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Gul Rahman (Pashto: ګل رحمان; died November 20, 2002) was an Afghan man, suspected by the United States of being a militant, who was a victim of torture. He died in a secret CIA prison, or black site, located in northern Kabul, Afghanistan, known as the Salt Pit.[1][2] He had been captured October 29, 2002.[3][4]

Key Information

His name was kept secret by the United States for more than seven years, although his death was announced. In 2010 the Associated Press reported that before his death he was left half-stripped and chained against a concrete wall on a night when the temperature was close to freezing.[3] The United States government did not notify his family (wife and four daughters) of his death, according to the report.[3]

Capture and death

[edit]

Gul Rahman was captured and arrested on October 29, 2002, during a joint operation by U.S. agents and Pakistani security forces against Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin.[5] He was reportedly arrested with the physician Ghairat Baheer, the son-in-law of the warlord Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who led the insurgent faction Hezb-e-Islami.[5] Rahman had traveled from Peshawar to Islamabad, Pakistan, for a medical checkup when he was arrested at the home of Ghairat Baheer, and subsequently flown by the CIA to Afghanistan.[5]

U.S. officials claim Rahman was "violently uncooperative" while in custody at the Salt Pit, the CIA code name for an abandoned brick factory that had been turned into a CIA black site or covert interrogation center,[5] including threatening to kill his guards – who responded by beating him.[5] Rahman was also subjected to "48 hours of sleep deprivation, auditory overload, total darkness, isolation, a cold shower and rough treatment". Gul Rahman reportedly died on November 20, 2002, after being stripped naked from the waist down and shackled to a cold cement wall in the Salt Pit, where temperatures were approximately 36 °F (2 °C).[4]

This technique of shackling is known as "short-chaining." The detainee is shackled "in a short chain position, which prevents prisoners from standing upright." A CIA pathologist reported that Rahman likely froze to death.[6]

His death prompted an internal CIA review and the development of improved guidance.[5] No one was ever charged in his death.

Rescue of Hamid Karzai

[edit]
Redacted version of the CIA investigation of Rahman's death, released June 2016 (.pdf file)

According to Gul's brother, Habib Rahman, Gul Rahman was involved in a 1994 rescue of Hamid Karzai, the president of Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. Karzai had been imprisoned by the government forces, and Rahman was working for Hekmatyar, whose forces fired rockets at the building while Rahman entered and freed Karzai. Rahman took him to a safe house in Kabul.[2]

Senate Intelligence Committee's report of CIA torture

[edit]

On December 9, 2014, the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture was published.[1] According to that report he had been subjected to total darkness, sensory overload, sleep deprivation, cold shower, rough treatment, short shackling, and finally froze to death. The report said he was the only captive known to have died in CIA custody.[1]

On October 13, 2015, the American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit [7] on behalf of Rahman's estate and two other former detainees against two psychologists, James Mitchell and Bruce Jessen, who they maintain were responsible for designing the protocols that resulted in Rahman's death and the torture of the other two plaintiffs.[8] The ACLU case is the first lawsuit brought against significant individuals identified in the Senate report since it was published.[9] On July 28, 2017, U.S. district judge Justin Lowe Quackenbush denied both parties' motions for summary judgment, noted that the defendants are indemnified by the United States government, and encouraged the attorneys to reach a settlement before trial.[10]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
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Gul Rahman

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from Grokipedia

Gul Rahman (died November 20, 2002) was an Afghan national in his early thirties, suspected by the CIA of close associations with , leader of the terrorist-designated Hezb-i-Islami group, and possible links to . Captured in , , on October 29, 2002, alongside Hekmatyar's son-in-law, Rahman was transferred four days later to a CIA-run detention facility near known as the . There, as part of post-9/11 enhanced protocols, he endured , prolonged exposure to extreme cold, dousing with water, and physical restraint in a ; he was discovered dead the next morning, shackled half-naked to a concrete wall, having succumbed to compounded by . A subsequent CIA Inspector General investigation determined that the conditions imposed by agency personnel directly contributed to his death—the first such fatality in CIA custody—but led only to administrative reprimands for the site chief, with no criminal prosecutions. Rahman's case, involving an individual with alleged militant ties captured amid the U.S.-led campaign against and the , underscored operational risks and accountability gaps in the agency's nascent high-value detainee program, later scrutinized in broader reviews of interrogation efficacy and legality. His family's efforts, supported by legal advocacy, have sought the return of his remains and further disclosure, highlighting persistent tensions over transparency in detentions.

Background

Early Life and Family

Gul Rahman was an Afghan national, with sparse verifiable details on his birth date or precise origins owing to limited documentation from his background in a conflict-affected region. He was married and father to four children, including daughters, prior to his relocation. Following the U.S.-led invasion of in October 2001 and the rapid collapse of the regime, Rahman fled the country with his wife and daughters to escape the widespread violence and instability, relocating as refugees to rather than for any confirmed insurgent purposes at that juncture. The family resided in the Shamshatoo near , where Rahman sustained them through modest economic activities such as selling wood to other displaced Afghans.

Pre-2001 Involvement in Afghan Conflicts

According to Gul Rahman's brother, Habib Rahman, the detainee participated in a 1994 operation to rescue from imprisonment by Afghan government forces in . Gul Rahman reportedly carried a letter from the commander , stating that the effort was undertaken at the request of Karzai's father, Abdul Ahad Karzai. This account positions Rahman within the patchwork of alliances during Afghanistan's civil war, where factions opposed to the post-Soviet government, including Hekmatyar's , engaged in opportunistic collaborations against rivals. Hekmatyar, a prominent mujahideen leader during the Soviet-Afghan War who later founded Hezb-e Islami, maintained fluid ties with various anti-Taliban and anti-government networks in the , including intermittent cooperation with figures like Karzai before the Taliban's 1996 capture of . Rahman's purported role in the Karzai extraction aligns with such dynamics, though U.S. intelligence later suspected him of serving as a bodyguard for Hekmatyar amid the ongoing conflicts between Hezb-e Islami forces and Taliban advances. No independent verification of Rahman's specific actions beyond family testimony has been documented, and available records do not indicate leadership in militant operations, framing his involvement instead as operational support within broader resistance efforts against dominant factions.

Capture and Initial Detention

Arrest in Pakistan

Gul Rahman, an Afghan national approximately 34 years old, was apprehended in , , on October 29, 2002, during an early morning raid targeting suspected affiliates of Hezb-e-Islami, an Afghan insurgent group led by . The operation was part of broader U.S. intelligence efforts in the post-9/11 period to disrupt al-Qaeda-linked networks and their associates operating across the Afghanistan- border, with Rahman identified as a suspected militant based on his presence and associations during the raid. Rahman was captured alongside other individuals, including potential drivers and guards linked to the targeted , which heightened suspicions of his involvement in militant logistics or facilitation activities. Initial interrogations focused on his travel patterns from to and possession of documents suggesting ties to insurgent operations, though no immediate evidence of direct membership was publicly detailed. Pakistani authorities, in coordination with CIA operatives, facilitated the capture under the prevailing protocols that emphasized rapid detention of high-value targets without standard judicial processes. Following brief on-site questioning, Rahman was designated for to U.S. custody in , bypassing formal Pakistani charges or —a procedure aligned with early War on Terror practices for individuals deemed threats based on assessments rather than prosecutable evidence. This transfer underscored the CIA's reliance on host-nation cooperation for initial seizures while maintaining operational control over suspected high-value detainees to extract on regional networks. No or legal representation was provided at this stage, reflecting the legal framework governing such operations at the time.

Transfer to CIA Custody

Gul Rahman was detained by Pakistani operatives in , in late October 2002, following intelligence linking him to militant networks. Pakistani authorities handed him over to CIA custody shortly thereafter, as part of cooperative counterterrorism efforts amid concerns over cross-border insurgent activities. The transfer involved rendition by air to the CIA's COBALT facility, code-named the , a remote site approximately 15 kilometers north of in , established as a makeshift for high-priority detainees. The CIA classified Rahman as a suspected facilitator with ties to Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin, a guerrilla organization led by that had allied with and the during the post-9/11 period, based on preliminary reporting of his evasion patterns and proximity to known militant safe houses. This assessment stemmed from fragmented field intelligence indicating potential knowledge of operational plots, warranting isolation from standard detention channels to prevent compromise. Such transfers exemplified the CIA's broader detention program, initiated in the wake of the to rapidly sequester individuals deemed threats, enabling focused intelligence extraction outside judicial oversight or public scrutiny, driven by the perceived urgency of disrupting imminent attacks in an environment of incomplete information. The , hastily repurposed from an existing structure, served as one of several covert sites prioritized for speed and secrecy over long-term infrastructure.

Detention at Salt Pit

Interrogation Methods Applied

Gul Rahman was subjected to CIA at Detention Site Cobalt, known as the , following his transfer in late October 2002. These methods, drawn from the agency's approved guidelines for high-value detainees suspected of ties, included sessions lasting up to 48 hours, designed to disorient and weaken resistance to questioning. Stress positions were also employed, such as short-shackling his hands and feet close together while securing him to a wall, forcing prolonged discomfort to elicit information on militant networks. On November 6, 2002, after Rahman resisted compliance during , a junior CIA officer—lacking prior experience with such detainees—ordered his partial stripping, leaving him clad only in a from the waist up, followed by dousing with cold water and shackling half-naked to the bare floor of an unheated isolation cell. Exposure to sub-freezing temperatures in the facility, combined with these techniques, aimed to break his purported operational knowledge, though records indicate limited verbal cooperation without verified actionable breakthroughs specific to his sessions. The officer acted amid internal pressures to obtain rapid results from uncooperative subjects, bypassing standard medical monitoring protocols.

Conditions Leading to Death

In November 2002, the (also designated ), a hastily constructed and unfinished CIA detention facility northeast of , , featured uninsulated concrete cells exposed to ambient outdoor temperatures that dropped to near-freezing levels at night, particularly in unheated isolation areas lacking basic amenities like blankets or adequate heating. These environmental factors were compounded by procedural practices at the site, including the use of cold water dousing during or preceding confinement to induce discomfort, which left detainees' clothing soaked and promoted evaporative cooling in the low-temperature setting. Rahman, following an session on November 19, 2002, was confined to a small isolation cell where he was partially stripped—retained only a while naked from the waist down—and shackled in a short-chain position to a , restricting movement and preventing him from lying down fully, standing upright, or shielding his body from the cold floor and drafts. This immobility, combined with the prior wetting and minimal insulation, intensified exposure to the cell's frigid conditions over the ensuing hours, as the facility's rudimentary setup offered no mitigation such as dry bedding or thermal barriers. The site's operational strains, including a of medically trained personnel and reliance on junior contract officers for oversight, meant that visible indicators of physical deterioration—such as or —went unaddressed without prompt evaluation or intervention, underscoring the improvisational nature of black site management in remote locations. Guards conducting routine checks noted no immediate escalation protocols, reflecting broader limitations that prioritized over monitoring in the ad-hoc prison environment.

Death and Immediate Aftermath

Circumstances of Death

On , , Gul Rahman was found unresponsive during a routine guard check in his isolation cell at the CIA's facility near , . He was shackled in a standing position with hands chained above his head to the ceiling and feet secured by short chains to a ring in the concrete floor, clad only in a T-shirt and underwear in the unheated, uninsulated space. A subsequent by a CIA-contracted forensic pathologist from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology determined as the primary , precipitated by prolonged exposure to near-freezing temperatures approximating 35°F (2°C) in the cell during Afghanistan's winter. Contributing conditions included , chronic exhaustion from , and restricted mobility from the shackling, which limited his ability to cover himself or generate body heat. Pathological examination showed no indications of fatal external trauma, such as fractures, strangulation marks, or smothering, though minor contusions and abrasions on the and lower extremities were observed and linked to positional stress and environmental factors rather than deliberate . Core body temperature indicators and physiological markers confirmed from cold stress, without evidence of or other acute interventions. Rahman's death represented the first documented fatality among detainees held in CIA facilities.

Initial CIA Response

Following the discovery of Gul Rahman's body on November 20, 2002, CIA personnel at the facility interred it in an on the grounds without notifying his family or Afghan authorities. This on-site burial, performed by site guards, precluded any immediate external examination or repatriation, prioritizing operational secrecy amid ongoing activities. The Deputy Director for Operations notified the CIA of the and dispatched a Directorate of Operations team to the facility for an initial review. The team's assessment identified lapses in detainee protocols, such as insufficient monitoring and exposure to extreme cold, which contributed to as the cause of . However, it framed the incident as an inadvertent outcome of high-stakes interrogations justified by the imperative to extract intelligence from suspected militants in the immediate post-9/11 environment. No criminal charges were initiated against involved personnel at the time, with the agency treating the death as a tragic but non-malicious operational inherent to the program's risk profile. This internal handling reflected a focus on continuity of mission over immediate accountability, deferring deeper scrutiny to preserve covert capabilities.

Investigations

CIA Inspector General Inquiry

The CIA initiated an investigation into Gul Rahman's death shortly after November 20, 2002, producing a report dated April 27, 2005, that examined the circumstances at the facility (code-named ). The inquiry focused on operational lapses, determining that —exacerbated by exposure to near-freezing temperatures after water dousing and being left partially unclothed and shackled—resulted from ad-hoc decisions by a junior officer lacking relevant experience, which deviated from agency guidelines on detainee treatment and environmental controls. The report highlighted inadequate monitoring, including reliance on unqualified medical personnel without supervising physicians or standardized protocols, as key factors rendering the death preventable through stricter oversight and adherence to existing safeguards. It recommended internal disciplinary measures against the involved junior officer and supporting staff for negligence in following directives, though no criminal prosecutions ensued from the findings. Declassified portions of the IG report contextualized the incident within the post-September 11, 2001, urgency to counter threats, including active plots against the , while affirming the broader CIA detention and interrogation program's utility in extracting actionable intelligence from other high-value detainees despite isolated operational failures. The inquiry did not endorse systemic policy flaws but pinpointed localized deviations by inexperienced personnel as the causal lapses, without implicating higher-level authorization for the specific mistreatment leading to Rahman's death.

Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report

The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence's (SSCI) Committee Study of the Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program, with its declassified and released on December 9, 2014, cited Gul Rahman's as a stark example of operational failures and harsh conditions at Detention Site Cobalt, a CIA near , . The report described Rahman, detained in late October 2002 on suspicion of ties, as having been subjected to unauthorized coercive measures including a "rough takedown," stripping to his underwear, cold-water dousing, and prolonged shackling in a frigid, unheated isolation cell with a bare floor. These conditions, the report stated, directly contributed to his from on November 20, 2002, with findings noting severe , abrasions, and probable immobility exacerbating the exposure; no medical intervention was provided despite visible distress. The SSCI report emphasized that Rahman yielded no actionable prior to his , portraying his case as emblematic of "brutal" methods applied indiscriminately to low-value detainees about whom the CIA possessed scant prior knowledge. It faulted a fragmented chain of command, noting the site's management by an untrained junior officer—the first such posting for that individual—and the lack of headquarters oversight or formal guidelines for techniques until December 2002, which allowed practices to persist unchecked. Rahman's demise, the report argued, exposed systemic lapses, including unreported coercive actions that only came to light post-mortem, prompting limited internal reforms but no immediate accountability. While the report broadly dismissed (EITs) as ineffective across the program, this assessment drew dissent for overlooking empirical instances of utility elsewhere, such as from detainees like that corroborated plots against and facilitated the capture of figures like Jose Padilla. Republican committee members' minority views, released alongside the , contended that the study's partisan origins—conducted under Democratic majority control—led to an exaggerated portrayal of blanket ineffectiveness, ignoring declassified cables and operational records demonstrating EITs' role in breaking detainee resistance and yielding time-sensitive leads that disrupted attacks. The CIA's formal response similarly highlighted program-wide successes, including over 20 instances of high-value attributed to EITs, arguing that Rahman's isolated tragedy did not negate causal links to broader gains validated by post-9/11 threat data.

Controversies

Assessment of Threat Level

CIA assessments identified Gul Rahman as a potential threat based on intelligence linking him to , an Afghan warlord with documented alliances to leadership following the U.S. invasion of in October 2001. Rahman was suspected of serving in a capacity for Hekmatyar, positioning him within networks capable of supporting militant operations against U.S. and allied forces. Rahman was detained on October 29, 2002, in , —a known transit point for affiliates evading capture post-9/11—after CIA sources indicated he held actionable intelligence on al-Najdi, a designated facilitator involved in logistical support for the network. His possession of such knowledge elevated his profile, as facilitators in decentralized jihadist structures often bridged operatives to high-value targets, enabling plots akin to those disrupted in the early War on Terror phase. In the post-September 11, 2001, environment, where gaps permitted rapid reconstitution of militant cells—as evidenced by ongoing threats from remnants—Rahman's associations aligned with empirically derived high-risk indicators, including proximity to allied warlords and evasion to . However, Rahman yielded limited corroborated during his brief detention, remaining uncooperative despite initial interrogations, which underscored the challenges in extracting timely data from such profiles but did not negate the precautionary rationale for heightened scrutiny.

Claims of Innocence and Heroic Acts

![Photo of Gul Rahman released by his family][float-right] Habib Rahman, brother of Gul Rahman, has asserted that his sibling was not a militant or terrorist but rather an anti- figure who assisted pro-Western elements in . According to Habib, Gul Rahman participated in the 1994 rescue of , then a deputy foreign minister, from imprisonment by government forces, wading through rocket and small-arms fire to extract him while carrying a letter from warlord stating that the mission was at the request of Karzai's father. This act, Habib claims, demonstrates Rahman's alignment with Afghan opposition to the and support for figures who later became key U.S. allies post-2001. However, Karzai has not publicly confirmed Rahman's role in the rescue, leaving the account reliant on familial testimony and unverified by independent sources. Hekmatyar, from whom Rahman purportedly received the letter, was a mujahideen commander against the Soviets but later engaged in civil war factions opposing the and maintained ties that led to U.S. designation of his group as a terrorist organization in 2016, complicating the narrative of unambiguous pro-Western heroism. Rahman's innocence claims remain untested in any formal , with no declassified public resolving disputes over his militancy. While assertions portray him as a helper, U.S. at the time cited associations—including with Hekmatyar and evasion of capture—as grounds for suspicion, though much relevant remains classified and subject to the limitations of post-9/11 assessments potentially influenced by incomplete field reporting.

Broader Implications for Enhanced Interrogation

The death of Gul Rahman in November 2002 at CIA underscored operational vulnerabilities inherent in the decentralized structure of post-9/11 detention facilities, where hasty setups in remote locations like lacked sufficient centralized oversight and standardized protocols. The CIA Inspector General's investigation identified inadequate training for personnel on the physiological effects of exposure to and shackling, as well as gaps in monitoring, contributing to the that caused Rahman's death despite no intent to kill. These findings prompted internal refinements, including enhanced training requirements borrowed from the and stricter guidelines for detainee handling, which aimed to mitigate risks without dismantling the broader rendition and network. Rahman's case illustrates the trade-offs in a program designed to extract actionable intelligence from suspected militants amid imminent threats following the , where decentralized black sites enabled rapid response but amplified variability in conditions across locations. The CIA's (EIT), employed at these sites, yielded intelligence credited with disrupting specific plots, such as the 2003 Heathrow Airport bombing attempt derived from Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's interrogations, and facilitating captures like that of . While critics, including the Senate Select Committee on , contested the techniques' overall and highlighted overstatements of successes, declassified CIA assessments maintain that EIT accelerated from high-value detainees, contributing to a chain of intelligence that prevented attacks and degraded networks. Causal analysis of the program's outcomes reveals that isolated failures like Rahman's—representing one of approximately 119 detainees processed through black sites from 2002 to —did not undermine its net security value, as alternatives such as immediate release or conventional detention risked unchecked resumption of militant activities by individuals linked to and facilitation. Empirical data from CIA operations indicate that the detention network, despite humanitarian costs, generated leads on over a dozen thwarted plots and dozens of captures, balancing post-9/11 imperatives against the moral hazards of . This perspective rejects blanket assertions of program illegitimacy, prioritizing verifiable disruptions of threats over ideologically driven narratives that downplay causal links between coercive methods and gains.

Lawsuits and Demands for Accountability

In October 2015, the filed Salim v. Mitchell in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Washington on behalf of Gul Rahman's family, alongside survivors Suleiman Abdullah Salim and Mohamed Ahmed Ben Soud, alleging that psychologists James Mitchell and contracted by the CIA to develop and oversee its enhanced interrogation program bore responsibility for Rahman's death through techniques including prolonged isolation and exposure to cold. Defendants Mitchell and Jessen sought dismissal, arguing the suit would expose , while the U.S. Department of Justice intervened in March 2017 to invoke the , claiming disclosure of certain testimony or evidence risked by revealing operational methods of the CIA's detention program. U.S. District Justin Quackenbush rejected these motions in April 2016 and August 2017, ruling that the core allegations relied on publicly available Senate Intelligence Committee findings rather than secrets, allowing the civil case against the private contractors to advance despite government protections shielding the CIA itself. On August 17, 2017, days before trial, the parties settled for an undisclosed sum drawn from a $5 million policy held by Mitchell and Jessen's firm, with no admission of wrongdoing or liability by the defendants. This outcome provided the first monetary compensation to victims or families from participants in the CIA program but yielded no criminal prosecutions or public accountability for agency personnel, as state secrets and barred direct suits against the government.

Efforts to Recover Remains

The family of Gul Rahman has persistently sought the recovery and repatriation of his remains for a proper Islamic burial, viewing it as essential for cultural and spiritual closure. Efforts gained public attention in April 2018, when Rahman's nephew, Obaidullah, appealed through the (ACLU) for the U.S. government to disclose the location and fate of the body, stating, "Where is his gravesite and what happened to him? If they killed him I wish they would let us know: here is your dead body." In response to a concurrent Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request filed by the ACLU with the CIA, Department of Defense, and State Department, the CIA refused to confirm or release details on the disposition of Rahman's remains, citing exemptions and the to shield information from disclosure. This stance aligns with the agency's historical practice of maintaining secrecy over operations, including post-mortem handling, to avoid compromising former detention locations or alerting potential adversarial networks. The ACLU escalated the matter by filing a federal lawsuit against the CIA on , , specifically to obtain records on what became of Rahman's body after his , during which a freezer had been used to preserve it for examination confirming as the cause of death. Rahman's son, Abdullah, has emphasized the profound personal toll, noting that without the remains, the family cannot perform traditional rites, exacerbating generational trauma and leaving his grandmother to die under the false belief that Rahman was alive. As of October 2025, the remains have not been returned or their location revealed, despite these legal challenges, reflecting persistent tensions between demands for accountability under frameworks like the —which mandate notification and marked graves for detainees—and the CIA's operational imperatives for nondisclosure.

References

  1. https://www.thetorturedatabase.org/files/foia_subsite/cia_25_29.x.pdf
  2. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/16558-document-14-cia-ig-report-investigation-death
  3. https://www.aclu.org/documents/ullah-v-cia-gul-rahman-body-foia-complaint
  4. https://www.aclu.org/bio/family-gul-rahman
  5. https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/cia-torture-killed-my-father-i-want-know-what-they-did-his-body
  6. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/did-cia-torture-victim-once-rescue-hamid-karzai/
  7. https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2010/04/07/afghan-who-died-in-secret-cia-prison-rescued-karzai-in-94-brother-says/
  8. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/who-killed-gul-rahman
  9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/6541713
  10. https://harpers.org/2010/04/death-in-the-salt-pit/
  11. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/detainee-death-sheds-light-on-cia-torture/
  12. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/media/16558/ocr
  13. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/0006541713.pdf
  14. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-waed-2_15-cv-00286/pdf/USCOURTS-waed-2_15-cv-00286-4.pdf
  15. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/0006555318.pdf
  16. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf
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  18. https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/train-wreck-waiting-happen-shocking-stories-senates-torture-report
  19. https://www.congress.gov/115/crec/2017/11/14/CREC-2017-11-14-pt1-PgS7194-2.pdf
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  24. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/09/legacy-dark-side
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  29. https://www.thetorturedatabase.org/files/foia_subsite/pdfs/cia_production_c06555318_death_investigation-_gul_rahman_0.pdf
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  32. https://www.vice.com/en/article/gul-rahman-death-at-cia-black-site-prison-cobalt/
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  34. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36197753
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  37. https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/perspectives-enhanced-interrogation-techniques.html
  38. https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2015-10-14/revealed-the-boom-and-bust-of-the-cias-secret-torture-sites
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  41. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/us/justice-department-cia-psychologists-interrogation-program.html
  42. https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/first-trump-administration-moves-invoke-secrecy-claims-torture
  43. https://www.aclu-wa.org/press-releases/historic-ruling-aclu-lawsuit-against-cia-torture-psychologists-can-proceed/
  44. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/court-rejects-cia-torture-psychologists-final-bid-avoid-standing-trial-0
  45. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/cia-torture-psychologists-settle-lawsuit
  46. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/us/cia-torture-lawsuit-settlement.html
  47. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/17/544183178/psychologists-behind-cia-enhanced-interrogation-program-settle-detainees-lawsuit
  48. https://www.politico.com/story/2017/08/17/aclu-lawsuit-cia-interrogation-settlement-241742
  49. https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/were-suing-cia-find-body-torture-victim
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