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Flora Fountain
Flora Fountain
Flora Fountain
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Flora Fountain is a Fountain located at the Hutatma Chowk is an ornamentally sculpted architectural heritage monument located at the southern end of the historic Dadabhai Naoroji Road, at the Fort business district in the heart of South Mumbai, Mumbai, India. Flora Fountain, built in 1864, depicts the Roman goddess Flora. It was built at a total cost of Rs. 47,000, or 9,000 pounds sterling, a large sum in those days.[1]

Key Information

History

[edit]
Main article: Fort (Mumbai precinct)
Photograph of Flora Fountain taken prior to 1904

The fountain originally intended for the Victoria Gardens, is now surmounted by the figure of Plenty ("Courtesy of Special Collections, University of Houston Libraries."). History of the Flora Fountain is traced to the time when the Old Mumbai Fort was demolished in 1860 as part of the then Governor, Sir Bartle Frère's efforts to improve civic sanitation (municipal improvements) and the urban space requirements of the growing city. Prior to this demolition, the Fort had been built between 1686 and 1743 by the British East India Company with three gates (the Apollo Gate, the Church Gate and the Bazaar Gate), a moat, esplanade, level open spaces on its western fringe (to control fires) and residences. A small road called the Hornby Road, named after the then Governor of Bombay (Mumbai) between 1771 AD and 1784 AD, also existed at the old Fort area.[2][3] Consequent to the demolitions, the Hornby road was widened into a broad avenue and on its western side commercial plots were developed to build new commercial buildings in Neo Classical and Gothic Revival designs. The Dadabhai Naoroji Road (D. N. Road), developed into a veritable sight of colonial splendor with Crawford Market linked to the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus anchoring the northern end and the Flora Fountain, forming the southern end of the Mile Long Road.[4]

The Flora Fountain was erected at the exact place where the Church gate (named after St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai ) stood before its demolition along with the Mumbai Fort. It was constructed by the Agri–Horticultural Society of Western India, out of a donation of Rs 20,000 by Cursetjee Fardoonjee Parekh. Designed by Richard Norman Shaw, it was sculpted in imported Portland stone by James Forsythe. A white coat of oil paint has to some extent marred the antiquity of the structure.[1] The fountain was originally to be named after Sir Bartle Frère, the Governor of Bombay at the time, whose progressive policy had resulted in many of the great public buildings of Mumbai.[5] However, the name was changed before the fountain was unveiled as Flora Fountain, named after Flora, a Roman Goddess of flowers and the season of spring; her majestic and pretty Portland stone statue adorns the top of the fountain. The four corners of the fountain have four life-sized female mythological figures carrying foliage to represent the four seasons.[6][7][8][9][10]

The fountain was originally intended to be built at the Jijamata Udyaan at Byculla but, in 1908, the grass plot and the palm trees that had camouflaged the fountain were cleared for creating space for pedestrians and horse–traffic between the tram lines and the kerb of the fountain.[5]

Hutatma chowk

[edit]
Further information: Hutatma Chowk
The Hutatma memorial with the Flora Fountain, in the background

From the time the Flora Fountain was built in 1864 and until 1960, the chowk (square) where five streets meet (hence, also known as the Piccadilly Circus of Mumbai[9]) and the fountain stands now, was named as the Flora Fountain area. But in 1960, to commemorate the people who laid their lives in the turbulent birth of Maharashtra State at the square, it was renamed as the Hutatma Chowk with a stone statue bearing a pair of torch-holding patriots. The Flora Fountain, surrounded by the British Victorian era heritage buildings, is very much part of the chowk and has been declared a heritage structure and it continues to charm visitors with its beauty and with its spray of water. It sits well alongside the Hutatma statue which adorns the chowk. (Picture depicts the two structures).[6] It was the decision of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly that recommended to the Government "to take necessary steps to erect as early as possible a memorial at Flora Fountain in Bombay in commemoration of the sacrifices of the persons who died on the police firing at Flora Fountain in Bombay in the month of November 1955."[11]

Nostalgia

[edit]
Flora Fountain

Nostalgic writing by a cricketer, an unnamed resident of Mumbai who played street cricket in front of the fountain in his youth, reads that the fountain at the centre of the Mumbai city evokes feelings:[12]

The Centres of the world are well etched in the mind: the New York City's Time Square and the Paris's Champs-Élysées, London's Piccadilly Circus. Even now I feel a curious magic about Mumbai's Flora Fountain. We called it the heart of the city and so it was.

Poetic expression

[edit]

A poem in Marathi language by Niranajan Bhagat translated to English extols the beauty of the Flora Fountain thus:[13]

A Glass and concrete jungle;
In its midst always
Quiet, comely,
With hope filled face,
she stands
Flora
A dream of spring in her matchless eyes,
holding in both hands stone flowers.
About her, in all corners,
Iron butterflies fly round and round

And lifeless insects play

[edit]
  • Flora Fountain in Hutatma Chowk
    Flora Fountain in Hutatma Chowk
  • The Flora Fountain, c. 1905
    The Flora Fountain, c. 1905
  • Flora Fountain area, pre World War I
    Flora Fountain area, pre World War I
  • Traffic stream at Flora Fountain at night
    Traffic stream at Flora Fountain at night
  • Fountain in action at night
    Fountain in action at night
  • Flora Fountain at Hutatma Chowk
    Flora Fountain at Hutatma Chowk
  • Goddess Flora in Flora Fountain
    Goddess Flora in Flora Fountain
  • Panoramic view of Flora Fountain
    Panoramic view of Flora Fountain

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Flora Fountain

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Flora Fountain is a historic public fountain and sculpture located at Hutatma Chowk in the Fort neighborhood of Mumbai, India, depicting the Roman goddess of flowers and spring, Flora. Erected in 1864 at a cost of Rs. 47,000, it was constructed from Portland stone by the Agri-Horticultural Society of Western India on the site of the demolished Church Gate of the original Bombay Fort. The structure, a fusion of neoclassical sculpture with Gothic architectural elements, was designed by a committee that included British architect Richard Norman Shaw and sculpted by James Forsyth. Initially proposed as a tribute to Sir Bartle Frere, the Governor of Bombay Presidency from 1862 to 1867, the fountain's name was changed to Flora before its unveiling, symbolizing renewal amid the city's post-fort development. In 1961, the surrounding chowk was renamed Hutatma Chowk to commemorate activists killed during the Samyukta Maharashtra movement advocating for Maharashtra's statehood, underscoring the site's evolution from colonial monument to marker of regional sacrifice. Today, it remains an iconic traffic hub and heritage landmark, restored in recent years to preserve its Victorian-era aesthetics amid Mumbai's urban density.

Architectural Design and Features

Sculptural Elements and Symbolism

The central sculptural element of Flora Fountain is a statue of the Roman goddess Flora, the deity of flowers and spring, standing atop a circular column. She is depicted with arms outstretched, holding a wreath in each hand to symbolize abundance and prosperity. This portrayal aligns with classical iconography associating Flora with fertility and renewal, adapted here to evoke the agricultural and commercial vitality of 19th-century Bombay. At the fountain's base, four corner sculptures depict allegorical figures representing India's principal cereals and plant foods, such as and , which underscore themes of agricultural bounty and sustenance. These elements, carved in , were commissioned by the Agri-Horticultural Society of to promote horticultural interests, linking the monument directly to efforts in advancing local farming and during British colonial rule. Symbolically, the ensemble embodies prosperity and natural abundance, reflecting the society's goals and the era's optimism for Bombay's development as a trade hub reliant on agrarian exports. The integration of with indigenous agricultural motifs highlights a colonial fusion aimed at legitimizing British infrastructural patronage through universal ideals of growth and fertility.

Materials and Engineering

The Flora Fountain was constructed entirely from , a fine-grained limestone imported from quarries in , selected for its durability, ease of carving, and resistance to tropical weathering. This material formed the 32-foot-tall structure, including the central statue of the goddess —measuring approximately 7 feet in height—and the pedestal's four corner relief sculptures depicting agricultural motifs such as stepwells, cotton plants, corn, and a bullock. Engineering aspects centered on integrating the fountain with Bombay's nascent municipal , established in the 1860s under British colonial projects. The design by Richard incorporated a concealed substructure for distribution, including a central chamber—7 feet 6 inches deep—housing original valves and piping to control flow to the fountain's jets and basins. This system, sealed post-installation, relied on gravity-fed pressure from elevated reservoirs, reflecting 19th-century adapted for urban ornamentation without modern pumps. Sculptor James Forsythe executed the stonework on-site, leveraging the material's workability to achieve detailed neoclassical forms while ensuring structural stability against seismic and stresses inherent to the site's coastal location.

Historical Construction and Colonial Context

Commissioning and Funding

The Flora Fountain was commissioned in the early 1860s by the Agri-Horticultural Society of as a tribute to Sir Bartle Frere, the Governor of from 1862 to 1867, whose urban development initiatives included the of the old Mumbai Fort walls to expand the city. Initially intended for installation in the Victoria Gardens (now Jijamata Udyan) in , the project aligned with broader colonial efforts to beautify public spaces amid rapid urbanization. Funding for the fountain was managed by the Esplanade Fee Fund Committee, which levied fees on land use in the newly opened Esplanade area following the fort's demolition, generating revenue for civic improvements. The total construction cost amounted to 47,000 rupees (approximately 9,000 pounds sterling at the time), with a substantial donation of 20,000 rupees contributed by the Parsi philanthropist Cursetjee Fardoonjee Parekh to the Agri-Horticultural Society, supplementing the committee's funds. This public-private funding model reflected common colonial-era practices for infrastructure, drawing on municipal levies and elite donations without direct government allocation. Due to Frere's recall to in 1867 amid policy disputes with the , the fountain—originally to be named after him—was completed without his involvement and instead dedicated to the goddess , with installation occurring in 1869 at the junction. The relocation from to this prominent traffic node underscored the Esplanade Fund's role in prioritizing accessible urban landmarks over garden-centric placements.

Installation and Early Usage

The Flora Fountain was installed in 1864 at the intersection of Esplanade Road (now Road) and DN Road in Bombay, following the demolition of the city's old fort walls that began in 1860 under Bartle Frere's urban development initiatives to improve and expand public spaces. The structure, originally planned for Victoria Gardens, was repositioned to the site of the former northeast bastion to enhance the civic landscape of the emerging European district. Constructed at a cost of Rs. 47,000 (approximately 9,000 pounds sterling), the fountain marked a significant in colonial-era public infrastructure, sculpted in by James Forsyth and featuring bronze elements cast by P. Mary & Co. in . Upon completion, it served as a functional source, dispensing potable through its lion-head spouts to residents via bullock carts and individual carriers in an age predating municipal piped supply. In its early years, the fountain functioned as a key urban landmark, regulating traffic at the busy junction and symbolizing British administrative progress in Bombay's transformation from fortified outpost to modern port city. It quickly became a site for public gatherings and aesthetic appreciation, integrated into the daily life of the colonial elite and local populace amid the growing commercial hub.

Location and Post-Independence Renaming

Hutatma Chowk and Its Significance

Hutatma Chowk, translating to "Martyrs' Square" in Marathi, refers to the busy public intersection in Mumbai's Fort area that encompasses the Flora Fountain. Originally known simply as the square around the fountain since its construction in 1864, it was officially redesignated Hutatma Chowk in 1961 to memorialize the casualties of the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement. This renaming occurred shortly after the formation of Maharashtra state on May 1, 1960, acknowledging the role of the agitation in achieving linguistic reorganization. The significance of the name stems from the violent suppression of protests by the , a coalition demanding a unified Marathi-speaking state separate from the bilingual . On , 1955, and during subsequent clashes in 1955–1956, police opened fire on demonstrators, resulting in the deaths of 106 to 107 activists. These events highlighted tensions over state boundaries and language-based identity, with the martyrs' sacrifices credited for pressuring the central government to accede to the demands. A memorial plaque listing the names of the deceased and an were erected adjacent to to ensure enduring remembrance. thus serves as a symbol of regional linguistic and the human cost of India's post-independence state reconfiguration, standing as a focal point for annual commemorations and a reminder of the movement's legacy in shaping modern .

Debates on Nomenclature

The monument was initially intended to honor Sir Bartle Frère, of from 1862 to 1867, whose infrastructure initiatives facilitated its construction; however, prior to the unveiling on October 18, 1864, the name was changed to Flora Fountain to reflect the central sculpture of the Roman goddess of flowers and spring, thereby avoiding potential disputes over commemorating a living colonial administrator amid fiscal constraints and shifting public sentiments. Following Indian independence, the surrounding junction—previously identified synonymously with the fountain—was officially redesignated ("Martyrs' Square") on May 1, 1961, by the state government to memorialize the 106 fatalities from police firing on protesters on November 21, 1960, during the campaign for a Marathi-speaking state separate from bilingual ; this renaming aligned with post-colonial efforts to indigenize public spaces by prioritizing local sacrifices over imperial symbols. Notwithstanding the official change, "Flora Fountain" persists in colloquial usage, navigation, and cultural references, as evidenced by taxi drivers and residents often defaulting to the pre-1961 term for clarity, underscoring practical resistance to enforced shifts in favor of historically entrenched identifiers. This duality has fueled ancillary discussions within Mumbai's heritage preservation circles, where proponents of retaining colonial-era names argue that erasure risks obscuring the architectural and urban developmental legacies tied to British engineering—such as the fountain's role in the city's —while critics view persistence as a subtle perpetuation of imperial amid broader drives. Specific campaigns to rechristen the fountain itself, distinct from the chowk, remain absent from records, with attention centering instead on maintenance and symbolic retention as a Grade I heritage structure under Maharashtra's protections.

Restoration and Preservation Efforts

Pre-Independence Maintenance

The Flora Fountain, erected in 1869, underwent routine maintenance under the oversight of the Bombay Municipal Corporation (BMC), formed in 1863 to manage civic infrastructure including public monuments and water features. This involved periodic cleaning of the facade to mitigate corrosion from marine air and urban grime, as well as inspections of the bronze sculptures and water conduits to sustain hydraulic functionality amid increasing vehicular traffic at the junction. Historical images from circa and pre-World War I periods show the fountain intact and operational, with visible water flow and undamaged detailing, evidencing consistent minor repairs rather than overhaul. No accounts of extensive deterioration or funded restorations appear in colonial municipal records for the structure prior to 1947, reflecting the durability of its original design by sculptor and engineer James Trubshaw. The BMC's broader mandate for , including upkeep in the Fort area, ensured the landmark's role as a enduring civic ornament without interruption.

Modern Restorations and Challenges

In 2017, during preliminary restoration work on the 153-year-old structure, conservators uncovered a concealed underground chamber containing ancient brass valves and a complex original water management system, highlighting the engineering sophistication of the 1864 installation but also revealing decades of accumulated neglect that had halted water flow. The (BMC) initiated a comprehensive restoration project led by conservation Vikas Dilawari, addressing structural decay, vandalism to bronze animal-head spouts, and vegetation-clogged pipes that had rendered the fountain non-functional for years. The project, completed at a cost of ₹3.7 , involved meticulous removal of multiple layers of mismatched paint applied during prior shoddy interventions— a process that alone took two years—followed by vapour treatment for cleaning, recasting of missing elements, and reinstatement of water functionality through repaired spouts. The surrounding plaza was repaved with cobblestones and enhanced for pedestrian access, transforming it into a revitalized while preserving the fountain's Grade I heritage status. The restored fountain was unveiled on January 24, 2019, with water jets operational for the first time in decades, though the effort faced hurdles including erratic weather disrupting timelines and payment delays that briefly suspended work by contractor INTACH in early 2018. Post-restoration challenges persist, including the need for regular upkeep to prevent re-clogging and in Mumbai's humid, polluted environment; by January 2022, the fountain required enclosure for after just three years of operation, with BMC contracting a private agency for ongoing checks. Broader urban pressures exacerbate vulnerabilities, such as nearby high-rise redevelopments that introduce out-of-scale structures diminishing the fountain's visual setting, and proposed open-air designs for the adjacent Metro station raising concerns over rainwater ingress and structural integrity during monsoons as of 2025. These issues underscore the tension between conservation and rapid , with experts like Dilawari emphasizing the necessity of adaptive, functional preservation to sustain such landmarks amid inadequate long-term funding and enforcement of heritage buffers.

Cultural and Historical Impact

Role in Mumbai's Urban Landscape

Flora Fountain occupies a pivotal position at , a major traffic intersection in South Mumbai's Fort district, where five key roads converge, including Road (formerly D.N. Road) and Road. This strategic location has historically facilitated connectivity across the city's commercial core, serving as a navigational amid the dense urban grid of colonial-era planning. As a centerpiece, it manages high volumes of vehicular and pedestrian traffic, underscoring its function as a vital node in Mumbai's transportation network despite persistent congestion challenges. Beyond logistics, the fountain embodies Mumbai's layered urban identity, blending 19th-century British with the city's post-independence evolution. Surrounded by heritage structures like and Gothic Revival buildings, it anchors the art district, drawing tourists and locals to appreciate its sculpted Roman goddess amid skyscrapers and markets. Its presence reinforces the preservation of colonial aesthetics in a rapidly modernizing metropolis, where it stands as a visual and cultural reference point for South Mumbai's historic precinct. Recent infrastructure developments further integrate Flora Fountain into contemporary urban dynamics, with the Metro Station constructed beneath it since 2018, enhancing transit access while respecting the site's heritage constraints. This subterranean link to Line 1 of the exemplifies efforts to harmonize historical monuments with high-density mobility needs, positioning the fountain as a bridge between 's past grandeur and future sustainability.

Witnesses to Key Events and Legacy

The Flora Fountain has served as a central during pivotal moments in Mumbai's modern , particularly the Samyukta Maharashtra movement of the late 1950s and early 1960s, which demanded a Marathi-speaking state separate from bilingual . Protests organized by the frequently converged at the fountain's location, then a busy known as Flora Fountain. On , 1955, and subsequent dates during the agitation, police firings across resulted in over 100 deaths, with the area around the fountain witnessing large-scale demonstrations that escalated tensions leading to the state's formation on May 1, 1960. In 1961, the intersection was officially renamed —"martyrs' square"—to honor the approximately 106 to 107 individuals killed in these clashes, including civilians, workers, and students, underscoring the fountain's role as a site of for the sacrifices that secured Maharashtra's linguistic and . The monument's enduring presence amid these events symbolizes the transition from colonial to post-independence nation-building, with the Roman goddess overlooking rallies that challenged central government policies under Prime Minister . The legacy of Flora Fountain endures as a Grade I heritage structure under Mumbai's conservation laws, blending Victorian-era aesthetics with India's regionalist struggles, and continues to anchor the Fort area's commercial and administrative hub. Restoration efforts in the 2010s, including cleaning and structural repairs completed by 2019, have preserved its original buff-colored stone and elements against urban pollution and wear, ensuring its visibility in Mumbai's skyline. Popularly still referred to as Flora Fountain despite the official renaming, it represents a fusion of imperial legacy and local heroism, drawing tourists and serving as a reference point in the city's dense traffic network.

References

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