Hubbry Logo
EllinikoEllinikoMain
Open search
Elliniko
Community hub
Elliniko
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Elliniko
Elliniko
Elliniko
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Elliniko (Greek: Ελληνικό, meaning 'Hellenic' or 'Greek') is a coastal municipality in the Attica region and a southern suburban town in the Athens agglomeration in Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part of the municipality of Elliniko-Argyroupoli, of which it is a municipal unit.[2] Elliniko is known for the former Hellinikon Olympic Complex, a temporary sporting complex building on the grounds of the former Ellinikon International Airport used for the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Paralympics.

Key Information

Elliniko is the site of a major development project for coastal Athens beginning in 2020 and due for completion in 2026—the Hellenikon Metropolitan Park, consisting of luxury homes, hotels, a casino, a marina, shops, offices, and Greece's tallest buildings such as the Riviera Tower[3] and the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Athens, which will be the first integrated resort in Greece. [4]

History

[edit]

In 1922 after the Greco-Turkish War, many refuges, especially from the Sürmene town of Pontus, settled in the northernmost area of Elliniko, which was subsequently named Sourmena (Σούρμενα). In 1947, as a sign of the United States' involvement in the Greek Civil War, the US Air Force established an air base in Elliniko, which continued operating until 1993.[5]

Geography

[edit]

Elliniko is situated near the Saronic Gulf coast, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Athens city centre, in the Athens Riviera. The municipality has an area of 7.127 km2 (2.752 sq mi).[6] The former airport is in the western part of the municipal unit, near the coast. Most of the residential area is in the eastern part, east of the former airport. The northern part of the airport has been converted to a sports complex. There are plans to convert the remaining part into a park.

Elliniko is well connected to the centre of Athens through a new line of the Athens metro (Elliniko station). The Athens Tram serves the coastal part of Elliniko.

Climate

[edit]

According to the data provided by the Hellenic National Meteorological Service, Elliniko, like much of the southern suburbs of Athens, has an average annual temperature of 18.6 °C (65.5 °F) and receives 366.5 mm (14.43 in) of precipitation per year thus it marginally falls into the BSh hot semi-arid climate category with strong Mediterranean influences (Csa) according to the Köppen climate classification. The highest temperature recorded is 43.0 °C (109 °F) on August 3, 2021,[7] while the lowest is −4.2 °C (24.4 °F) on 18 February 2008.[8] The highest minimum temperature of 32.9 °C (91 °F) was recorded on July 26, 2023. [9] Fog is rare,[10] while thunderstorms occur sparsely throughout the year. Snowfall is not very common, though it occurs almost every year, but it rarely causes severe disruption to daily life.

Climate data for Elliniko, coastal Athens (1955–2010), Extremes (1957–present), 28 m asl
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		30.9
(87.6) 		35.6
(96.1) 		40.0
(104.0) 		42.2
(108.0) 		43.0
(109.4) 		37.2
(99.0) 		35.2
(95.4) 		28.6
(83.5) 		22.9
(73.2) 		43.0
(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.6
(56.5) 		14.1
(57.4) 		15.9
(60.6) 		19.6
(67.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		29.2
(84.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		28.3
(82.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		15.1
(59.2) 		22.2
(72.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.3
(50.5) 		10.6
(51.1) 		12.4
(54.3) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.9
(69.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.2
(82.8) 		24.3
(75.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.9
(53.4) 		18.6
(65.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6) 		7.1
(44.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.8
(60.4) 		20.3
(68.5) 		23.0
(73.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		19.6
(67.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		12.0
(53.6) 		8.8
(47.8) 		14.4
(57.9)
Record low °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		0.6
(33.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		11.4
(52.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		16.0
(60.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		3.0
(37.4) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−4.2
(24.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 47.7
(1.88) 		38.5
(1.52) 		42.3
(1.67) 		25.5
(1.00) 		14.3
(0.56) 		5.4
(0.21) 		6.3
(0.25) 		6.2
(0.24) 		12.3
(0.48) 		45.9
(1.81) 		60.1
(2.37) 		62.0
(2.44) 		366.5
(14.43)
Average rainy days 12.9 11.4 11.3 9.3 6.4 3.6 1.7 1.6 4.7 8.6 10.9 13.5 95.9
Average relative humidity (%) 69.3 68.0 65.9 62.2 58.2 51.8 46.6 46.8 54.0 62.6 69.2 70.4 60.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 130.2 134.4 182.9 231.0 291.4 336.0 362.7 341.0 276.0 207.7 153.0 127.1 2,773.4
Source 1: HNMS (1955–2010 normals)[11]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (Extremes 1961–1990),[12] Info Climat (Extremes 1991–present)[13][14]
Climate data for Elliniko, 28 m asl (1991-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		30.4
(86.7) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.5
(92.3) 		29.0
(84.2) 		23.9
(75.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		22.7
(72.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		7.1
(44.8) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.8
(53.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		8.8
(47.8) 		14.7
(58.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 48.0
(1.89) 		44.2
(1.74) 		43.0
(1.69) 		27.6
(1.09) 		17.0
(0.67) 		10.0
(0.39) 		9.1
(0.36) 		3.3
(0.13) 		19.4
(0.76) 		34.2
(1.35) 		66.6
(2.62) 		60.4
(2.38) 		382.8
(15.07)
Source: Info Climat (Averages 1991–2020),[13] OGIMET[15]

Economy

[edit]

Hellenic Imperial Airways had its head office in Elliniko.[16] The Greek Civil Aviation Authority also has its head office in Elliniko.[17] Elliniko is also home for the Greek national weather agency (ΕΜΥ).

Sports

[edit]

Hellinikon Olympic Complex is located in Elliniko. It was built for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and consists of five venues. Elliniko also houses the basketball club Elliniko-Sourmena B.C. with many achievements in women's basketball.

Historical population

[edit]
Year Population
1981 11,498
1991 13,517
2001 16,740
2011 17,259
2021 16,715

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Elliniko

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Elliniko is a coastal suburb in the southern of , forming part of the with an estimated of around 18,000 in the proper. The area gained prominence as the site of , which served as 's primary gateway from 1938 until its closure in 2001 following the opening of at . Today, Elliniko is defined by The Ellinikon, a €8 billion private-led urban regeneration initiative on the former grounds, spanning approximately 6 million square meters and touted as Europe's largest such project, incorporating residential towers, commercial hubs, hotels, and extensive green spaces including the continent's biggest coastal . The redevelopment, spearheaded by Lamda Development since its concession award in 2014, emphasizes with features like low-carbon construction, integrated , and a "" model for accessibility, aiming to generate tens of thousands of jobs and attract foreign investment through mechanisms such as Greece's golden visa program. Initial residential units are slated for completion by 2027, with property prices reaching €8,500 per square meter amid surging demand. Despite these ambitions, the project has faced substantial controversies, including environmental violations such as persistent dust clouds from strikes over lapses like improper handling, financial defaults by the developer raising investor concerns, and critiques that it prioritizes luxury enclaves for the wealthy—potentially transforming the area into a "mini-Dubai"—at the expense of broader affordability and public access. Local municipalities have also protested elements like licensing and height bonuses for buildings, highlighting tensions over and revenue sharing. These issues reflect broader debates on privatization's role in , though proponents argue the initiative's scale drives economic revitalization in a post-crisis .

History

Origins and Early Development

The Elliniko area, located in southern , preserves archaeological evidence of prehistoric habitation from the Early Helladic period (c. 3200–2000 BC), particularly at the Agios Kosmas promontory, where excavations uncovered a coastal settlement with rectangular houses, cemeteries containing cist graves, terracotta figurines, and obsidian blades suggesting trade links to the Cycladic islands. This site, dug by archaeologist Georgios Mylonas between 1929 and 1931, indicates a community reliant on fishing, agriculture, and maritime exchange, with additional traces of activity at nearby Kontopigado and the Pani hills. During the Archaic and Classical periods, the region integrated into the Athenian polity following ' democratic reforms of 508–507 BC, which organized it into demes such as Halimous (in the Leontis tribe, represented by three bouleutai), Euonymos (ten bouleutai), and Aixone (Kekropis tribe). Cemeteries dating to the 8th–7th centuries BC have been identified near the modern Depot and Argyroupoli , while 5th-century BC references by to Cape Kolias (modern Agios Kosmas) align with quarry and burial finds; by the , inscriptions like the Halimous decree and a mid-century tomb enclosure (relocated in 1965) attest to local administrative and funerary practices amid broader rural life. The area endured disruptions, including destruction by Sulla's Roman forces in 86 BC. Settlement remained intermittent through the Byzantine era (4th–15th centuries AD), with early Christian basilicas on Agia Anna hill (5th–6th centuries) and the 12th-century Church of the Presentation of the Virgin in Trachones, alongside a 13th–15th-century of 1,000 coins at Hasani signaling economic continuity. Under Ottoman rule (15th–19th centuries), the landscape featured large agricultural estates (çifliks) at Trachones and Hasani— the latter named after Hasan —with wall paintings in the post-Byzantine Church of Saints Kosmas and Damianos at Agios Kosmas dated to the 17th–19th centuries, and properties sold to by 1830 following . Early 20th-century origins as a modern suburb stemmed from the 1922–1923 Greco-Turkish population exchange, which resettled from Asia Minor in makeshift wooden structures on former Ottoman lands, including Hasani and Sourmena, with families allocated roughly 22 stremmata (about 2.2 hectares) each. The communities of Komninoi and Elliniko gained legal recognition via royal decrees published in the Official Gazette on July 6, 1929 (issue 221) and March 14, 1930 (issue 80), respectively, fostering initial infrastructure like restored churches (e.g., St. Paraskevi) and schools amid a predominantly rural setting. Adjacent Kalamaki, incorporated into the area's early framework, originated similarly in 1923 as a village. This refugee-driven nucleation preceded aviation-related changes, with the Ministry of Aviation established in 1929 and the State Aircraft Factory in nearby Faliro by 1925, though the terrain stayed agrarian until mid-decade expansions.

The Ellinikon Airport Era

The , initially established as Kalamaki Airfield, opened in 1938 to serve as ' primary aviation facility, replacing earlier sites amid growing demand for air travel in . Constructed on reclaimed coastal land south of the city center, approximately 7 kilometers from downtown , it featured basic runways and hangars suited for the era's propeller-driven . Early operations focused on domestic and limited international flights, supporting 's nascent under Olympic Airways and military needs. During , following the Axis invasion in April 1941, the airport was seized by German forces and repurposed as a base for fighter and transport operations until the occupation ended in October 1944. Post-liberation, it hosted Allied Greek, British, and American military units, transitioning in October 1945 to Hassani Air Base under U.S. Army Air Forces control for troop and supply transport in the Mediterranean theater. By 1947, it evolved into Hellenikon Air Base, a key U.S. facility during the , accommodating squadrons for surveillance, logistics, and contingency operations until partial drawdowns in the 1960s and full U.S. closure of facilities in 1993. Commercial primacy emerged in the as use waned, with handling expanding passenger and cargo traffic amid Greece's post-war economic recovery and boom. Infrastructure grew incrementally, including the 1969 opening of the East Terminal designed by architect , which boosted capacity for international arrivals. Peak operations in the and 1990s saw millions of annual passengers, but chronic issues mounted: outdated runways limited jet traffic, coastal proximity exacerbated over urban areas, and security vulnerabilities—highlighted by incidents like hijackings—strained adequacy for modern standards. These pressures culminated in the airport's decommissioning on March 28, 2001, with the final commercial flight, an Olympic Airways Boeing 737 to , marking the end of 63 years of service; operations shifted to the new at to address capacity shortfalls projected to exceed 20 million passengers annually by the early . Despite lingering U.S. logistical presence until 1993, the site's dual civil-military role had increasingly conflicted with residential expansion in Elliniko, contributing to local opposition over environmental impacts. The era underscored the airport's foundational role in Greece's connectivity but revealed infrastructural limits that necessitated relocation for sustained growth.

Post-Airport Transition

Following the closure of on March 28, 2001, the 6.2 million square meter site transitioned into a state of prolonged abandonment, with much of the left to deteriorate amid overgrown vegetation and structural decay. The facility, which had handled up to 13.5 million passengers annually at its peak, saw minimal reuse initially, though portions were temporarily repurposed for the 2004 Olympics, including as a venue and athlete training areas. Absent a comprehensive redevelopment strategy at the time of closure, the land remained largely idle for nearly two decades, serving occasional ad-hoc functions such as storage or informal events, while and urban encroachment intensified. Redevelopment proposals gained traction in the mid-2000s, with initial plans for a metropolitan outlined around 2007, envisioning a 2.5 million square meter green space integrated with commercial and residential elements, but these were indefinitely postponed due to the onset of Greece's in 2009, which constrained public financing and investor confidence. A competitive tender process launched by the culminated in 2014 with the selection of Lamda Development as the lead consortium partner for "The Ellinikon" project, a €8 billion mixed-use initiative spanning residential towers, office spaces, retail, a , and Europe's largest coastal at 2 million square meters. Implementation faced extensive delays from 2014 onward, attributed to protracted permitting requirements, environmental impact assessments, judicial reviews challenging zoning approvals, and political shifts, including opposition from the SYRIZA-led government (2015–2019) amid broader economic austerity measures that prioritized fiscal restraint over large-scale private investments. Progress accelerated following the 2019 election of a New Democracy administration, which streamlined regulatory hurdles; site clearance commenced on July 3, 2020, marking the symbolic start of earthworks and demolition of obsolete structures. By 2022, Phase 1 construction—encompassing foundational infrastructure, roads, and initial utility networks at an estimated €3.6 billion—had begun across multiple sites, with ongoing works as of 2025 targeting first residential deliveries in 2027 and partial park openings in 2026, despite minor setbacks from updated building codes.

Geography

Location and Topography

Elliniko is a coastal suburb in the southern part of the Athens metropolitan area, within the Attica region of Greece. It lies along the Saronic Gulf, approximately 7 kilometers south of Athens city center, and forms part of the municipality of Elliniko-Argyroupoli. The area's geographical coordinates are approximately 37.89°N latitude and 23.74°E longitude. The topography consists primarily of flat coastal plains typical of the broader basin, which slopes gently toward the . Elevations in Elliniko average around 52 meters above , facilitating historical infrastructure like the former . The terrain is low-lying and level, bordered by the sea to the and transitioning to slightly undulating ground inland, without significant hills or rugged features within the suburb itself.

Climate

Elliniko features a hot-summer (Köppen Csa), with mild, rainy winters, hot and dry summers, and moderate transitional seasons. The coastal location along the Saronic Gulf moderates temperatures, providing relatively low annual of approximately 365 mm, concentrated primarily from to . Average annual temperatures hover around 18 °C, with extremes rarely falling below 2 °C or exceeding 36 °C based on historical observations from the nearby Hellinikon meteorological station. Summers, from June to , are warm to hot with average highs reaching 32 °C in and , accompanied by low and minimal rainfall (typically under 10 mm per month). Winters, peaking in January, see average highs of 14 °C and lows around 7 °C, with recording the highest monthly at 64 mm over about 14 rain days. is the wettest month in some datasets, averaging 55-64 mm. Sunshine is abundant year-round, with over 2,800 hours annually, and winds are generally light, peaking at 19 km/h in February. The following table summarizes monthly climate normals from the World Meteorological Organization data for Athinai Hellinikon station:
MonthMean Daily Min Temp (°C)Mean Daily Max Temp (°C)Mean Total Rainfall (mm)Mean Rain Days
January7.013.648.313.2
February7.114.140.911.8
March8.415.739.711.9
April11.419.426.09.7
May15.824.115.26.8
June20.128.75.63.7
July22.831.85.21.6
August22.831.77.01.8
September19.628.29.63.9
October15.623.247.88.9
November12.018.855.411.3
December8.815.264.113.7
Snow is rare, occurring occasionally in winter but not persisting, while summer heatwaves can push temperatures above 35 °C, exacerbated by urban heat effects in the greater area.

Demographics

Current Population

The municipal unit of Elliniko recorded a of 16,715 residents in the 2021 conducted by the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT). This figure encompasses the area's residential neighborhoods and excludes the adjacent Argyroupoli unit, which forms the larger of Elliniko-Argyroupoli with a total of 50,027 inhabitants as of the same . The 2021 count reflects a minor decline from 17,259 in 2011, consistent with Greece's national decrease of 3.1% over the decade amid low birth rates and . No official updates beyond 2021 are available as of 2025, though the ongoing Ellinikon redevelopment may influence future demographics through new housing. stands at approximately 2,345 persons per square kilometer across Elliniko's 7.127 km² area. The population of Elliniko grew steadily from the mid-20th century onward, reflecting suburban expansion from central and economic activity tied to the nearby , which operated from 1938 to 2001 and employed thousands. This growth was part of broader urbanization trends in southern , where post-World War II migration and industrial development drew residents to near employment hubs. Census records for the former of Elliniko show the following trends prior to its 2011 merger with Argyroupoli under the Kallikratis administrative reform:
YearPopulation
198111,498
199113,517
200116,740
201117,259
These figures indicate an average annual growth rate of about 2% from 1981 to 2011, driven by natural increase and net in-migration. In the 2021 census, the Elliniko district within the merged recorded 16,715 residents, marking a 3.1% decline from 2011. The combined municipality had 50,027 inhabitants, with density at 3,209 per km². This downturn aligns with Greece's national demographic contraction during the sovereign debt crisis, characterized by negative natural growth (more deaths than births) and of working-age populations, reducing urban suburb populations by up to 5-10% in . closure in 2001 contributed to long-term stagnation by diminishing local jobs, though plans may reverse trends.

Infrastructure and Transportation

Roads and Public Transit

Elliniko is served by Line 2, which terminates at Elliniko station, providing direct rail connectivity from central (such as Syntagma) to the suburb in approximately 30 minutes during peak hours. The line, operational since 2013, spans 20.7 kilometers with 20 stations, facilitating over 200,000 daily passengers across the network, though Elliniko's endpoint sees lower ridership due to the area's transitional post-airport status. The network extends southward along Poseidonos Avenue, connecting Elliniko to coastal suburbs like and Voula, with stops facilitating transfers to buses and local access; service operates from 5:30 a.m. to 1:00 a.m., with frequencies of 7-12 minutes during daytime. Bus routes, operated by OASA, supplement transit with lines such as A2 and B2 linking Elliniko to port and eastern Athens suburbs, though congestion on arterial roads often extends travel times beyond 45 minutes. Major roads include Vouliagmenis Avenue, a key north-south corridor handling high traffic volumes, and the coastal Poseidonos Avenue, prone to seasonal overload from beachgoers. Attiki Odos, Greece's primary toll highway system, provides indirect access via interchanges near the former airport perimeter, reducing commute times to central by up to 20 minutes compared to surface streets. Under the Ellinikon , enhancements prioritize multimodal access, including 30 kilometers of planned bike lanes and pedestrian paths to minimize , alongside commitments to integrate with existing public transit for projected to 70,000 residents. A 1.15-kilometer underground road section in Kato Elliniko, featuring three lanes per direction, aims to divert 20,000 vehicles daily from surface congestion upon completion in 2027. Feasibility studies for a 2 extension beyond Elliniko station toward , announced in October 2025, could add 3-5 kilometers of track, enhancing southern connectivity but facing delays due to archaeological and funding hurdles.

Former Airport Infrastructure

The Ellinikon International Airport, operational from 1938 until its closure on March 28, 2001, was equipped with two parallel asphalt-paved runways oriented northwest-southeast. The primary runway underwent multiple extensions to support evolving aircraft demands, starting at 1,800 meters in 1937–1940, reaching 2,250 meters by 1950, 3,000 meters in 1958 for jet operations, 3,200 meters in 1961 (necessitating archaeological relocations), and finally 3,500 meters in 1970. A secondary runway, added by German forces during World War II occupation (1940–1945), paralleled the main one and was later often used as a taxiway, particularly for Olympic Airways maintenance activities. Passenger terminals included the West Terminal, constructed in the late 1940s under the and modernized through the 1950s–, which initially handled all flights before being dedicated exclusively to domestic Olympic Airways operations from 1969 onward. The East Terminal, designed by Finnish-American architect between 1960 and 1969 and opened that year, served international carriers and marked a significant upgrade in capacity and design, accommodating surging traffic post-completion. Supporting infrastructure encompassed multiple , including (4,100 m², 1939–1950), (3,300 m², 1939–1950), (3,600 m², 1950, part of the ), and the British-built (1,210 m², 1940–1941), all later designated as protected monuments. Control towers included older structures from the , an unused one from 1996–1998, and the built in 1991–1992 for final operations. Additional facilities comprised maintenance complexes for Olympic Airways, a building from the 1990s, and a depot, with the site also integrating archaeological elements like ancient cemeteries and a . Passenger throughput grew from 8,500 in 1938–1939 to over 1 million by 1967 for Olympic alone, reflecting the infrastructure's adaptation to expansion aided by U.S. support after 1945.

Economy

Pre-Redevelopment Economic Base

Prior to the closure of Ellinikon International Airport on March 28, 2001, the economy of Elliniko was predominantly anchored in aviation-related activities, as the facility served as Greece's principal international gateway for over six decades. Handling more than 10 million passengers annually by the late 1990s, the airport generated substantial direct and indirect employment in sectors such as airline operations, ground handling, customs and immigration services, retail concessions, and ancillary logistics, while supporting nearby hospitality and transportation businesses catering to travelers. This influx of transient economic activity bolstered local commerce in the surrounding suburban areas, though specific employment figures for the site remain undocumented in available records, with the facility's role as a high-traffic node contributing to modest prosperity amid Greece's broader tourism-driven growth in the post-Olympics era leading up to 2001. Following the airport's decommissioning—prompted by capacity constraints, , and security limitations—the site's economic utility sharply declined, transitioning to underutilized and informal operations that yielded minimal revenue. Much of the expansive 6.2 square kilometer grounds lay fallow or hosted low-value functions, including the storage of decommissioned , open-air vehicle parking, and sporadic , while parts attracted and unauthorized occupation. The loss of aviation jobs exacerbated in Elliniko, a primarily residential with a population of approximately 20,000, where residents increasingly commuted to central for service-sector and roles, reflecting the suburb's integration into the metropolitan economy rather than self-sustaining local industries. The Greek sovereign debt crisis, intensifying from 2009 onward, further eroded the area's pre-redevelopment economic base, mirroring national trends of contraction and unemployment spikes. With Greece's overall joblessness reaching 27.5% by 2013 amid measures and fiscal retrenchment, Elliniko's small-scale retail, , and —typical of southern Athenian suburbs—faced reduced demand and business closures, compounded by the dormant airport site's failure to adapt to alternative high-value uses until efforts gained traction around 2014. This period underscored a causal link between the airport's obsolescence and localized economic inertia, absent any significant industrial or agricultural diversification in the coastal locale.

Impact of Urban Redevelopment

The Ellinikon redevelopment is anticipated to create up to 85,000 permanent jobs across construction, operations, and related sectors upon full completion in 2037, transforming the area's economic base from aviation-related activities to a mix of , retail, office, and residential services. These projections, provided by project developer Lamda Development and corroborated by economic analyses, include roles in , , and maintenance, with initial construction phases already employing thousands as of 2025. The project is forecasted to generate €14 billion in incremental state revenues through taxes, fees, and indirect economic multipliers, equivalent to approximately 2.5 percentage points added to Greece's GDP over the development period. This includes €10-15 billion in returns from sales, property transactions, and operations, based on a total investment exceeding €8 billion, with early phases focusing on yielding immediate fiscal inflows via concessions and permits. Independent studies from 2016 estimated even broader macroeconomic effects, including boosted regional output from seaside front enhancements, though updated figures emphasize the scaled-up urban components. Tourism is expected to see a surge, with up to 1 million additional annual visitors drawn to the coastal park, luxury marina, and Riviera Tower, enhancing ' appeal as a year-round destination and supporting ancillary sectors like retail and events. Local property values in Elliniko and adjacent suburbs have risen by 20-30% since project approval in , signaling investor confidence and potential for real estate-driven wealth effects, though primarily benefiting higher-end markets. Overall, these impacts position the redevelopment as a catalyst for post-crisis economic diversification in , shifting from legacy airport dependencies to sustainable urban revenue streams.

The Ellinikon Redevelopment Project

Project Initiation and Privatization

The redevelopment of the former site into a mixed-use urban complex began following the airport's closure on March 28, 2001, when operations shifted to the new at . Initial concepts for repurposing the 6.2 million square meter site emerged in the mid-2000s, focusing on commercial, residential, and recreational development to leverage its coastal location south of , but progress stalled amid Greece's economic challenges. The global and Greece's sovereign from 2009 onward prompted a shift toward as a condition of international bailouts, with the site identified as a key asset for revenue generation and economic stimulus. The (TAIPED), established in 2011 to manage state asset sales under bailout agreements, initiated a competitive tender process for the site's long-term concession in 2013. Bids were evaluated on upfront payments, investment commitments, and development plans, with Development S.A., leading a including Al Maabar and other partners, submitting the winning improved offer unsealed on March 26, 2014. TAIPED selected as the preferred investor on that basis, approving a 99-year concession for €915 million in upfront consideration plus phased investments totaling over €8 billion, subject to milestones including job creation and green space allocation. Implementation faced delays due to political opposition from the government elected in 2015, legal challenges from environmental groups, and renegotiations to enhance public benefits, such as increasing the metropolitan park size to 2 million square meters. approved contract amendments on September 22, 2016, allowing progression, but full transfer of Hellinikon S.A. shares to occurred only on June 16, 2021, after the initial €915 million payment and fulfillment of preconditions. This marked Greece's largest private investment project, aimed at generating €14-15 billion in economic value over decades through construction and operations, though critics have questioned the terms' favorability to investors amid fiscal pressures.

Design and Key Components

The Ellinikon masterplan, designed by Foster + Partners, adopts a restorative approach that integrates natural and built environments, drawing on Mediterranean and Athenian to foster sustainable, polycentric urban living. The 6.2 million square meter site features a buildable area of 2.8 million square meters with a coverage below 35%, emphasizing walkable neighborhoods where 50% of each is allocated to social, welfare, or cultural facilities. Key infrastructural elements include 50 kilometers of pedestrian and cycling paths, subterranean connections to restore seafront access, and integration with metro and networks for enhanced connectivity. Central to the design is The Ellinikon Park, Europe's largest coastal park spanning 2 million square meters (243 hectares), designed by Sasaki Associates as the project's ecological and social core. It incorporates over 30,000 trees from 86 species, 3.3 million plants, and a 1.5-hectare lake, while repurposing 28,720 square meters of concrete and preserving aviation heritage elements like runways for recreational use. Sustainability targets include Sites Gold and certifications, carbon neutrality within 35 years, 100% irrigation, and green infrastructure such as wetlands and bioswales. The park increases open green space per Athenian resident by 44%, with an additional 600,000 square meters of distributed green areas across the site. Residential components emphasize high-density, low-impact living, including the biophilic Riviera Tower skyscraper pursuing Gold certification, the Marina Tower with dual-aspect apartments and panoramic views, and Park Rise offering 88 units. Commercial and cultural elements comprise premier shopping destinations like The Ellinikon Mall, office spaces, luxury hotels, a , conference centers, educational institutions, sports facilities, and a 1-kilometer public beach. The overall scheme functions as a "15-minute city" with smart applications for resource optimization, net-zero water and waste goals, and energy-efficient systems using low-carbon materials.

Construction Progress and Timeline

Construction of Phase 1 of The Ellinikon project initiated in 2022, following site preparation and regulatory approvals. Initial works included demolition of remnants from the former airport, excavation, and foundational , with concrete framing commencing by late 2023. As of mid-2025, progress has accelerated across multiple fronts, including residential towers, commercial structures, and the metropolitan park, supported by self-financing mechanisms from pre-sales exceeding €900 million in property receipts. Key milestones target first public openings in 2026, encompassing green spaces, sports facilities, and initial coastal front developments, ahead of broader Phase 1 completion projected between 2026 and 2028. Residential components, such as the Little Athens neighborhood and Riviera Tower, aim for delivery starting in 2027, with the tower's construction reaching halfway by mid-2025. The metropolitan park's Phase 1, spanning significant green areas, is slated for early 2026 handover. Delays have affected certain elements, including deferred payments and timeline shifts for key utilities, as acknowledged by developer Lamda Development in early 2025 updates, though core Phase 1 works continue at pace without halting overall momentum. Subsequent phases, such as university campus expansions, extend to 2028 and 2031. Full project realization across 6.2 million square meters remains on track for transformative impact by the late 2020s, contingent on sustained regulatory and economic stability.

Projected Economic and Social Outcomes

The Ellinikon redevelopment is projected to deliver substantial economic benefits, including a 2.4% contribution to Greece's (GDP) upon completion, driven by , operations, and ancillary activities such as expected to attract 1 million additional visitors annually. The project, with an estimated total of €8 billion, is forecasted to generate €14 billion in incremental state tax revenues over its lifecycle, alongside the creation of 70,000 to 85,000 new jobs, encompassing 10,000 during the phase and the remainder in permanent operational roles across residential, commercial, , and sectors. These estimates, primarily from developer Lamda Development and project documentation, assume full realization of mixed-use developments including a casino-resort, , and retail spaces, though actual outcomes may vary based on market conditions and execution timelines targeting phase one completion by 2027–2028. Socially, the project anticipates fostering a diverse through approximately 8,000 new housing units ranging from luxury residences to market-rate family homes, integrated with educational facilities like kindergartens and schools, as well as healthcare centers to support incoming residents and employees. This is expected to enhance local via expansive public amenities, including a 280-acre metropolitan park, 600 acres of green spaces, a 1 km public beachfront, 50 km of walkways and cycle tracks, and sports facilities, promoting and social cohesion in a framework with energy-efficient and waste-management technologies. Projections emphasize inclusive to accommodate thousands of permanent residents, though developer-led forecasts highlight potential benefits like cultural centers without quantified population influx metrics, underscoring reliance on sustained demand from primarily domestic buyers (80% interest reported). Overall, these outcomes aim to revitalize the area post-airport closure, balancing economic influx with social infrastructure, albeit subject to verification against implementation progress.

Sports and Recreation

Local Sports Clubs and Facilities

The Agios Kosmas Sports Center, located along the coastline in Elliniko, serves as a primary hub for local athletic activities, encompassing an indoor measuring 15 meters by 28 meters with and spectator stands, multiple outdoor and courts, a hall, areas, and a mini soccer field, alongside amenities like a . These facilities support community-level competitions and training in water sports such as and due to their proximity to the sea. Several private gyms and fitness centers operate in the area, catering to residents' recreational and strength- needs; notable examples include Alterlife Elliniko, which provides modern equipment for group classes and personal , and WodBox , specializing in , TRX, , and functional fitness programs at Leoforos Vouliagmenis 120. Other establishments like Realfit and Body Concept offer similar services focused on cardio, resistance , and wellness, reflecting Elliniko's emphasis on accessible urban fitness amid its suburban density. Emerging racket sports venues include Olympico Padel Club at Eleytheriou Venizelou 4, featuring covered courts for individual and group sessions, as well as organized tournaments to promote the locally. These smaller-scale clubs and facilities primarily serve amateur athletes and families, with limited professional infrastructure outside Olympic-era remnants now largely inactive.

Integration with Redevelopment

The Ellinikon incorporates extensive infrastructure designed to enhance local by providing modern facilities accessible to community clubs, associations, and residents in the Elliniko area. The centerpiece is the 444,000-square-meter Ellinikon Sports Park, which includes and courts, an aquatics center, athletics tracks, academies, indoor and outdoor multi-sport courts, and recovery centers, replacing the outdated National Youth Sports Center at Agios Kosmas. These amenities are intended to support both and participation, with provisions for sports clubs to utilize the venues for competitive events and youth programs. Integration extends to broader , as the Sports Park and adjacent 2-million-square-meter coastal emphasize public access, fostering recreational activities like running, , and team sports for local residents. Developer Development has committed to collaborating with existing Greek sports entities, positioning the facilities to host national academies and local associations, thereby revitalizing athletic participation in the suburb amid the shift from the former airport's underutilized spaces. This approach aims to bridge elite and grassroots levels, with ongoing construction as of 2025 enabling phased openings for community use starting in 2026. While specific partnerships with Elliniko-based clubs remain in development, the project's scale—encompassing football pitches and versatile venues—positions it to absorb and upgrade local recreational demands previously limited by aging infrastructure in the Elliniko-Argyroupoli municipality. Early progress indicates that the facilities will prioritize inclusivity for associations, potentially alleviating capacity constraints for amateur teams in southern suburbs.

Controversies and Criticisms

Environmental and Sustainability Debates

The Ellinikon redevelopment project has been promoted by its developer, Lamda Development, as a benchmark for sustainable urban regeneration, featuring over 3 million native plants, 31,000 trees, and a 600-acre coastal metropolitan park intended to double the green space per Athenian resident compared to pre-development levels. Proponents emphasize carbon-first design principles, including soil amendment to avoid imports, low-carbon construction materials, and plans for integration, positioning the project to sequester carbon and mitigate ' urban heat island effects through enhanced and water features like a 14,600 sqm ecological lake. These elements are projected to yield a 44% increase in open space per resident upon completion in 2030. Critics, including environmental groups and local residents, contend that the project's scale—encompassing high-rise luxury developments on a former site—prioritizes private profit over genuine ecological preservation, potentially privatizing access to coastal amenities that could have remained public open land. They argue that while green spaces are promised, the overall built density will exacerbate , , and , offloading environmental burdens like and onto neighboring municipalities without adequate mitigation. Reports of construction-related , , and nighttime work have fueled on-site environmental complaints, raising questions about enforcement of impact assessments. Legal challenges have centered on alleged deficiencies in environmental impact assessments, with environmental organizations filing appeals to Greece's as recently as 2017, claiming violations of directives on protection and public access. Courts have repeatedly upheld the , dismissing resident lawsuits in 2018 and 2019 on grounds of constitutional validity, though opponents maintain that judicial approvals overlook long-term risks amid ' existing scarcity of public greens—less than 3 sqm per capita citywide. As of 2025, municipal disputes persist over waste handling and bonus building heights, highlighting tensions between developer commitments and localized ecological strains. Independent analyses suggest the site's reuse from paved airport infrastructure could yield net gains if planting targets are met, but remains regarding privatization's role in restricting equitable access.

Political and Economic Disputes

The of the Ellinikon site, part of Greece's post-2010 sovereign debt crisis requirements to divest state assets, faced significant political resistance from leftist parties and SYRIZA-led governments between and , which halted progress through legal challenges and regulatory delays attributed to opposition against foreign-led developments and perceived loss of public control. The project resumed under the center-right New Democracy administration from onward, with parliamentary approval in 2016 revealing divided votes that underscored ongoing ideological divides over 's role in economic recovery. Economic criticisms focus on the sale to Lamda Development for €915 million—covering 6.2 million square meters of land—as undervalued amid Greece's fiscal distress, with detractors claiming it prioritized quick revenue over long-term national value and favored elite investors as the sole bidder. Opponents argue the emphasis on luxury housing, marinas, and commercial spaces risks creating a segregated "wealthy enclave" disconnected from broader Athenian needs, potentially inflating property prices without sufficient affordable units or inclusive economic spillovers despite projected 70,000 jobs and €8 billion in investments. In June 2025, Lamda Development encountered financial strain from multiple loan defaults tied to construction costs and market conditions, prompting warnings from institutional investors that delays could undermine foreign confidence in Greek projects and question the initiative's self-financing claims for Phase 1 completion by 2027. Local political tensions escalated in May 2025 when municipalities including and contested regulatory adjustments allowing higher building heights, the casino's placement, and waste handling protocols, viewing them as concessions eroding community oversight in favor of developer incentives.

Community and Municipal Conflicts

The municipalities of and have engaged in ongoing disputes with the Elliniko project's developer, Lamda Development, primarily over , casino licensing, and building height regulations. In May 2025, these neighboring municipalities criticized proposed changes allowing waste from the site to be transported outside the metropolitan park, which would strain their local , alongside unconsulted casino licensing decisions that deviated from the original project design. Additionally, new building regulations granting excessive floor bonuses were denounced as exceeding the 2018 concession agreement limits, with the ruling such bonuses unconstitutional; the government countered with proposals for environmental fines rather than addressing the core overreach. 's mayor threatened an appeal to the if unresolved, highlighting tensions between local governance and centralized project approvals expected from the Ministry of Environment by May 12, 2025. Local communities adjacent to the site, including residents of , , and Kato Elliniko, have protested construction-related nuisances, amplifying municipal concerns. On July 3, 2025, a joint letter from the municipalities of and , three local associations, and approximately 1,000 residents demanded immediate compliance with environmental conditions, citing dust clouds exceeding permissible limits, excessive noise, vibrations, , and traffic disruptions that rendered areas unlivable, particularly during summer when windows could not be opened. The letter accused contractors of disregarding approved quiet hours and terms, threatening legal action including injunctive relief to halt works, seek compensation, and impose sanctions if unmet within 15 days. Earlier grassroots opposition emerged through the establishment of a community on the Hellinikon site as a symbolic act of resistance against efforts. Initiated by a citizens' group in the post-2010 period, the represented efforts to reclaim urban space from commercial development, embedding autogestion practices amid broader critiques of neoliberal ; however, it faced pressures as implementation advanced. These actions underscore localized pushback prioritizing public access over privatized growth, though academic analyses framing them as anti-capitalist struggles may reflect ideological biases in post-crisis Greek scholarship.

References

  1. https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/greece/elliniko
  2. https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/en/news-en/interviews-en/marinos-giannopoulos-ceo-of-enterprise-greece-talks-to-usa-today
  3. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/
  4. https://www.lamdadev.com/en/portfolio/theellinikon
  5. https://www.sasaki.com/projects/the-ellinikon-park/
  6. https://www.planet.gr/insights/building-sustainable-future/hellinikon-project-greeces-flagship-urban-development
  7. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/ellinikon-masterplan
  8. https://greekcitytimes.com/2025/05/30/ellinikon-update-2027/
  9. https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/environment/1274126/ambitious-elliniko-project-faces-flak-over-dust-cloud/
  10. https://greekcitytimes.com/2025/07/12/construction-workers-at-ellinikon-strike-over-safety-issues/
  11. https://greekcitytimes.com/2025/06/14/lamda-development-faces-crisis-after-ellinikon-project-defaults/
  12. https://nypost.com/2024/01/16/real-estate/athenians-fear-ellinikon-will-turn-city-into-mini-dubai/
  13. https://www.thenationalherald.com/ellinikon-rising-on-athens-coast-detractors-decry-wealthy-enclave/
  14. https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2025/05/08/hellinikon-project-municipalities-anger/
  15. https://www.datajournalists.co.uk/2023/06/05/the-ellinikon-the-great-fiasco-from-above/?lang=en
  16. https://theellinikon.com.gr/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/hellinikon-english-LOW.pdf
  17. https://simpleflying.com/ellinikon-airport-greece-development-history/
  18. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/greece-abandoned-airport
  19. https://www.forgottenairfields.com/airfield-ellinikon-295.html
  20. http://www.themilitarystandard.com/afb/europe/hellenikon.php
  21. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/06/28/US-air-base-at-Hellenikon-closes/5312678081600/
  22. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/progress-of-works/
  23. https://www.insightvacations.com/blog/abandoned-greek-airport-coastal-park/
  24. https://www.the-sun.com/travel/9776686/inside-abandoned-airport-once-used-by-nazis-ww2/
  25. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ellinikon-athens-airport-greece-development-c2e-spc-intl
  26. https://greekreporter.com/2019/09/15/the-hellinikon-project-greeces-modern-tale-of-agony-and-ambition/
  27. https://www.newsweek.com/ellinikon-new-8-billion-futuristic-city-greece-1918305
  28. https://fortune.com/europe/2024/05/04/greece-building-europes-largest-smart-city-ellinikon-after-debt-crisis/
  29. https://www.reuters.com/article/business/greece-starts-clearing-ground-for-athens-property-plan-after-long-delay-idUSKBN2440PY/
  30. https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/greece-design-and-construction-ellinikon-project
  31. https://latitude.to/map/gr/greece/cities/elliniko
  32. https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/elliniko_argyroupoli_greece.558777.html
  33. https://www.athensguide.org/geography-of-athens.html
  34. https://mapcarta.com/12871116
  35. https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=2276
  36. https://weatherspark.com/y/148509/Average-Weather-at-Ellinik%C3%B3n-Airport-Greece-Year-Round
  37. https://www.statistics.gr/en/2021-census-pop-hous
  38. https://kede.gr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/APOF_APOT_MON_DHM_KOIN.pdf
  39. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/greece-population/
  40. https://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Geo/en/Elliniko.html
  41. https://datacommons.org/place/wikidataId/Q666717
  42. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/greece/attiki/4805__d%C3%ADmos_elliniko%C3%BA_argyr/
  43. https://www.greeka.com/attica/athens/transportations/athens-metro-system/
  44. https://www.urbanrail.net/eu/gr/athens/athens.htm
  45. https://www.athensguide.org/athens-transport.html
  46. https://www.athenstransport.com/english/
  47. https://www.tovima.com/finance/major-infrastructure-projects-to-improve-traffic-flow-in-athens/
  48. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/about-us/the-ellinikon/
  49. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/local-communities/katw-elliniko/
  50. https://greekcitytimes.com/2025/10/18/studies-begin-for-athens-metro-extension-to-elliniko-and-glyfada/
  51. https://www.oldjets.net/athens-ellinikon.html
  52. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/photographing-airport-transition
  53. https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/athens-ghost-airport
  54. https://www.cfr.org/timeline/greeces-debt-crisis-timeline
  55. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ramseyqubein/2024/07/01/how-an-old-greek-airport-is-becoming-a-14-billion-tourism-project/
  56. https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/LAMDA-DEVELOPMENT-S-A-1408777/news/Ellinikon-Project-to-Add-2-5-PPS-to-Greek-GDP-Says-Lamda-CEO-46468612/
  57. https://www.edisongroup.com/research/ellinikon-construction-happening-at-pace/BM-1093/
  58. https://iobe.gr/docs/research/en/RES_05_F_15092016_SUM_EN.pdf
  59. https://dealstream.com/blog/the-rise-of-the-ellinikon-greece-s-10-billion-smart-city
  60. https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/greece-design-and-construction-over-20-billion-euros-2024-infrastructure
  61. https://www.reuters.com/article/eurozone-greece-privatisation-idUKA8N18101F/
  62. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/the-ellinikon-contract-background/
  63. https://news.gtp.gr/2016/09/22/hellenikon-project-greece-gets-go-ahead/
  64. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/transfer-of-hellinikon-sas-shares-to-lamda-development/
  65. https://www.naftemporiki.gr/english/692603/lamda-development-points-to-first-concession-payment-to-greek-state-for-helleniko-site-on-june-25/
  66. https://www.archdaily.com/1024497/athens-urban-transformation-the-ellinikon-development-takes-shape-in-greece
  67. https://www.constructionhq.world/issue-sections/latest-news/projects-developments/lamda-development-progresses-construction-across-the-ellinikon/
  68. https://www.athens24.com/news/the-ellinikon-project--progress-on-individual-projects--receipts-from-property-sales-will-exceed-900-million.html
  69. https://news.gtp.gr/2025/10/03/athens-ellinikon-project-advances-rapidly-first-openings-set-for-2026/
  70. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/paradigm-city/residential/little-athens/
  71. https://www.naftemporiki.gr/english/1938341/lamda-development-updates-projects-timeline/
  72. https://www.mikrometoxos.gr/deferred-payments-and-construction-delays-the-lamda-development/
  73. https://www.wowktv.com/business/press-releases/cision/20251002LN85848/the-ellinikon-europes-flagship-urban-regeneration-project-moves-forward-at-full-speed
  74. https://www.lamdadev.com/en/sustainability/society
  75. https://theellinikon.com.gr/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/stakeholder_engagement-plan_2022.pdf
  76. https://greekcitytimes.com/2025/05/07/80-of-elliniko-housing-interest-comes-from-greek-buyers-says-lamda-development/
  77. https://www.athens24.com/directory/agios-kosmas-sports-center.html
  78. https://www.athens24.com/elliniko/sports-clubs
  79. https://www.xo.gr/dir-az/G/Gyms/Elliniko%2520Attica/?lang=en
  80. https://www.wodboxathens.gr/
  81. https://www.instagram.com/olympico_padel_club_elliniko/?hl=en
  82. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/progress-of-works/the-ellinikon-sports-park/
  83. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/paradigm-city/sports/
  84. https://ered.gr/real-estate-news/the-progress-of-key-projects-in-the-ellinikon
  85. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/local-communities/
  86. https://theellinikon.com.gr/en/park/
  87. https://www.lamdadev.com/en/blog/investment-in-greek-sports
  88. https://www.unic.ac.cy/athens/ellinikon/
  89. https://greekcitytimes.com/2024/07/11/new-sports-park-in-ellinikon/
  90. https://www.holcim.com/who-we-are/our-stories/building-icons-ellinikon
  91. https://dirt.asla.org/2023/01/07/carbon-first-design-the-ellinikon-metropolitan-park-in-athens/
  92. https://energydigital.com/articles/smart-city-the-ellinikon-announces-100-renewable-plan
  93. https://undisciplinedenvironments.org/2018/01/08/the-planned-development-of-hellenikon-a-sacrifice-that-needs-to-be-contested/
  94. https://www.thenationalherald.com/worries-arise-with-developing-ellinikon-gridlock-concrete-smart-city/
  95. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/whats-behind-the-mega-project-the-ellinikon-2813697.html
  96. https://greekreporter.com/2017/10/02/environmental-groups-create-new-obstacles-in-hellinikon-development-project/
  97. https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/228169/residents-lodge-fresh-legal-appeal-against-elliniko-project/
  98. https://www.naftemporiki.gr/english/653760/high-court-throws-out-another-pair-of-lawsuits-aimed-at-blocking-helleniko-privatization/
  99. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666165922000060
  100. https://www.thenationalherald.com/ellinikon-rising-on-athens-coast-detractors-decry-wealthy-enclave-2/
  101. https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/212222/parlt-approves-elliniko-but-vote-shows-govt-opposition-to-project/
  102. https://glyfada.gr/en/municipalities-and-citizens-sent-a-letter-of-protest-for-the-intense-nuisance-from-the-construction-sites-of-elliniko/
  103. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02723638.2020.1863621
  104. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348342938_Community_gardening_in_Hellinikon_as_a_resistance_struggle_against_neoliberal_urbanism_spatial_autogestion_and_the_right_to_the_city_in_post-crisis_Athens_Greece
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.