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Fuheng
Fuheng (Manchu: ᡶᡠᡥᡝᠩ, romanized: Fuheng; simplified Chinese: 傅恒; traditional Chinese: 傅恆; pinyin: Fùhéng; Burmese: ဖူဟင်း; 1720 – July 1770), courtesy name Chunhe (春和), was a Qing dynasty official from the Fuca clan of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner, and was a younger brother of the Empress Xiaoxianchun. He served as a senior minister at the court of his brother-in-law, the Qianlong Emperor, from the 1750s to his death in 1770. He is best known for leading the Qing troops in the fourth and last invasion of Burma in the Sino-Burmese War.
Prior to his appointment as the commander-in-chief of the Burma campaign, Fuheng was chief grand councilor to the emperor, and one of the emperor's most trusted advisers. Fuheng was one of the few senior officials that fully backed the Qianlong Emperor's decision to eliminate the Dzungars in the 1750s when most at the court thought war was too risky. His nephew Mingrui led the Burma campaign of 1767–1768. His son Fuk'anggan was a senior general in the Qing military.
Fuheng was unsuccessful in the Burma campaign. In December 1769, he signed a truce with the Burmese, which the emperor did not accept. He died of malaria, which he contracted during his three-month invasion of Burma, when he got back to Beijing.
Fuheng was born into a prestigious family. His ancestor Wangjinu (旺吉努) pledged allegiance to Nurhaci at the outset of his military campaigns, leading his clan in support. His great-grandfather Hashitu (哈什屯) served as a Grand Councillor during the reigns of the Taizong and Shizu emperors of the Qing dynasty, rising to the highest policy-making body of the Qing court. His grandfather Mingsihan earned the favor of the Kangxi Emperor and was promoted to Minister of Revenue and Grand Councillor. He firmly supported the Emperor’s proposal to abolish the regional feudal domains, contributing significantly to the restoration and development of social production and the suppression of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories during Kangxi’s reign. He was highly praised by the Emperor. Fuheng’s uncles Maska, Maqi, and Mawu were all prominent figures during the Kangxi and Yongzheng reigns. His father, Li Rongbao, held the post of Commander-in-Chief of Chahar. Fuheng’s elder sister was none other than Empress Xiaoxianchun.
At the time, the general Necin was leading the offensive against Jinchuan, but his efforts proved fruitless. In the ninth month, the Qianlong Emperor reassigned Fuheng to temporarily oversee the duties of the Governor-General of Sichuan and Shaanxi and to direct military operations. Shortly thereafter, he was appointed Grand Secretariat of the Hall of Preserving Harmony. Four million taels of silver were allocated from the Ministry of Revenue and various provincial treasuries for military expenses, and an additional 100,000 taels were drawn from the imperial treasury for rewards. In the eleventh month, Fuheng set out. The Emperor hosted a farewell banquet at the Chonghua Palace, personally performed ritual offerings at the Tangzi Hall, and ordered the imperial princes and Grand Secretary Lai Bao to escort him to Liangxiang.
Soon after, due to Fuheng’s swift march and strict discipline, the Emperor ordered a commendation and proposed promoting him to Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent and further to Grand Guardian. Fuheng declined, but the Emperor refused to accept his refusal.
Previously, the tusi (native chieftain) of Lesser Jinchuan, Liang’erji, had feigned surrender and acted as a spy for Saruoben (莎羅奔). Zhang Guangsi, believing Wang Qiu, allowed Liang’erji to lead ethnic minority troops, and every movement by the Qing army was immediately known to the enemy. On his way, Fuheng submitted a memorial requesting the execution of Liang’erji and his associates. Upon nearing the front, he ordered Vice General Ma Liangzhu to summon Liang’erji under pretenses. When he arrived at Bangga Mountain, Liang’erji’s crimes were publicly denounced, and he was executed. The Qianlong Emperor praised Fuheng’s decisiveness and bestowed upon him the double-eyed peacock feather again, forbidding any refusal.
In December, Fuheng arrived at Kasa and moved the camp to the old fortress, ordering General Ye Daxiong to observe the Jinchuan fortifications. In 1749, Fuheng submitted a memorial analyzing the reasons for previous defeats and proposed a multi-pronged offensive strategy.
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Fuheng
Fuheng (Manchu: ᡶᡠᡥᡝᠩ, romanized: Fuheng; simplified Chinese: 傅恒; traditional Chinese: 傅恆; pinyin: Fùhéng; Burmese: ဖူဟင်း; 1720 – July 1770), courtesy name Chunhe (春和), was a Qing dynasty official from the Fuca clan of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner, and was a younger brother of the Empress Xiaoxianchun. He served as a senior minister at the court of his brother-in-law, the Qianlong Emperor, from the 1750s to his death in 1770. He is best known for leading the Qing troops in the fourth and last invasion of Burma in the Sino-Burmese War.
Prior to his appointment as the commander-in-chief of the Burma campaign, Fuheng was chief grand councilor to the emperor, and one of the emperor's most trusted advisers. Fuheng was one of the few senior officials that fully backed the Qianlong Emperor's decision to eliminate the Dzungars in the 1750s when most at the court thought war was too risky. His nephew Mingrui led the Burma campaign of 1767–1768. His son Fuk'anggan was a senior general in the Qing military.
Fuheng was unsuccessful in the Burma campaign. In December 1769, he signed a truce with the Burmese, which the emperor did not accept. He died of malaria, which he contracted during his three-month invasion of Burma, when he got back to Beijing.
Fuheng was born into a prestigious family. His ancestor Wangjinu (旺吉努) pledged allegiance to Nurhaci at the outset of his military campaigns, leading his clan in support. His great-grandfather Hashitu (哈什屯) served as a Grand Councillor during the reigns of the Taizong and Shizu emperors of the Qing dynasty, rising to the highest policy-making body of the Qing court. His grandfather Mingsihan earned the favor of the Kangxi Emperor and was promoted to Minister of Revenue and Grand Councillor. He firmly supported the Emperor’s proposal to abolish the regional feudal domains, contributing significantly to the restoration and development of social production and the suppression of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories during Kangxi’s reign. He was highly praised by the Emperor. Fuheng’s uncles Maska, Maqi, and Mawu were all prominent figures during the Kangxi and Yongzheng reigns. His father, Li Rongbao, held the post of Commander-in-Chief of Chahar. Fuheng’s elder sister was none other than Empress Xiaoxianchun.
At the time, the general Necin was leading the offensive against Jinchuan, but his efforts proved fruitless. In the ninth month, the Qianlong Emperor reassigned Fuheng to temporarily oversee the duties of the Governor-General of Sichuan and Shaanxi and to direct military operations. Shortly thereafter, he was appointed Grand Secretariat of the Hall of Preserving Harmony. Four million taels of silver were allocated from the Ministry of Revenue and various provincial treasuries for military expenses, and an additional 100,000 taels were drawn from the imperial treasury for rewards. In the eleventh month, Fuheng set out. The Emperor hosted a farewell banquet at the Chonghua Palace, personally performed ritual offerings at the Tangzi Hall, and ordered the imperial princes and Grand Secretary Lai Bao to escort him to Liangxiang.
Soon after, due to Fuheng’s swift march and strict discipline, the Emperor ordered a commendation and proposed promoting him to Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent and further to Grand Guardian. Fuheng declined, but the Emperor refused to accept his refusal.
Previously, the tusi (native chieftain) of Lesser Jinchuan, Liang’erji, had feigned surrender and acted as a spy for Saruoben (莎羅奔). Zhang Guangsi, believing Wang Qiu, allowed Liang’erji to lead ethnic minority troops, and every movement by the Qing army was immediately known to the enemy. On his way, Fuheng submitted a memorial requesting the execution of Liang’erji and his associates. Upon nearing the front, he ordered Vice General Ma Liangzhu to summon Liang’erji under pretenses. When he arrived at Bangga Mountain, Liang’erji’s crimes were publicly denounced, and he was executed. The Qianlong Emperor praised Fuheng’s decisiveness and bestowed upon him the double-eyed peacock feather again, forbidding any refusal.
In December, Fuheng arrived at Kasa and moved the camp to the old fortress, ordering General Ye Daxiong to observe the Jinchuan fortifications. In 1749, Fuheng submitted a memorial analyzing the reasons for previous defeats and proposed a multi-pronged offensive strategy.