (Police only; alongside 119 for Police and 110 for Ambulance and Fire)
  • Syria (Police only; alongside 115 for Traffic police, 110 for Ambulance and 113 for Fire)
  • Taiwan (After call is connected, press 0 redirects to 110 (police), press 9 redirects to 119 (fire/rescue/ambulance))
  • Thailand (call 191 for Police, 1193 for Highway Police, 1155 for Tourist Police, 1669 for Ambulance, 199 for Fire&Rescue)
  • United Arab Emirates (alongside 999 for Police, 998 for Ambulance and 997 for Fire)
  • Uzbekistan
  • Oman (alongside 9999 for Royal Police (All emergencies))

Europe

[edit]
  • Albania (alongside 129 and 126 for Police, 127 for Ambulance, 128 for Fire and 125 for Maritime Rescue)
  • Andorra (Ambulance and Fire, alongside 118 for same services and 110 for Police)
  • Armenia (fire dep. 101, police dep. 102, ambulance 103)
  • Austria (alongside 122 for Fire, 133 for Police, 144 for Rescue/Ambulance, 140 for Mountain Rescue and 141 for Nighttime General Practitioner Service; 059 133 is the non-emergency number for any local police department)
  • Azerbaijan (alongside 102 for Police, 103 for Ambulance, 911 forwards to 112 on GSM carriers only)
  • Belarus (Fire only; alongside 101 for Fire, 102 for Police, and 103 for Ambulance)
  • Belgium (only in French, Dutch and English (in some cases in German)[14] ) (Ambulance and Fire; alongside 100 for same services and 101 for Police)
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina (alongside 122 for Police, 123 for Fire and 124 for Ambulance)
  • Bulgaria (only in Bulgarian, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Romanian, Turkish, or Russian[15]) (alongside 150 for Ambulance, 160 for Fire and 166 for Police automatically redirected to 112)
  • Croatia (alongside 192 for Police, 193 for Fire, 194 for Ambulance and 195 for Maritime search and rescue)
  • Cyprus (alongside 199)
  • Czech Republic (only in Czech, English, German, Polish, Russian and French (not by themselves, but by aid of translation software)[16]) (alongside 155 for Ambulance, 158 for State police, 156 for Municipal police and 150 for Fire)
  • Denmark (in Danish, English, Swedish and Norwegian (in some cases in German)[17]) (including Greenland in Kalaallisut/Greenlandic, Danish and English, Faroe Islands in Faroese, Danish and English). Alongside 114 for non-emergency police and 1813 in The Capital Region for non-emergency medical.
  • Estonia (in Estonian, Russian and English; sole emergency number since 11 February 2015, previously alongside 110 for Police. 1247 for non-emergency information)
  • Finland (in Finnish, English and Swedish (Emergency center uses interpreter in the case of caller speaking other language than Finnish, English or Swedish.[18])[18](including Åland)
  • France (alongside 15 for Ambulance, 17 for Police and 18 for Fire)
  • Germany (alongside 110 for Police)
  • Gibraltar (alongside 190 for Fire, 999 for Ambulance and 199 for Police)
  • Georgia
  • Greece (alongside 100 for the police, 108 for Coastguard, 166 for Ambulance and 199 for the fire service)
  • Hungary (alongside 104 for Ambulance, 105 for Fire and 107 for Police is redirected to 112 on mobile phones)
  • Iceland
  • Ireland (alongside 999)
  • Italy (sole emergency number in most of Italy; alongside 112 for Carabinieri, 113 for National Police, 115 for Fire, 118 for Ambulance in Veneto, Molise, Campania, and Basilicata)[19]
  • Kosovo (alongside 192 for Police, 193 for Fire and 194 for Ambulance)
  • Latvia (alongside 110 for Police, 113 for Ambulance and 114 for Emergency gas service)
  • Liechtenstein (Police only; alongside 117 for Police, 144 for Ambulance and 118 for Fire)
  • Lithuania
  • Luxembourg (alongside 113 for Police)
  • Malta
  • Moldova (sole emergency number since 1 July 2018,[20] replacing 901 for Fire, 902 for Police and 903 for Ambulance)
  • Monaco (alongside 15 for Ambulance, 17 for Police and 18 for Fire)
  • Montenegro (alongside 122 for Police, 123 for Fire and 124 for Ambulance)
  • Netherlands (0900-8844 is the non-emergency number for any local police department) (In the Caribbean Netherlands 112 redirects to 911, whereas in the European Netherlands 911 redirects to 112)
  • North Macedonia (alongside 192 for Police, 193 for Fire, 194 for Ambulance)
  • Norway (112 for Police only, 110 for Fire and 113 for Ambulance. Calls to any of the emergency numbers will be redirected to appropriate service when needed. 02800 is the non-emergency number for any local police department)
  • Poland (it's used alongside 999 for Ambulance, and used to be available alongside 998 for Fire, and 997 for Police; both options are available; 112 is used for all emergencies)
  • Portugal (117 for reporting forest fires)
  • Romania
  • Russia (alongside 101 for Fire, 102 for Police, 103 for Ambulance and 104 for Emergency gas service)
  • Serbia (alongside 192 for Police, 193 for Fire, and 194 for Ambulance)
  • Slovakia (alongside 155 for Ambulance, 158 for Police, 150 for Fire and 18300 for Mountain Rescue Service)
  • Slovenia (alongside 113 for Police)
  • Spain (alongside 091/062/092 for Police, 061 for Ambulance and 080 and 085 (in some provincial consortium) for Fire)
  • Sweden (alongside 114 14 for police number for non-urgent matters and 1177 for medical advice, 911 and 90000 redirects to 112)
  •  Switzerland (alongside 117 for Police, 144 for Ambulance, 1414 for REGA air rescue and 118 for Fire)
  • Turkey 112 for all emergencies (alternatively 110-fire, 155-police, 156-gendarmerie and 177 for forest fires only. 911 redirects to 112)
  • Ukraine (alongside 101 for Fire, 102 for Police, 103 for Ambulance and 104 for Emergency gas service; in some cities 112 and 911 are additionally for all emergencies)
  • United Kingdom (alongside 999)
  • Vatican City (alongside 113 for National Police, 115 for Fire and 118 for Ambulance)

North America

[edit]

Oceania

[edit]

South America

[edit]
  • Argentina (alongside 911)
  • Brazil (alongside 911; redirects to 190 – Military Police – alongside 193 for Fire, 190 for Military Police,100 for human rights center, 180 for woman's care and 192 for Ambulance)
  • Chile (alongside 911; redirects to 133 - police)
  • Colombia (Police only; alongside 123 for all emergencies, 125 for Ambulance and 119 for Fire)
  • Ecuador (alongside 911)

In many countries, emergency numbers previously used also continue to be available; e.g. 061 and 112 in Spain, 999 and 112 both function in Ireland and the UK. In the United States, only some carriers, including AT&T will map the number 112 to its emergency number 911.

Adoption

[edit]
112 emergency telephone number logo used in Turkey

The number is also adopted by candidates for EU accession and members of the EEA agreement.

The International Telecommunication Union recommends that member states selecting a primary or secondary emergency number choose either 911, 112 or both.[22] 112 is one of two numbers (the other being the region's own emergency number) that can be dialed on most GSM phones even if the phone is locked.[23]

European Union

[edit]

112 is managed and financed in the European Union by each member state (country), who also decide on the organization of the emergency call centres.

EU legislation

[edit]

Adopted in July 1991, the Council Decision 91/396/EC introduced ‘112’ as the European emergency number. The Open Network Provision Directive in 1998, the Universal Service Directives in 2002 and 2009 and finally the European Electronic Communications Code in 2018 further specified how 112 should work in the European Union. By the European Electronic Communications Code, everyone in the European Union should be able to contact the emergency services by using the European emergency number ‘112’ free of charge wherever they are in the European Union. Member States are also required to make sure that access to the emergency services for people with disabilities is equivalent to that enjoyed by other end-users.

E112

[edit]
"E112" redirects here. For the chemical element, see Copernicium § Naming.

E112 is a location-enhanced version of 112.[24] This obligation was strengthened with the European Electronic Communications Code in 2018 which requires the location to include both network-based and handset-derived location information. It is now possible for emergency services to retrieve accurate location information of the caller with the Advanced Mobile Location[25] technology. The eCall feature for automated emergency calls on crash, mandatory on European cars since April 2018, is based on E112.[26]

Reverse 112

[edit]
Main article: Reverse 1-1-2

Reverse 1-1-2 is a public safety communications technology used by public safety organizations throughout the world to communicate with groups of people in a defined geographic area. Reverse 112 allows authorities to rapidly warn those in danger, directly through their mobile phones. Article 110 of the European Electronic Communications Code makes it mandatory for all Member States of the European Union to deploy, by June 2022, a system that enables public authorities to immediately warn all the people present in a determined area of an ongoing or developing threat directly on their mobile phones. This objective can be achieved with either the Cell Broadcast or the Location-based SMS technology.

European 112 Day

[edit]
Main article: European 112 Day

The European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission signed a tripartite convention in 2009 in order to introduce an annual European 112 Day. It is supposed to raise awareness for the Europe-wide availability and the advantages of the European emergency call 112. They chose 11 February since the date includes the telephone number (11/2).[27] A wide variety of events take place around Europe every year to celebrate European 112 Day.[28]

Expert Groups on 112

[edit]

Getting 112 to work across the EU is a complex task. It requires in particular coordination between civil protection administrations (the emergency authorities who handle the call) and electronic communications administrations (who have to make sure that a 112 call reaches the emergency operator). That is why the European Commission decided to act at European level and set up the Expert Group on Emergency Access (EGEA) at the end of 2005. The group met for the last time in May 2013.

In 2020, the European Commission set up the Expert Group on Emergency Communications (EG112) with the task to assist the European Commission in the preparation of new legislations on the matter and exchange views on how emergency communications are handled within the European Union.[29]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

112 (emergency telephone number)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
112 is the standardized emergency telephone number across the European Union (EU), enabling individuals to reach police, fire, and ambulance services from any fixed or mobile phone without charge, regardless of location within the EU or in participating countries. This single number facilitates rapid access to life-saving assistance in urgent situations, such as accidents, crimes, or medical emergencies, by connecting callers to the appropriate local response team. The origins of 112 trace back to 1972, when it was selected as a potential unified emergency number to supplement national systems and ease cross-border calls in Europe. Proposals for its implementation began in 1976, but it took until 1991 for the EU to formally designate 112 as the official emergency number through Council Decision 91/396/EEC, aiming to improve rescue operations continent-wide. Today, 112 serves as the primary or secondary emergency number in all 27 EU member states, as well as in non-EU European countries including , , , , Georgia, , , , , , , (planned launch announced December 2025), and the . As of 2023, 62% of emergency calls in the EU are made to 112. Beyond Europe, it is the national emergency number in countries such as , , and , and an additional option from mobile phones in countries like South Africa and Israel. A key feature of 112 is its global accessibility on GSM mobile networks, where dialing it automatically redirects to the local emergency services, even in regions without 112 as the standard number. In addition to basic connectivity, 112 incorporates advanced features like caller location identification through mobile network data or GPS, enhancing response times, and integration with eCall systems in vehicles, which automatically alert services after crashes. These enhancements, mandated by EU regulations since 2015, ensure that emergency operators receive precise location information, potentially saving lives by reducing dispatch delays.

Origins and History

European Development

In 1972, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) recommended the adoption of 112 as a single emergency telephone number across Europe to standardize access to emergency services and replace disparate national numbers, such as 999 in the United Kingdom and 110 in Germany. This proposal aimed to simplify emergency calling for travelers and improve cross-border assistance by creating a unified short code that could be easily remembered and dialed from any telephone network. Early implementations began on a limited basis in individual countries before broader EU mandates. In Italy, 112 was introduced in 1981 specifically for calls to the Carabinieri, the national military police force, marking one of the first uses of the number for emergency services in Europe. Subsequent rollouts occurred gradually, with countries like Sweden adopting 112 nationwide in 1996 as a parallel or primary emergency line alongside existing numbers. These initial adoptions highlighted the potential for 112 but also revealed practical hurdles, including the need to integrate it with legacy national systems without disrupting established services. A pivotal advancement came in 1991 with Council Decision 91/396/EEC, which formally mandated 112 as the single European emergency call number across all public telephone networks, integrated services digital networks, and mobile services in EU member states. The decision required implementation by December 31, 1992, but allowed extensions up to December 31, 1996, for member states facing technical, financial, geographical, or organizational challenges, such as ensuring network compatibility and operator training. Early adoption faced particular difficulties in cross-border regions, where varying network infrastructures led to interoperability issues, potentially delaying response times for incidents near national boundaries. By the mid-1990s, these efforts laid the groundwork for 112's EU-wide establishment, enhancing emergency access throughout the continent.

International Standardization

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for global telecommunications standards, has actively promoted 112 as an international emergency telephone number to foster worldwide harmonization of emergency services access. Building on the early European adoption of 112 in 1991, the ITU's efforts emphasize interoperability across networks, particularly for mobile communications. Through its Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), the organization has issued guidelines recommending 112 (alongside 911) as a preferred single or secondary emergency number for public telecommunications networks, aiming to simplify access for travelers and ensure consistent functionality globally. A key milestone was ITU-T Recommendation E.161.1, first published in September 2008, which provides detailed guidance for member states selecting emergency numbers, explicitly endorsing 112 for its established use in regions like the European Union and its built-in support in mobile standards. This recommendation highlights 112's suitability for both fixed and mobile networks, noting its recognition in GSM/UMTS systems where devices are required to support emergency calls to 112 even without a SIM card inserted. The guidelines stem from earlier ITU-T work, including updates to E.161 in 2001 on telephone keypad arrangements, but focus on emergency-specific harmonization to reduce confusion in multinational scenarios. The ITU's promotion of 112 extends to outcomes from major conferences, such as the 2012 World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT-12), where member states agreed to designate 112 and 911 as global standard emergency numbers, encouraging adoption without mandating changes to existing national systems. This decision built on a 2003 initiative by the European Union, which advocated for international alignment through ITU channels following the entry into force of Directive 2002/21/EC, to extend 112's reach beyond Europe. By 2025, 112 is recognized or operational as a primary or secondary emergency number in over 100 countries, largely due to its embedding in global mobile standards like those from the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Additionally, standards related to the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) ensure that 112 dialing functions on all compliant mobile phones without a SIM, using the device's IMEI for identification during emergency calls to facilitate location and response. This feature, specified in 3GPP Technical Specification 22.101 (ongoing releases since 2002), mandates storage of 112 among hardcoded emergency numbers in mobile equipment, enabling access in any supported network worldwide. The ITU coordinates with bodies like 3GPP to integrate these provisions into broader international frameworks, enhancing reliability for unprovisioned devices.

Operational Principles

Call Processing and Routing

Dialing 112 from fixed-line or mobile telephones initiates an call that is automatically recognized by and routed to the nearest () or equivalent call without requiring any prefixes, area codes, or —even on prepaid mobile plans or when out of . This universal accessibility ensures that callers connect directly to services free of charge across participating . The technical foundation for 112 is its designation as a three-digit short code internationally recognized by the ITU for emergency services, allocated in national numbering plans as a non-E.164 number, optimized for rapid emergency access and integrated into global telecommunication standards. In conventional public switched telephone networks (PSTN), the call is routed using Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) protocols, which identify the emergency nature of the dialed number and direct it to the appropriate PSAP based on the caller's network location. For next-generation 112 (NG112) systems, routing shifts to IP-based architectures, enabling more resilient and multimedia-capable processing over packet-switched networks while maintaining compatibility with legacy systems; as of November 2025, platforms like GEMMA V9 have been updated to support NG112 with new modules for emergency medical services and fire operations. Multilingual operator support is available in many regions to handle calls from non-native speakers, facilitating effective communication. Once connected, trained call takers at the PSAP follow standardized protocols to assess the call's urgency, categorize it by service type (such as police for crimes, fire for incidents, or medical for health emergencies), gather critical details like location and incident description, and dispatch responding units accordingly. All interactions are logged in real-time for documentation, follow-up, and quality assurance, with systems designed to provide fallback routing to national emergency numbers if 112 infrastructure is temporarily unavailable. To minimize delays, 112 calls receive priority queuing in the network, bypassing standard call volumes for expedited handling. Location services can further refine routing by transmitting the caller's approximate position to the PSAP upon connection.

Location Services and Integration

Location services for the 112 emergency telephone number rely on a combination of basic and advanced technologies to determine the caller's position, enabling Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) to dispatch responders efficiently. For calls from fixed-line telephones, the caller's location is typically identified through registered installation or billing addresses stored in national or regional emergency routing databases, such as Ireland's ECAS Emergency Routing Database, which requires service providers to upload accurate address records including geographic coordinates where available. In contrast, mobile calls initially use network-based methods like Cell ID, which identifies the serving base station but offers limited precision, with coverage radii reaching up to 30-40 km in rural or suburban areas, potentially delaying response times. Advanced location determination has evolved with smartphone capabilities, incorporating GPS for satellite-based positioning, triangulation using nearby access points, and hybrid solutions that combine these with cellular data for improved reliability indoors or in urban environments. Since , the has promoted (AML), a standardized technology that automatically activates on compatible devices (including all modern Android and iOS smartphones) during a 112 call, transmitting precise coordinates via without user intervention. AML leverages GNSS (like GPS or Galileo), , and cell data, achieving outdoor accuracy up to 5 and an average 25-meter radius indoors, with 87% of locations within 50 meters—representing a 4.6 to 17.9-fold improvement over traditional Cell ID methods. This has been implemented in multiple EU countries, including through EU-funded projects like HELP 112 II, saving an estimated 14-45 seconds per call in location verification. Integration of 112 location services with broader emergency infrastructures enhances operational efficiency. Caller position data feeds directly into Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) systems at PSAPs, as seen in Italy's Tuscany region, where 112 call-takers use CAD software to generate digital incident cards with verified locations (enhanced by AML in 70-80% of cases) and forward them to dispatch centers within seconds for resource allocation. These systems often link to Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) technologies for emergency responders, allowing real-time tracking of ambulances, fire trucks, or police vehicles to optimize routing to the incident site. Databases akin to the Master Street Address Guide (MSAG)—such as those validating fixed-line addresses against geographic zones—are essential for routing calls to the appropriate PSAP and ensuring address accuracy. Despite these advancements, global challenges persist in 112 location services. Rural areas suffer from coverage gaps, where sparse network infrastructure limits Cell ID precision and GNSS signals may be obstructed, exacerbating response delays in remote regions. Privacy concerns also arise under the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which governs the processing of location data in 112 systems; personal details like coordinates and caller IDs are collected solely for emergency response, stored for limited periods (e.g., five years in Finland's ERICA system), and accessible only to authorized personnel, but must balance urgent public safety needs with data minimization and retention principles to avoid unnecessary surveillance risks.

Implementation by Region

Europe

The single European number 112 was established by a 1991 Directive of the , mandating its introduction across all member states by 1996 to ensure seamless access to services for citizens traveling within the bloc. By that deadline, 112 had achieved full adoption in the then-15 EU member states, where it functions as the primary or secondary number alongside existing national systems. This extends to the current 27 EU countries and the three EEA nations—Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein—as well as non-EU Switzerland, promoting cross-border consistency in response. Implementation varies by country while maintaining 112 as a harmonized entry point. In the United Kingdom, dialing 112 automatically redirects callers to the national 999 service, integrating it fully into the existing infrastructure. France operates 112 in parallel with specialized national numbers, such as 17 for police, 18 for firefighters, and 15 for medical aid, allowing callers to reach appropriate services without delay. In Germany, 112 serves as the unified number for all emergencies, routed through a decentralized network of approximately 300 public safety answering points (PSAPs) that coordinate police, fire, and medical responses. Recent data highlights the growing prominence of 112 in Europe. The European Commission's 2024 report on 112 implementation indicates that 62% of all emergency calls across the EU were directed to this number in 2023, reflecting a significant rise from 56% in 2019 and underscoring public awareness efforts. Additionally, as of September 2024, 25 member states plus Iceland and Norway have fully deployed advanced location capabilities. Upgrades to Next Generation 112 (NG112) are underway across the region, transitioning from traditional telephony to IP-based systems that support multimedia data like text, video, and sensor information for enhanced situational awareness. To support cross-border emergencies, particularly those involving , the EUCARIS enables secure of registration and between member states, aiding responses such as activations that automatically dial 112 after accidents. EU regulatory mandates, including the European Electronic Communications Code, continue to drive this uniformity by requiring operators to route 112 calls free of charge and prioritize them during network congestion.

North America

In North America, the primary emergency telephone number is 911, which was first introduced in the United States in 1968 with the inaugural call placed in , and subsequently adopted across the region including . The number 112 serves a supplementary role, primarily recognized on mobile networks where it is automatically routed to local 911 public safety answering points (PSAPs) to facilitate access for international travelers and GSM-compatible devices, in alignment with (ITU) recommendations for global mobile emergency dialing. This redirection ensures that 112 calls are treated equivalently to 911 calls without dedicated 112 infrastructure. In the United States and Canada, carriers are required to handle 112 as an dial, it directly to the appropriate 911 PSAP based on the caller's , with no independent 112 PSAPs established. The (FCC) has mandated this treatment since under rules governing services, ensuring priority handling and integration with the existing 911 . services for 112 calls mirror those of 911, adhering to (E911) Phase II requirements, which compel carriers to provide precise caller using GPS or other technologies accurate to within 50 for 67% of calls and 150 for 95%. Similarly, Canada's (CRTC) oversees 911 operations, with carriers implementing equivalent for 112 to support seamless access. Mexico transitioned to 911 as its nationwide primary emergency number in 2016, unifying previous disparate local codes and enabling centralized dispatching for police, fire, and medical services, with full implementation across all states by 2017. Support for 112 remains limited, primarily available in border regions to assist international visitors whose mobile devices default to the number, where it redirects to 911 centers; however, rural areas often lack comprehensive coverage for either system due to infrastructure gaps. Public awareness of 112 as a viable option in is low, leading to infrequent usage and potential delays for unaware callers, compounded by the dominance of 911 in and . Recent advancements in Next Generation 911 (NG911) infrastructure, with FCC rules adopted in , enable enhanced integration for 112, allowing elements like text, video, and real-time to route alongside voice calls for improved response .

Asia

In , the implementation of 112 as an emergency telephone number exhibits considerable variation, with some nations achieving full integration while others maintain partial support or rely on traditional national numbers, influenced by regional telecommunications diversity and international standards. The (ITU) standards facilitate 112 dialing from mobile devices across networks, enabling forwarding to local services in many countries. has fully adopted 112 through the Emergency Response Support System (ERSS), launched nationally in 2019 to consolidate services previously handled by separate numbers like 100 for police and 108 for medical emergencies. This system, initiated following recommendations after the 2012 Delhi gangrape case, allows citizens to access police, , medical, and women/child safety services via a single number, with features including GPS-enabled location sharing and multilingual support. By mid-2023, ERSS-112 had handled over 290 million calls since becoming operational, projecting annual volumes exceeding 50 million by 2025 amid rising urbanization and mobile penetration. South Korea operates 112 primarily for police emergencies, integrated within a broader framework that coordinates with 119 for fire and ambulance services, ensuring seamless routing through the National Police Agency's systems. This setup, established as part of the country's unified emergency telephone service, supports text-based reporting and real-time location data for faster response. In Japan, 112 functions partially for mobile users, automatically forwarding calls to the 110 police line in line with global GSM protocols, a capability enhanced since the widespread adoption of compatible networks around 2007. However, fixed-line users must dial 110 directly for police or 119 for fire and medical aid, as 112 is not a primary domestic number. China employs 112 on a limited basis, with pilots and trials in select regions like for traffic accidents and mobile forwarding to local centers, while 110 (police), 120 (medical), and 119 (fire) remain the dominant numbers nationwide. These tests aim to evaluate integration amid the country's vast infrastructure, but full rollout has not occurred due to established systems. Indonesia introduced 112 as its national emergency number in 2024, with partial implementation in 142 cities/regencies as of late 2024 and expansion ongoing into 2025, operating alongside legacy lines such as 110 (police) and 118 (medical), to provide a unified access point for disasters and urgent aid through coordinated government centers. Similarly, in the Philippines, 112 serves as an supplementary option from mobile phones, forwarding to the primary 911 system that handles police, fire, and medical responses via the national E911 network. Across Asia, challenges to 112 implementation include heterogeneous telecommunications infrastructures, where varying network coverage and technologies hinder consistent call routing and location accuracy. A 2024 ITU assessment of Asia-Pacific ICT resilience noted that diverse mobile ecosystems often limit precise geolocation to under 50% effectiveness in rural or underdeveloped areas, complicating response times during emergencies. In the ASEAN region, harmonization efforts under frameworks like the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) promote standardized emergency communications, including explorations of unified numbers like 112 to enhance cross-border coordination amid frequent natural disasters.

Africa

The implementation of the 112 emergency telephone number in remains uneven and emerging, constrained by varying levels of infrastructure and regulatory frameworks across the continent's countries. While some nations have adopted 112 as a supplementary or primary line for mobile users, full lags behind global standards, with many relying on legacy national numbers. The (ITU) has played a key in promoting 112 through Resolution 100, first adopted in 2000 and revised in 2022 and 2024, which recommends it as the primary single emergency number for African member states to facilitate access to police, fire, and medical services. This initiative aligns with broader efforts to standardize emergency communications, though adoption is limited, with only a subset of countries operationalizing it by 2025. In South Africa, 10111 serves as the primary national emergency number for police, while 112 has been available for mobile phones since pilot programs in the early 2000s, with plans dating back to 2008 for broader rollout. By 2024, the government proposed phasing out multiple lines like 10111 and 10177 in favor of 112 as the sole number, supported by a dedicated call center to streamline responses; as of 2025, the proposal is ongoing, with legacy lines still operational. Nigeria launched 112 as a national toll-free emergency line in September 2019 through the Nigerian Communications Commission's Emergency Communications Centres, initially in 17 states, to handle distress calls and dispatch services amid rising security challenges. In Kenya, a hybrid system operates where 999 is the traditional emergency number, but 112 and 911 are also functional, particularly on mobile networks, allowing callers to reach police, ambulance, or fire services interchangeably. Key challenges include Africa's low fixed-line penetration, with only about 1.6% of households connected to fixed in 2025, leading to heavy reliance on GSM mobile for 112 access. This mobile-centric approach limits reach in rural areas, where network coverage and service reliability are inconsistent, exacerbating response delays. Regional progress includes pilots in the Economic Community of West African States (), where efforts supported by international partners aim to enable cross-border emergency coordination, though full integration with systems like the European Union's remains in early stages.

South America

In South America, the 112 emergency telephone number has experienced limited adoption, serving primarily as a supplementary option on GSM mobile networks to national emergency lines, in alignment with International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendations for global harmonization of emergency calling. The ITU has promoted 112 as a universal number for mobile phones since the 1990s, but implementation remains fragmented in the region, where countries prioritize domestic systems amid efforts to improve cross-border coordination through organizations like the Organization of American States (OAS) and ITU regional initiatives. Brazil maintains primary emergency numbers of 190 for police, 193 for fire services, and 192 for ambulances, with 112 calls from mobile phones routed to 190 since the integration of GSM standards in the late 1990s, enhanced by regulatory updates around 2018 to support international travelers. In Argentina, the standard number is 911 for all emergencies, but 112 is supported on mobile networks for tourists, redirecting to local services to facilitate access for international visitors. Chile has fully integrated 112 as an alternative since 2014, linking it to its national system of 131 for ambulances, 132 for fire, and 133 for police, as part of broader telecommunications reforms. Regional harmonization efforts include a 2020 agreement under the Mercosur bloc, supported by the OAS and ITU, to promote 112 adoption for improved interoperability among member states like Brazil, Argentina, and others. In Colombia, the primary number 123 routes all emergencies, but 112 connects directly to police services, integrating with the national system for mobile users. Border integrations facilitate 112 cross-dialing in Guyana, where it redirects to the primary 911 system, aiding connectivity near Venezuelan borders amid shared regional emergency protocols.

Oceania

In Oceania, the emergency telephone number 112 has seen limited but targeted adoption, primarily as a secondary option alongside national systems in countries like Australia and New Zealand, with emerging efforts in some Pacific island nations. Australia's primary emergency number, Triple Zero (000), was established in 1961 to provide a unified access point for police, fire, and ambulance services across the country. Since the early 2000s, 112 has been recognized on mobile phones, where it automatically redirects to 000 in line with international GSM standards, facilitating access for international travelers and in areas with roaming network issues. Usage of 112 remains low and is often associated with tourist safety rather than routine domestic use. In New Zealand, the primary emergency number 111 has been operational since 1958, connecting callers to police, fire, or ambulance services. The number 112 serves as an alternative on mobile networks, automatically routing to 111 for all GSM providers, though authorities recommend dialing 111 directly for faster local response. This dual approach aligns with global mobile standards but sees minimal everyday application, similar to Australia. Adoption in Pacific island nations remains sparse, with pilots and implementations supported by the (ITU) in select areas since around 2022. For instance, Papua New Guinea lists 112 among its emergency options alongside 111 and 110, though infrastructure limitations hinder widespread use. In Fiji and other remote islands, 112 is not yet a standard, with local numbers like 917 for police predominating, and low penetration in isolated regions due to uneven network coverage. Key challenges in the region stem from Oceania's vast oceanic distances and sparse population, which complicate call routing and response times in remote or maritime areas where mobile coverage is unreliable. Updates in 2024, including the shutdown of 3G networks and new telecommunications rules, have enhanced reliability by mandating support for emergency calls on 4G and 5G devices, while integrating satellite connectivity for 112 and 000 in off-grid emergencies. Satellite services, such as direct-to-device messaging, now enable emergency access via 112 in areas without terrestrial signals, addressing isolation in the Pacific.

Advanced Features and Initiatives

Enhanced Emergency Capabilities

The E112 service, established by the European Commission's Recommendation 2003/534/EC, enhances the standard 112 emergency number by requiring mobile network operators to transmit accurate caller location data to Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) in addition to the caller's phone number. This location-enhanced capability, which leverages technologies like cell ID and GPS where available, enables faster and more precise emergency responses, particularly for mobile callers who may be unable to provide their position verbally. By building on the foundational 112 system, E112 addresses a critical gap in traditional voice-only calls, reducing response times in scenarios such as accidents or medical emergencies. Next Generation 112 (NG112), an IP-based advancement conceptualized since around 2010, further evolves these capabilities by supporting multimedia emergency communications, including video, real-time text, and supplementary data such as health records or sensor information from connected devices. This shift from circuit-switched to packet-switched networks allows PSAPs to receive richer, more contextual information, enabling more informed decision-making by responders. The 2024 European Commission report on 112 implementation highlights ongoing upgrades to national PSAP infrastructures for NG112 compatibility, with 23 out of 27 EU member states and Norway submitting detailed transition roadmaps to facilitate the integration of these features. Globally, NG112 shares conceptual similarities with the ' Next Generation 911 (NG911) system, both emphasizing IP interoperability, support, and seamless data exchange, though NG112 is specifically adapted to the European 112 harmonized framework. A key accessibility enhancement in NG112 is Total Conversation, which integrates video for interpretation alongside real-time text and voice in a single session, ensuring equitable access for deaf, hard-of-hearing, and speech-impaired users. Full EU-wide rollout of NG112 is mandated by 2027, with PSAP infrastructure upgrades required by January 1, 2026, to meet these advanced and accessibility standards.

Public Awareness and Reverse Systems

Public awareness campaigns for the 112 emergency number have been a key focus in the European Union to ensure widespread knowledge and proper usage among citizens. The annual European 112 Day, established in 2009 by the European Commission, European Parliament, and Council, is observed on February 11 to promote the single emergency number across the EU. This campaign involves various activities, including educational events in schools, media outreach, and public demonstrations to highlight the availability of 112 for accessing police, fire, and medical services free of charge from any phone. By fostering familiarity, these initiatives aim to reduce reliance on national numbers and improve response times during crises. Complementing awareness efforts are reverse alerting systems, which enable public safety answering points (PSAPs) to proactively notify populations in affected areas. In the EU, Reverse 112—also known as EU-Alert—allows authorities to send targeted warnings via SMS, mobile apps, or cell broadcast technology during disasters, such as floods or terrorist threats. Piloted in various member states starting around 2016 as part of broader public warning system developments, it became mandatory across the EU following 2018 legislation to enhance citizen safety. For instance, during the severe floods in western Germany in July 2021, which caused over 180 deaths, systems like the NINA app were utilized to disseminate evacuation alerts and hazard information to residents in high-risk zones, demonstrating the practical application of reverse communication despite challenges in timely dissemination. Expert groups play a crucial role in guiding these initiatives. The EU's Expert Group on the European Emergency Number 112 (EG112), convened by the European Commission, provides advice on improving awareness, implementation, and integration of 112 services, including public education strategies. Established to support ongoing policy development, it collaborates with stakeholders to address gaps in knowledge and technology. On a global scale, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) promotes 112 through resolutions encouraging its adoption as a primary emergency number, particularly in Asia and Africa, via regional initiatives that standardize emergency communications in developing countries to facilitate international travel and response. For example, ITU Resolution 100 urges African member states to implement 112 alongside or instead of other numbers, contributing to broader awareness campaigns. The effectiveness of these awareness and reverse systems is evident in recent data. According to the European Commission's 2024 report on 112 implementation, calls to the number rose by 15% to 176 million in 2023 compared to 2021, with 62% of all emergency calls now routed through 112, reflecting heightened public familiarity driven by campaigns like European 112 Day. This increase underscores the impact of coordinated efforts in boosting usage and potentially saving lives during emergencies.

Regulatory Framework

International Guidelines

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has established key recommendations for the global adoption of 112 as an emergency telephone number in public telecommunications networks. ITU-T Recommendation E.161.1 provides guidelines for member states selecting a single emergency number, designating 112 (alongside 911) as a preferred universal option to facilitate consistent access across borders and networks. Broader ITU recommendations, such as those in E.164 and national emergency plans, specify that calls to 112 must be free of charge from all fixed and mobile lines, without requiring credits or payment, to ensure unimpeded public use. Additionally, they require priority routing and handling for 112 calls, including network-level prioritization to minimize delays and ensure connection to appropriate emergency services. These guidelines are non-binding but encourage enhancements for inclusivity, such as multilingual announcements in regions with diverse populations to improve comprehension during emergencies. For accessibility, they promote support for hearing-impaired users through text-based relay services, enabling real-time text communication to bridge voice-to-text gaps without compromising response times. In developing regions, ITU efforts focus on harmonization, as seen in Resolution 100 (updated 2024), which urges African member states to adopt 112 as the primary emergency number for better traveler safety and interoperability, offering technical assistance for implementation. Recent updates address evolving networks; ITU's ongoing emergency telecommunications activities support functionality in hybrid 4G/5G environments to maintain seamless access amid technology transitions. The European Union's model of widespread 112 adoption serves as a reference for these global standards.

European Union Directives

The European Union's regulatory framework for the single emergency number 112 is primarily established through binding directives that mandate its universal accessibility, technical enhancements, and cross-border functionality across member states. Directive 2002/22/EC, the Universal Service Directive, requires national regulatory authorities to promote access to emergency services, including 112, without undue barriers, ensuring that end-users can connect to public telephone networks for such calls. This was supported by the Framework Directive 2002/21/EC, which was consolidated and updated through subsequent amendments, including provisions integrated into the 2018 recast to support eCall, the automatic in-vehicle emergency system that transmits location data to 112 services upon airbag deployment in vehicles. The European Electronic Communications Code (EECC), established by Directive (EU) 2018/1972, further strengthens these obligations by requiring all providers of number-based interpersonal communications services to ensure free access to 112 from any connected device, regardless of subscription status or payment method. It mandates preparation for Next Generation 112 (NG112) systems, which enable multimedia transmission such as real-time video, text, and precise location data to public safety answering points (PSAPs), and requires transmission of caller location information during 112 calls to support technologies like Advanced Mobile Location (AML). Additionally, the EECC requires number portability for 112, ensuring seamless routing irrespective of the caller's network operator or device portability settings. Enforcement of these directives is overseen by the European Commission through annual reports assessing member states' compliance, with the 2024 report (covering 2023 data) noting that 62% of emergency calls in the EU were made to 112, a rise from previous years, while highlighting progress in AML adoption (implemented in 25 member states) and PSAP upgrades for packet-switched networks (roadmaps provided by 23 states). As of November 2025, ongoing stakeholder recommendations, such as EENA's 2025 report, emphasize accelerating NG112 deployment and improving accessibility. Non-compliance can lead to infringement proceedings, though the 2024 assessment focused on implementation gaps rather than specific fines, urging faster NG112 transitions. Cross-border access is reinforced by the Roaming Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, as amended, which ensures 112 calls function without additional charges while roaming in the EU and requires operators to send SMS reminders to travelers about the number's availability. To guide implementation, the Commission has involved various expert groups and forums, including the Multi-Stakeholder Forum on Emergency Communications, which recommends enhancements like location accuracy standards.

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