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Gottschalks
Gottschalks
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Gottschalks (former NYSE ticker symbol GOT) was a middle-tier American department store that operated 58 department stores and three specialty apparel stores in six western states (California, Washington, Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Nevada); some locations ran as Harris-Gottschalks stores. Prior to liquidation, it was the largest independently owned, publicly traded department store chain in the United States. On January 14, 2009, Gottschalks filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[1][2] This bankruptcy became a liquidation on March 31, 2009.[3] At least five prime locations became Macy's stores, while several more became Forever 21 stores.

Key Information

Beginnings

[edit]
The second Gottschalks logo used until 2001.
Gottschalk's new, larger store in Fresno, CA, shortly after it opened in 1914

Gottschalks was founded by German Jewish immigrant Emil Gottschalk in 1904 as a dry goods store in downtown Fresno, California.[4] Ten years later, the store grew enough to move into another building downtown with ten times the amount of space.[4] Before his passing in 1939, Emil passed control to his brother-in-law, Henry Korn and his nephew, Abe Blum. The company opened its first branch store in Merced in 1961 and new stores in Visalia and Fresno. In a strategy to win over teenage baby-boomers, Gottschalks launched Bobbie West, a chain of junior apparel stores, in the late 1960s. Village East shops, which offered plus-sized women's clothing, were launched in 1970.

Irving (Bill) Levy served as the 4th of seven presidents in the 105 years that Gottschalks operated. Upon Irving Levy's death in 1981, his son Joseph Levy became CEO and chairman of the board until James Famalette was elevated to these positions in 1999 and 2007, respectively.

Becoming successful

[edit]

Gottschalks gained success by locating only in smaller cities that could not support full-size national department stores. This tactic kept Gottschalks' overhead low by allowing it to build smaller (80,000- to 110,000-square-foot), single-level stores with lower real estate costs. More often than not, it also made Gottschalks "the only game in town", with virtually no competition from other national department stores.

The chief executives of Gottschalks, Inc. following the death of Emil Gottschalk:

  1. Henry Korn (brother in law)
  2. Abe Blum (sole nephew)
  3. Irving Levy (wife's nephew by marriage)
  4. Joseph Levy (son of Irving Levy)
  5. James Famalette (no relation)

Presidents/chief operating officers who served after Irving Levy's death in 1981:

  1. Gerald Blum (grand nephew and son of Abe Blum)
  2. Stephen Furst (no relation)
  3. James Famalette (no relation)

Abe Blum (died 1963) had a degree in electrical engineering from Rutgers University, and was responsible for installing one of Fresno's first air conditioning systems and was among the first retailers in the area to accept bank credit cards. According to a 1977 Chain Store Age Executive article, in 1976 Gottschalks became America's first department store to totally automate sales transactions. The company installed electronic point of sale (POS) "wands" that read bar codes and store credit cards. This technology helped increase efficiency, reduce errors, and keep inventory and customer billing up to date.

Expansion

[edit]

The number of Gottschalks units doubled from nine in 1985 to 18 in 1988 and annual revenues increased from $112 million to $196 million in the process. Part of this growth came via the acquisition of two small family-run department store chains in 1987 and 1988, for a total of $11 million.

Brock's department store logo

Brock's (Malcolm Brock and Co.) stores and 500 employees were added in Bakersfield, the Downtown flagship and in the Valley Plaza Mall.[5]

Leask's department store logo

The acquisition of Samuel Leask & Sons chains added three stores and 150 employees, in:[5]

The chain also refined its specialty store offerings, converting its Bobbie West juniors stores into Petites West boutiques mid-decade in order to attract smaller-sized Asian and Latin women.

The company's stock started trading on the New York Stock Exchange in 1986 under the symbol GOT.[6] In 1988, the company closed its flagship store in Fresno, California due to unsatisfactory sales.[7]

Harris-Gottschalks logo

In 1995, the company went online. In 1996, they opened a 125,000-square-foot (11,600 m2) store in the troubled Park Lane Centre in Reno, Nevada, which had lost its two department store anchors Sears and Weinstock's to a larger competitor mall. The company grew in Southern California with the 1998 acquisition of Harris Department Stores, which operated as Harris-Gottschalks stores by then. In 2000, the Seattle based department store Lamonts was acquired.[4]

Decline after 2000

[edit]

Most of the Lamonts locations that were acquired by Gottschalks eventually closed due to poor sales. The exception was the Alaska market, where sales were strong and only one store, Wasilla, was closed prior to the company's shutdown. Closures included the locations at the Northgate Mall in Seattle, WA, in September 2006, and in Tacoma Highlands on September 22, 2007, a free-standing location unlike the typical mall setting. The Northgate Mall location marked the closing of the last Gottschalks in Seattle. In Washington state, the remaining Gottschalks locations had succeeded in rural and suburban areas with less competition from other department stores.

Bankruptcy and liquidation

[edit]

On October 24, 2008, Gottschalks was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange. NYSE officials stated that the value of the stock was too low to continue to be listed, and that its average global market capitalization had remained below $25 million for 30 straight trading days. Company officials claimed to be negotiating a deal for a loan with a Chinese company, Everbright Development Overseas Limited. They also stated that they would appeal the delisting decision. On December 18, 2008, Gottschalks officials announced that Everbright had pulled out of the deal.[8]

On January 14, 2009, Gottschalks filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[1] In March 2009, Gottschalks announced it lined up a group of bidders that would liquidate the chain if no other bidder was found by March 30.[9] On March 31, Gottschalks announced it would liquidate its remaining stores.[3][10] The chain's final stores closed July 12, 2009. Several prime locations became Macy's or Forever 21.[11]

There were plans by former CEO Joe Levy to reopen some of the stores by early 2011,[11][12] but those plans ultimately fell through.[13]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Gottschalks

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Gottschalks was a regional American department store chain specializing in mid-tier apparel, home goods, and accessories, founded in 1904 by German immigrant Emil Gottschalk in Fresno, California, as a dry-goods store and operating primarily in the western United States until its liquidation in 2009. The company began as a single 10,000-square-foot store in downtown Fresno and remained family-owned for decades, emphasizing customer service and branded merchandise in smaller markets with populations between 20,000 and 60,000. Expansion accelerated in the 1960s with branch stores in Merced, Visalia, and additional Fresno locations, followed by further growth in the 1970s and 1980s into Northern and Central California cities like Modesto and Santa Maria. By 1986, Gottschalks went public on the New York Stock Exchange, doubling its store count from nine in 1985 to 18 by 1988, with sales exceeding $200 million in 1989. In the 1990s, the chain ventured beyond California, opening stores in Washington, Oregon, and Nevada, while acquiring smaller chains such as Malcolm Brock and Samuel Leask & Sons in 1987–1988 and the nine-store Harris chain in 1998, pushing sales past $500 million. The early 2000s marked aggressive growth, including the 2000 acquisition of the 34-store Lamonts chain, which added locations in Washington, Alaska, and Idaho, bringing the total to a peak of 66 stores by 2006 across six states: California (majority), Washington, Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Nevada. Strategies focused on cost-effective, smaller-format stores in malls and strip centers, early adoption of point-of-sale technology, and a mix of national brands like Liz Claiborne and Sony alongside private labels. Financial pressures mounted in the mid-2000s amid declining mall traffic and competition from big-box retailers, leading to net losses of $12 million in 2002 and $12.4 million in 2007, store closures, and the sale of its business. A failed $30 million deal with Chinese firm Everbright Development in December 2008 exacerbated the crisis, prompting Gottschalks to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on January 14, 2009, with assets of $288.4 million and debts of $197.1 million across 58 department stores and three specialty apparel outlets. Efforts to find a buyer failed, and on March 30, 2009, the company approved liquidation of its assets, with going-out-of-business sales commencing April 2 and concluding by July 15, 2009, marking the end of over a century of operations.

Founding and Early Development

Establishment in Fresno

Gottschalks was founded on September 17, 1904, by Emil Gottschalk, a German-Jewish immigrant who had arrived in the United States and settled in , where he gained experience in the retail trade. After working for a decade at the Fresno store Kutner-Goldstein, Gottschalk established his own venture in downtown Fresno, a burgeoning city in the agriculturally rich . The initial store occupied a 10,000-square-foot space at J and Tulare streets, specializing in such as clothing, fabrics, and household essentials tailored to the needs of the local farming community and its growing population of around 14,000 residents. The store's early success reflected Gottschalk's focus on quality merchandise and in a region driven by , where demand for practical apparel and home goods was high amid the expansion of and farming. By catering to farmers, laborers, and families in this rural-urban hub, the business quickly built a loyal base, emphasizing affordability and variety in basic without venturing into luxury items initially. After a decade of steady operation and increasing trade, Gottschalks relocated in 1914 to a much larger 100,000-square-foot building at Kern and J streets to accommodate its expanding inventory and customer traffic. This move marked the store's transition from a modest outlet to a more substantial retail presence, solidifying its role as a of Fresno's commercial landscape while remaining under Emil Gottschalk's direct oversight.

Leadership and Initial Growth

Following the death of founder Emil Gottschalk on November 28, 1939, control of the company passed to his brother-in-law Henry Korn and nephew Abe Blum, who assumed management of the single Fresno store. Under Korn and Blum's leadership, the store stabilized operations amid economic challenges of the and maintained continuity through the resource constraints of . The and saw gradual internal modernization of the Fresno location, highlighted by the installation of the city's first air-conditioning system and enhancements to core offerings in apparel and home goods, fostering steady growth without geographic expansion. By the mid-1950s, these efforts contributed to financial self-sufficiency, sustained by strong loyalty from Fresno's local customer base amid the region's agricultural economy.

Expansion and Peak Operations

Branch Stores and Acquisitions

Gottschalks ended its single-store era with the opening of its first branch location in , in 1961. This expansion marked a strategic shift toward multi-store operations, enabled by early leadership under family members including Henry Korn and the Blum family, who guided the company through its initial growth phase. By 1985, Gottschalks had grown to nine stores, primarily in smaller cities across California's Central Valley, with annual revenues reaching $112 million. The company's expansion emphasized organic branching in underserved markets with populations between 20,000 and 60,000, targeting middle-income households in regions overlooked by larger national chains. To maintain low overhead, Gottschalks developed single-level stores ranging from 80,000 to 110,000 square feet, which reduced real estate and construction costs while allowing efficient operations in community-oriented shopping centers. In 1987, Gottschalks acquired the Malcolm Brock and chain, adding stores in , as part of a $11 million deal for two small family-run operations. The following year, the company purchased Samuel Leask & Sons in 1988, incorporating three additional locations in Santa Cruz, Aptos, and , which further solidified its presence in the state. These acquisitions doubled the store count to 18 by 1988 and boosted revenues to $196 million, enhancing Gottschalks' competitive edge through targeted integration of regional rivals.

Public Offering and National Reach

Gottschalks completed its in 1986 on the under the GOT, selling approximately 50 percent of its equity to generate capital for accelerated expansion through new store construction and acquisitions. The IPO provided the financial resources to support rapid growth, building on a pre-offering base of nine locations primarily in California's Central Valley. The influx of public capital enabled significant operational scaling in the late 1980s, with the company doubling its store count from nine to 18 between 1985 and 1988 through a combination of organic openings and strategic purchases, including the Malcolm Brock and Samuel Leask & Sons chains. This expansion drove annual revenues from $112 million in 1985 to $196 million by 1988, marking a period of robust financial momentum that positioned Gottschalks for broader regional dominance. Further growth in the was propelled by key acquisitions that extended the company's footprint beyond . In 1998, Gottschalks acquired the nine-store Harris Department Stores chain for approximately $39.8 million, incorporating locations across and enhancing market share in urban and suburban malls. This deal, structured with $18 million in Gottschalks stock and a $22 million note, contributed to revenues surpassing $500 million annually by the late . In 2000, the company purchased the assets of the bankrupt Lamonts Apparel Inc. for $20.1 million, adding 34 stores primarily in , Washington, , , and , which significantly broadened its presence in the and . Complementing physical expansion, Gottschalks launched its website in 1995, allowing customers to shop online and extending the brand's reach beyond its brick-and-mortar locations in six western states: , Washington, , , , and . By fiscal 2001 (ended January 2002), these initiatives had propelled consolidated revenues to $723 million, reflecting the company's evolution into a more nationally oriented retailer despite its regional focus.

Business Model and Innovations

Store Format and Merchandising

Gottschalks operated as a mid-tier chain with a standardized store format emphasizing efficiency in smaller regional markets. The stores were typically single-level structures ranging from 40,000 to 150,000 square feet, with an average of approximately 85,000 square feet, and were positioned as anchors in medium-sized malls or strip centers to minimize and operational costs while serving communities with populations of 20,000 to 60,000. This design allowed for accessible layouts focused on key departments, avoiding the multi-level complexity of larger urban retailers and enabling lower overhead in secondary markets across , Washington, , , , and . By the chain's peak, this format supported operations in 58 department stores. The merchandising strategy centered on a balanced mix of apparel, home furnishings, , shoes, accessories, and jewelry, targeting middle-income families with a combination of national brands and value-oriented private labels. Approximately 80% of inventory consisted of recognized brand-name products such as , , , Estée Lauder, and , while the remaining 20% featured Gottschalks' proprietary brands like for apparel and home goods, which provided competitive pricing without sacrificing quality. and fragrances were particularly strong performers, often driving higher margins through dedicated counters and promotions. This approach differentiated Gottschalks from discount chains by offering aspirational yet affordable selections, with private labels contributing up to 12% of total in the early . Customer service formed a of the model, with an emphasis on personalized experiences tailored to regional communities to foster loyalty in less competitive locales. Stores prioritized attentive sales associates and a welcoming atmosphere, akin to higher-end retailers, to build long-term relationships in agricultural and suburban areas. adapted to local demographics, such as catering to mature customers in California's Central Valley agricultural regions with conservative apparel and home essentials, while Washington locations like those in Spokane and Lakewood incorporated broader selections suited to more diverse, semi-urban shoppers. This localized strategy enhanced relevance, with in-store layouts and displays adjusted to reflect community preferences, ensuring the chain's viability in non-metro settings.

Technological and Specialty Initiatives

In 1976, Gottschalks pioneered retail technology by becoming the first U.S. to fully automate sales transactions through the introduction of electronic point-of-sale (POS) "wands" that scanned bar codes and credit cards, significantly enhancing inventory tracking and sales efficiency. This allowed for capture at checkout, reducing manual errors and enabling quicker restocking decisions across its growing network of stores. To diversify its offerings and target specific demographics, Gottschalks launched Bobbie West in the late as a chain of junior apparel stores aimed at teenage baby-boomers, focusing on trendy women's for younger shoppers. By , the chain had expanded to over a dozen locations, which were later converted into Petites West boutiques in the mid-1980s to emphasize petite sizing. Complementing this, the company introduced Village East in 1970, a line of specialty shops specializing in large-size women's clothing, which grew to 25 stores by the mid-1990s and operated alongside the main Gottschalks department stores. These ventures represented Gottschalks' strategic push into niche markets, contributing to a total of around 60 outlets including the three specialty formats at their peak integration. During the 1980s, Gottschalks integrated early computer systems to optimize , with a sophisticated setup by 1991 that monitored sales and inventory on an hourly basis, helping to minimize overhead costs in its multi-store operations and achieve one of the retail industry's highest rates. This technological upgrade streamlined distribution from central warehouses to branches, supporting efficient merchandising across and other western states. Key to these advancements were leaders Irving Levy, who served as president until 1980 and oversaw initial technological adoptions like the POS wands, and his successor Joseph Levy, who from 1982 drove further enhancements including the 1980s computer integrations to bolster operational . Under their guidance, Gottschalks positioned itself as an innovator in regional retail, leveraging these initiatives to maintain competitiveness against larger national chains.

Decline and Challenges

Post-2000 Economic Pressures

In the early , the retail sector underwent significant transformations that placed substantial pressure on middle-tier department stores like Gottschalks. The rise of big-box retailers such as and Target intensified competition by offering everyday low prices on apparel, home goods, and general merchandise, capturing from traditional department stores that relied on full-service experiences. Simultaneously, the growth of online retail giants like Amazon began eroding physical store traffic, as consumers increasingly turned to for convenience and variety, further squeezing profitability for regional chains operating in the western U.S. A key strategic misstep contributing to Gottschalks' financial strain was the 2000 acquisition of the Lamonts Apparel for $20.1 million, which added 34 stores primarily in Washington, , and . While the deal aimed to expand Gottschalks' footprint into the , the majority of these locations underperformed due to low sales volumes outside of , where market conditions proved more favorable. By 2003, the company had closed 14 of the 34 Lamonts stores amid ongoing integration challenges and disappointing revenue contributions from the acquired assets. Nonrecurring charges related to reopening and restructuring these stores further burdened the balance sheet in fiscal 2001. These external and internal factors compounded rising operational costs, including debt service from prior expansions that had grown to a peak of 66 stores across six states. Revenues began a steady decline, dropping from approximately $700 million in 2000 to $636 million by 2007, reflecting weaker comparable-store sales and broader market headwinds. Under CEO James Famalette, who led the company through much of the decade starting in the early , efforts focused on cost-cutting measures such as optimization and administrative reductions to stem losses. However, these initiatives were hampered by macroeconomic downturns, including the 2008 recession, which exacerbated declining on discretionary retail items.

Pre-Bankruptcy Store Closures

In the mid-2000s, Gottschalks began retrenching from underperforming markets as part of cost-cutting measures amid declining sales. One key action was the closure of its Northgate Mall store in , announced on September 15, 2006, and completed shortly thereafter, marking the chain's exit from the due to persistent underperformance in urban settings. This closure, along with an earlier one in the Seattle/Tacoma market during the first quarter of fiscal 2006, reflected the company's strategic withdrawal from challenging locations acquired through prior expansions. The retrenchment continued into 2007 with the shutdown of the Tacoma Highlands store, a free-standing location at 5915 6th Avenue in , on September 22, 2007. This closure was driven by ongoing unprofitability in the region, as part of broader efforts to divest from non-core Washington operations that had not met financial expectations since their acquisition from Lamonts in 2000. By focusing on exiting these sites, Gottschalks aimed to streamline operations and redirect resources toward more viable markets. These pre-bankruptcy actions contributed to a reduction in the chain's footprint, from 66 stores in to 59 full-line department stores by early , with a strategic shift emphasizing core regions in and where the company had stronger historical performance. The closures involved immediate operational impacts, including employee severance payments as part of closure costs and the of remaining inventory through clearance at affected sites, which underscored emerging financial pressures as overall trends declined, such as a 7.8% drop in second-quarter compared to the prior year.

Bankruptcy and Liquidation

Chapter 11 Filing

On January 14, 2009, Gottschalks Inc. filed a voluntary petition for Chapter 11 protection in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of , case number 09-10157, seeking to reorganize its operations amid severe financial distress. The filing listed approximately $288 million in assets against $197 million in liabilities, reflecting the company's mounting debt from years of declining sales and operational challenges. The primary reasons cited for the bankruptcy included over $200 million in accumulated , an inability to secure necessary financing due to tightened credit markets during the , and the collapse of merger negotiations with investor Everbright Development Overseas Ltd. in December 2008. These factors exacerbated shortages, following earlier efforts to stem losses through store closures in 2006 and 2007. To sustain operations during the proceedings, the court approved $125 million in from a lender group led by , enabling Gottschalks to maintain its 58 department stores and three specialty apparel outlets temporarily while pursuing potential buyers or a viable reorganization plan. CEO Jim Famalette emphasized the filing as a "very difficult but necessary decision," stating that the company would use the protection to explore strategic alternatives, including sales to interested parties, in hopes of emerging from as a .

Asset Sales and Final Closure

Following the Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing on January 14, 2009, Gottschalks' reorganization efforts failed, leading to a court-supervised where a of liquidators—SB Capital Group LLC and Tiger Capital Group LLC—emerged as the winning bidder for the company's assets on March 31, 2009. This outcome effectively shifted the proceedings toward full , with the liquidators tasked with managing the sale of , fixtures, and other assets to maximize creditor recovery. Going-out-of-business sales commenced on April 2, 2009, across all 58 department stores in , , Washington, , , and , as well as three specialty apparel outlets. These sales offered deep discounts on remaining merchandise, with the process overseen by the liquidators to ensure orderly wind-down. By July 12, 2009, all locations had closed permanently, marking the end of over a century of operations. Inventory and store fixtures were auctioned off in bulk, generating proceeds estimated in the tens of millions to settle debts of approximately $197 million. The corporate headquarters in , was shuttered in early April 2009, displacing approximately 300 employees and leading to the dispersal of office assets. Among the items uncovered during this phase was a forgotten company vault containing historical artifacts, including around 45,000 uncirculated premium certificates from the and , valued at about $11,250 in redeemable merchandise at the time; these were discovered in 2010 by former CEO Joe Levy during research for a company history project and subsequently dispersed through auctions or private sales. In the aftermath, assets from the closed stores were marketed separately, with auctions for leases and owned properties held in May and July 2009. Several high-profile sites were acquired by major retailers, including purchasing two locations and securing 14 others, often converting them into flagship stores that revitalized the associated malls. Additionally, Gottschalks had been delisted from the in October 2008 due to its stock price falling below $1 per share, further signaling the company's deteriorating financial position prior to .

Legacy and Impact

Community and Economic Role

Gottschalks served as a major employer in the , providing over 5,000 jobs at its peak in the late , many of which supported families in smaller cities such as Fresno and . The chain's and liquidation in 2009 resulted in the loss of more than 1,400 positions across Fresno, Kings, Madera, Merced, and Tulare counties alone, underscoring its significant role in local labor markets. The company actively engaged in community involvement through sponsorships of local events and charities, fostering ties with residents in its operating regions. Stores also hosted charity initiatives, such as bell-ringing campaigns during the holiday season, where community members and celebrities gathered in front of locations to support fundraising efforts. As an economic anchor in rural and small-town areas, Gottschalks' 58 stores across six states—, Washington, , , , and —functioned as central shopping hubs that stimulated local commerce by drawing customers to mid-sized communities with populations between 20,000 and 60,000, areas often underserved by larger national chains. These outlets not only provided retail options but also encouraged ancillary activity in surrounding areas prior to the 2009 closure. Gottschalks embodied mid-20th-century American retail culture, particularly in the Central Valley, where it built a loyal customer base deeply intertwined with regional identity since its founding as a family-owned store in Fresno in 1904. Many residents viewed the stores as generational landmarks, with numerous families employing relatives there over decades, reinforcing its status as a in western communities.

Post-Liquidation Developments

Following the final closure of Gottschalks stores on July 12, 2009, many of its former locations were repurposed by other retailers, contributing to the revitalization of shopping centers across its operational footprint. In , Macy's acquired several prime sites through the bankruptcy auction process, converting two prominent stores into its own outlets. Specifically, the Gottschalks location in Fresno's River Park Shopping Center (107,000 square feet) and the one in Visalia Mall reopened as department stores in late 2009, marking Macy's expansion in the Central Valley region. In , the Gottschalks store at Anchorage's Dimond , originally acquired from Lamonts in 2000, was repurposed as a location, helping to maintain retail activity in the mall amid the chain's departure. The bankruptcy proceedings, filed under Chapter 11 on January 14, 2009, transitioned to full by March 31, 2009, with asset sales facilitating creditor distributions. Unsecured creditors received partial recoveries ranging from 4% to 14% of their claims, as outlined in the court's-approved plan, though some local vendors in areas like Fresno and Clovis reported outstanding payments as late as early 2010. Gottschalks' shares, previously traded on the under the ticker GOT, had been delisted in October 2008 due to persistently low stock prices, leaving shareholders with significant losses and no ongoing equity value post-. No successful revival efforts materialized, despite a 2010 proposal by former chairman and CEO Joe Levy to relaunch the brand with new department stores, which ultimately did not proceed. As of 2025, Gottschalks maintains no active corporate operations or retail presence, with all assets fully liquidated and the company dissolved. The brand endures primarily through nostalgic references in regional media and former customer recollections, highlighting its historical role in Western U.S. retail, though no formal events or revivals have occurred in recent years.

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  49. https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/community/clovis-news/article19514526.html
  50. https://www.marinij.com/2005/11/24/organizations-looking-for-helping-hearts/amp/
  51. https://www.facebook.com/groups/socalbigfourdeptstores/posts/7203252243019476/
  52. https://www.ledger-enquirer.com/living/article29042929.html
  53. https://www.modbee.com/news/business/article3120878.html
  54. https://www.macysinc.com/newsroom/news/news-details/2009/Macys-to-Open-Two-New-California-Stores-06-11-2009/default.aspx
  55. https://www.hometextilestoday.com/industry-news/macys-to-covert-two-former-gottschalks-this-fall/
  56. https://dimondcenter.com/our-history/
  57. https://www.law360.com/retail/articles/144126/gottschalks-lodges-more-detailed-liquidation-plan
  58. https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/community/clovis-news/article19502634.html
  59. https://lompocrecord.com/news/local/gottschalks-files-for-bankruptcy/article_97fd3329-5097-5f69-b10b-8e6bd7c98f37.html
  60. https://www.mercedsunstar.com/news/local/central-valley/article3251132.html
  61. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICmowXiawDE
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