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Kibawe
Kibawe
Kibawe
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Kibawe, officially the Municipality of Kibawe (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Kibawe; Tagalog: Bayan ng Kibawe), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 41,897 people.[5]

Key Information

History

[edit]
Aerial view of Kibawe and landing field, 1935

In the early days of the American regime, Kibawe was populated by a tribe of Mamadas people. The Mamadas people were nomadic by nature and subsisted on hunting and forest products. They maintained small plots of corn, camote and gabi in places where they built their temporary shelters. They practised a feudal type of government and were responsible only to their datus who governed as their political chieftain, judge, religious leader and armed-forces chief. The most famous among the “datus” was Datu Mambantayao. Datu Mambantayao's bravery and love for his subjects were unexcelled and remain in the hearts and minds of the people to this day. One of the historic events of his life as a datu was the capturing of a lady whom he loved. She was abducted by a tribe from Bugcaon, Malaybalay, Bukidnon, seventy kilometers away from Kibawe. Datu Mambantayao, along with his armed trained warriors marched to Bugcaon, which they attacked heavily, plundering and killing the Bugcaons’ chieftain for the recovery of the lady who he later married. Datu Mambantayao named this place Kibawe from the word “Guibawe” meaning recovery.

Bukidnon was eventually created as a separate province from Agusan. Kibawe became a barrio of Maramag. It now occupied the southern portion of Bukidnon, bounded on the north by Maramag, on the south by Carmen, Cotabato, on the east by Magpet, Cotabato and on the west by Lanao Sur. It covered the present areas of the mother municipality of Kibawe, the daughter municipalities of Dangcagan, Damulog and Kadingilan and grand daughter municipality of Kitaotao, with a land area of approximately 1,250 km2 (480 sq mi)

Kibawe became a municipal district in 1931 and then became a regular municipality on July 1, 1956 under Executive Order 272 issued by then vice president, later president of the Philippines, Carlos P. Garcia.[6] Later on, barrio Dangcagan separated into a regular municipality. The growth and development of the municipality served high after the Second World War as immigrants from all over the country (mainly from Visayas and Mindanao) came flocking into the fertile valleys and low mountains of the community.

The original populace of the town, the Manobos, have practically been replaced by the above-mentioned lowlanders. To date, only a few Manobos remain in the interior barrios. In the year 1972, the big barrios of Damulog and Kadingilan were created into separate municipalities. Thus, Kibawe retained the land area of 301.43 km2 (116.38 sq mi). The Kibaweños of today are people of diverse ethnic origin including the autochthonous Manobos and Bukidnon Lumad tribes, as well as the immigrant Cebuanos, Boholanos, Ilonggos, Negrenses and Warays. All are hardworking, friendly, peace-loving and law-abiding. Together, they work towards a common goal - the socio-economic advancement and amelioration of their lives as a whole.

Geography

[edit]

Kibawe is a rich land at the center of Mindanao, located in southern Bukidnon. It is bounded in the north by the municipality of Dangcagan, on the south by the municipality of Damulog, on the east by the municipality of Magpet, North Cotabato, and on the west by the municipality of Kadingilan with Muleta River serving as a natural boundary. It has a total land area of 301.43 square kilometres (116.38 sq mi), with an approximate land elevation of 337 metres (1,106 ft) above sea level.

Barangays

[edit]

Kibawe is politically subdivided into 23 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

PSGC Barangay Population ±% p.a.
2024[7] 2010[8]
101308003 Balintawak 1.9% 806 735 ▴ 0.64%
101308006 Cagawasan 2.1% 919 911 ▴ 0.06%
101308007 East Kibawe (Poblacion) 7.0% 3,031 2,777 ▴ 0.60%
101308008 Gutapol 4.0% 1,727 1,715 ▴ 0.05%
101308011 Pinamula 3.2% 1,400 1,133 ▴ 1.47%
101308013 Kiorao 1.5% 655 685 ▾ −0.31%
101308014 Kisawa 1.9% 843 750 ▴ 0.81%
101308015 Labuagon 4.6% 1,983 1,890 ▴ 0.33%
101308016 Magsaysay 4.0% 1,731 1,541 ▴ 0.80%
101308018 Marapangi 5.1% 2,206 2,037 ▴ 0.55%
101308019 Mascariñas 1.6% 682 567 ▴ 1.28%
101308020 Natulongan 7.4% 3,211 2,716 ▴ 1.16%
101308021 New Kidapawan 3.6% 1,587 1,185 ▴ 2.03%
101308023 Old Kibawe 5.4% 2,353 2,108 ▴ 0.76%
101308028 Romagooc 5.5% 2,384 2,132 ▴ 0.77%
101308030 Sampaguita 3.3% 1,431 1,216 ▴ 1.13%
101308031 Sanipon 2.1% 932 669 ▴ 2.31%
101308032 Spring 3.6% 1,551 1,458 ▴ 0.43%
101308033 Talahiron 7.1% 3,092 2,929 ▴ 0.37%
101308034 Tumaras 1.8% 767 670 ▴ 0.93%
101308035 West Kibawe (Poblacion) 7.3% 3,176 3,004 ▴ 0.38%
101308036 Bukang Liwayway 2.2% 960 1,037 ▾ −0.53%
101308037 Palma 5.0% 2,185 1,902 ▴ 0.96%
Total 43,491 35,767 ▴ 1.35%

Topography

[edit]

Kibawe has a larger percentage of rolling than plain areas. A rough estimate is 80% rolling hills and 20% plainlands. The important landmarks of the municipality are several mountain peaks, clustered over most of the barangays. Pulangi and Muleta Rivers serve as the major fishing grounds of the people residing near the bank, as do the beautiful and magnificent Paragupac Cave in Barangay Spring and the Ragubrob, and Mayabu springs at Barangay New Kidapawan.

Climate

[edit]

The climate conditions of the entire municipality of Kibawe is pleasant and cool throughout the year. It is relatively dry from January to April and wet the rest of the year.

Climate data for Kibawe, Bukidnon
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28
(82) 		28
(82) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		21
(70) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		21
(70) 		20
(68) 		21
(70)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44
(1.7) 		27
(1.1) 		32
(1.3) 		35
(1.4) 		76
(3.0) 		117
(4.6) 		108
(4.3) 		108
(4.3) 		94
(3.7) 		100
(3.9) 		76
(3.0) 		46
(1.8) 		863
(34.1)
Average rainy days 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.6 21.0 24.9 25.0 24.2 22.5 23.4 17.7 11.4 206.6
Source: Meteoblue[9]

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of Kibawe
YearPop.±% p.a.
1939 2,947—    
1948 5,588+7.37%
1960 35,728+16.72%
1970 56,239+4.64%
1975 26,407−14.07%
1980 26,949+0.41%
1990 28,608+0.60%
1995 30,783+1.38%
2000 32,955+1.47%
2007 35,213+0.92%
2010 35,767+0.57%
2015 39,612+1.96%
2020 41,897+1.19%
2024 43,491+0.90%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[10][11][8][12][13]

In the 2020 census, the population of Kibawe, Bukidnon, was 41,897 people,[14] with a density of 140 inhabitants per square kilometre or 360 inhabitants per square mile.

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Kibawe

10
20
30
40
50
60
2000
49.21
2003
54.63
2006
48.10
2009
46.75
2012
49.00
2015
45.30
2018
28.47
2021
33.51

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

Transportation

[edit]

Kibawe is accessible by land transportation. The existing land transportation in the city consists of multicabs from nearby towns, single motorcycles, buses from Cagayan de Oro and General Santos, tricycles, and private vehicles facilitate the movement of people and goods to and from all places in the town. Traveling from Poblacion is mainly by land through all kinds of vehicles.

Notable people from Kibawe

[edit]
Manny Pacquiao

Manny Pacquiao, Filipino boxer, eight-division world champion and Senator, was born in Kibawe, Bukidnon on December 17, 1978.[23]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Kibawe

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Kibawe, officially the of Kibawe, is a 1st class in the province of , region of the . Established on July 15, 1957, through No. 272, it occupies a central position in characterized by rolling hills and agricultural landscapes. As of the 2020 census, Kibawe has a population of 41,897 distributed across 24 barangays and covering a land area of 304.13 square kilometers. The local economy relies heavily on , with key crops including , corn, and various fruits, alongside contributions from the Pulangi Hydroelectric Power Plant and raising. Historically inhabited by Manobo prior to Spanish , Kibawe maintains a vibrant cultural scene amid ongoing development efforts to address and past challenges in the region.

History

Early Settlement and Pre-Colonial Era

The territory of present-day Kibawe formed part of the ancestral domains of Manobo tribes, indigenous groups whose proto-Austronesian ancestors migrated to from southern thousands of years ago. These early settlers established semi-permanent communities along riverbanks, forest clearings, and upland slopes, particularly in the vicinity of the system, which supported fishing, transportation, and access to fertile alluvial soils. Subgroups such as the Western Bukidnon Manobo, Tigwa Manobo, and Umayamnon maintained traditional lands in central , practicing migratory patterns tied to seasonal resource availability and inter-tribal relations. Local oral traditions attribute the name "Kibawe" to the Binukid term "guibawe," signifying recovery or restoration. According to legend preserved among indigenous elders, the chieftain Mambantayao named the area following a victorious battle against a rival to reclaim an abducted , whom he later married; this event marked the site's significance as a place of renewal amid pre-colonial tribal conflicts. Pre-colonial socio-economic life centered on adaptive subsistence systems suited to the rugged uplands, with swidden (slash-and-burn) agriculture as the primary method for cultivating staple crops including (over 60 varieties documented in Manobo ), sweet potatoes, , , and root like kamais and patad. emphasized slopes under lauan-dominated for , while rituals such as panalabugta (for field clearing) and by baylan shamans—interpreting omens like bird flights or sneezes—invoked spirits for bountiful harvests and protection against crop failure. Communities preserved sacred water-bearing trees to sustain watersheds and mitigate dry-season shortages, supplementing farming with wild (deer, pigs) and gathering edible like ferns (paku, hagpa). Internal trade routes along rivers facilitated barter of surplus , abaca fibers, and forest products with neighboring groups and distant Muslim merchants via ports like , fostering without centralized markets.

Colonial and Post-Colonial Periods

The Bukidnon region, encompassing the territory of present-day Kibawe, saw minimal Spanish administrative penetration owing to its rugged highlands and resistance from indigenous inhabitants, who maintained relative autonomy until the late . In the mid-, the area was administratively linked to the province of Misamis, with the collective highland zone designated as "" and its residents derogatorily termed monteses (mountain people) by colonial officials. Jesuit evangelization intensified only in the 1880s and 1890s, resulting in the of approximately 8,000 individuals out of an estimated regional of 20,000, though grants and mission outposts remained sparse and largely confined to peripheral lowlands rather than core uplands. American colonial governance, commencing after the 1899–1902 Philippine-American War, introduced systematic surveys, infrastructure projects, and land policies that began reshaping Bukidnon's landscape. The region was initially organized as a subprovince under Agusan in to manage its "non-Christian" tribes, evolving into a full by 1914 through Act No. 2408, which facilitated cadastral mapping and networks essential for accessing interior areas like Kibawe. Road construction, often preceding formal settlement, drew migrants who preemptively occupied lands along planned routes, while the Public Land Act of 1903 and Land Registration Act of 1905 enabled Torrens titling, allowing homestead claims up to 24 hectares per settler and promoting export-oriented agriculture such as abaca and corn in upland clearings. These measures, though aimed at , frequently overlooked indigenous usufruct rights, leading to early disputes over formal titles. Following Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, Bukidnon's administrative framework persisted under the new republic, with Kibawe—initially a barrio within —upgraded to municipal district status in 1931 during the American Commonwealth period and formalized as a regular municipality on July 1, 1956, via Executive Order No. 272 issued by President . This elevation carved Kibawe from , encompassing 25 barangays with boundaries reflecting post-war population growth and agricultural expansion, integrating it into national governance structures for local taxation and services without immediate boundary conflicts. Early post-colonial priorities emphasized road maintenance from American-era builds and basic land adjudication to support homesteaders, setting the stage for sustained amid national reconstruction efforts.

Insurgency Era and Post-Independence Challenges

The (NPA), armed wing of the founded in 1969, expanded operations across rural during the under President ' regime declared on September 21, 1972. In province, the insurgency exploited agrarian grievances, including land tenancy disputes and , to establish guerrilla units and recruit from farming communities. By the late , NPA strength had grown to tens of thousands nationwide, with activities intensifying in agricultural heartlands like despite heavy military focus on the parallel , which tied down 75% of Philippine forces in . In rural Kibawe, established as a in amid post-independence resettlement efforts, NPA recruitment targeted landless peasants and indigenous groups disillusioned by uneven implementation of national programs. Insurgents conducted ambushes, from landowners, and campaigns promising radical redistribution, disrupting local governance and commerce. Government responses, including intensified military patrols and village-level intelligence networks, aimed to dismantle NPA support bases but often involved forced relocations of civilians—estimated in the thousands across hotspots during peak operations—exacerbating food insecurity and family separations. The protracted violence contributed to in Kibawe, where conflict deterred external investment and halted expansion of and road networks critical for corn and production, core to the local economy. Annual agricultural output growth in lagged behind national averages, with insurgency-related incidents correlating to reduced farm yields and heightened reliance on subsistence farming. Despite these pressures, resilient local communities sustained informal trade and cooperative farming practices, mitigating total collapse through kinship networks and adaptive cropping amid ongoing threats from both rebels and tactics.

Recent Developments and Infrastructure Growth

In December 2024, Kibawe was elevated from a second-class to a first-class by the Philippine Department of , reflecting improved fiscal capacity driven by and investments. This upgrade aligns with to 41,897 residents as recorded in the 2020 national census, supporting expanded local governance and service delivery. Key infrastructure advancements include the Department of Public Works and Highways' (DPWH) completion of Package 3 of the Revetment Wall Project in Barangay Natulongan by the first quarter of 2025, adding 325 meters of protective structures to mitigate and safeguard adjacent communities and farmlands from flooding. Complementing this, multiple (FMR) projects have enhanced rural connectivity, such as the Department of Agriculture's concreting initiatives in areas like Sitio Salucadang to Sitio Kisurang in Barangay Magsaysay, and the Rural Development Program's rehabilitation of the 4-kilometer Kikipot-Guintaman road, reducing transport costs for corn and rubber farmers by up to 30% through improved access to markets. Sustainable agriculture efforts under national programs have focused on , including the Adapting Philippine Agriculture to Climate Change (APA) training conducted across Kibawe communities in October 2025, which equips farmers with techniques for and crop diversification. Local enterprises, such as the Anitu Food Forest project in New Kidapawan employing syntropic farming for single-origin production, benefit from government-backed initiatives promoting low-emission, regenerative practices to boost productivity and export potential. These developments have collectively improved economic connectivity, with FMR enhancements alone projected to increase farmer incomes by facilitating faster produce transport during harvest seasons.

Geography

Administrative Divisions

Kibawe is administratively subdivided into 23 barangays, which constitute the fundamental units of , each governed by an elected and council responsible for grassroots administration, community peacekeeping, and coordinating development initiatives with the municipal level. These divisions enable targeted allocation of resources, such as portions of the , for localized projects including roads, water systems, and services. Boundaries for the barangays were formalized following Kibawe's elevation to full municipal status on , 1956, via No. 272, to support efficient territorial management within the province of . The barangays of Kibawe are:
  • Balintawak
  • Bukang Liwayway
  • Cagawasan
  • East Kibawe (Poblacion)
  • Gutapol
  • Kiorao
  • Kisawa
  • Labuagon
  • Magsaysay
  • Marapangi
  • Mascariñas
  • Natulongan
  • New Kidapawan
  • Old Kibawe
  • Palma
  • Pinamula
  • Romagooc
  • Sampaguita
  • Sanipon
  • Spring
  • Talahiron
  • Tumaras
  • West Kibawe
This structure underscores the barangays' role in decentralizing governance, allowing for responsive decision-making on matters like and community programs while adhering to national laws under the Local Government Code of 1991.

Physical Features and Topography

Kibawe exhibits upland terrain characteristic of province, featuring gently undulating hills, rolling plateaus, and incised valleys that facilitate terraced farming and forested slopes. The municipality's average stands at approximately 267 meters above , contributing to its position within the province's central highland plateaus rather than lowland plains. Geological formations in Kibawe date to the Pliocene-Pleistocene epoch, underlying soils that are predominantly fine-grained and gap-graded with medium to very high plasticity (plasticity index ranging from 14.11% to 71.28%). The , a major waterway originating from Bukidnon's highlands, flows through or borders Kibawe, forming a critical hydrological feature that drains the surrounding uplands and supports local water systems. Low-lying areas along the river are susceptible to flooding due to the watershed's steep gradients and seasonal runoff, with terrain transitioning from gently sloping riverbanks to steeper inclines inland. Dominant soil types in the region, including clay , predominate in Kibawe's landscapes, offering moderate fertility suited to upland crops like corn through their clay-rich composition that retains moisture in undulating topography. These soils, classified among 's 14 major types, occupy topographic positions from valley bottoms to mid-slopes, enabling agricultural adaptation via terracing on slopes exceeding 8% gradient.

Climate and Natural Resources

Kibawe features a Type II , marked by even rainfall distribution without a distinct , influenced by its highland elevation in the plateau. Average annual temperatures hover around 23.2°C (73.8°F), with monthly highs typically between 28°C and 31°C (82°F to 88°F) and lows near 20°C to 21°C (68°F to 70°F), providing relatively mild conditions compared to lowland Philippine areas. Daily highs occasionally reach 32°C (90°F) during peak dry months like and , while persistent and maintain an feel year-round. Annual precipitation totals exceed 2,000 mm, with monthly averages of about 171 mm and peaks up to 222 mm in , accompanied by roughly 253 rainy days that heighten risks of flooding and landslides in sloped terrains. The area's exposure to tropical depressions and enhanced rains—though less severe than in typhoon-prone —necessitates resilience measures, as evidenced by projects addressing erosion from intense downpours. Forested uplands in Kibawe, remnants of broader watersheds like the headwaters, harbor including native timber species and support ecological services such as and water regulation. Rivers and riparian zones sustain and aquatic habitats, contributing to local freshwater resources amid ongoing conservation to counter historical pressures. Mineral occurrences, including and deposits typical of Bukidnon's , underlie the region but extraction remains limited to prioritize sustainable practices in sensitive riparian and forest areas. Integrated management initiatives, such as those rehabilitating access roads in resource zones, balance utilization with preservation to mitigate depletion risks.

Demographics

Population Dynamics

The population of Kibawe has exhibited consistent growth over recent decades, as recorded in national censuses conducted by the (PSA). In the 2000 census, the municipality recorded 32,955 residents, rising to 35,767 by the 2010 census, reflecting an average annual growth rate of approximately 0.84% during that period. This upward trend accelerated in subsequent years, with the population reaching 39,612 in the 2015 census and 41,897 in the 2020 census, corresponding to an average annual growth rate of 1.2% between 2015 and 2020. The density stood at 240.4 inhabitants per square kilometer in 2020, based on the municipality's land area of 174.3 square kilometers.
Census YearPopulationAnnual Growth Rate (Previous Period)
200032,955-
201035,7670.84%
201539,6121.05%
202041,8971.2%
in Kibawe are shaped by natural increase and migration patterns, including inflows from Cebuano-speaking regions drawn to agricultural opportunities in the area's fertile highlands. Limited out-migration to nearby urban centers such as contributes to moderated net gains, though specific municipal-level vital rates like crude birth or death rates remain undocumented in available PSA aggregates. The sustained growth trajectory suggests continued expansion beyond 2020, aligned with provincial trends in .

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Practices

The ethnic composition of Kibawe consists primarily of Cebuano-speaking Visayans, who dominate as migrant settlers in Bukidnon province, accounting for the bulk of the population through widespread use of Cebuano and Bisaya dialects that together represent over 78% of provincial linguistic speakers. Indigenous Lumad groups, including the Manobo, Higaonon, and Talaandig, form significant minorities, particularly in upland barangays where they retain ancestral lands amid settler expansion. These groups, part of Bukidnon's seven recognized tribes, number in the thousands province-wide, with Manobo subgroups like the Binukid and Western Bukidnon varieties present locally through cultural continuity. The 2020 census recorded Kibawe's total population at 41,897, reflecting this demographic blend without granular ethnic breakdowns, though indigenous presence is evident in land claims and community events. Cebuano serves as the dominant language, facilitating daily interactions and administration, while indigenous dialects such as Binukid Manobo persist among communities for rituals and intergenerational transmission. These linguistic patterns underscore Visayan numerical superiority, with minority dialects like Higaonon and comprising under 5% province-wide, preserved through oral traditions despite modernization pressures. Cultural practices in Kibawe integrate indigenous rituals with Catholic-influenced fiestas, emphasizing communal agriculture and spiritual resilience. Lumad groups conduct tribal harvest ceremonies, such as the annual Pinamula Tribal Harvest Festival, which honors ancestral farming cycles with dances, offerings, and feasting to invoke bountiful yields. The Karadyaan Festival, inaugurated in 2024, showcases Manobo and other indigenous attire, music, and to affirm against assimilation. Complementing these, barangay-level Catholic fiestas feature processions and shared meals, blending with tribal elements during events like the Araw ng Kibawe in , which includes exhibits and inter-community parades to reinforce social cohesion. Such observances sustain first-principles ties to land and kin, countering urban influences through deliberate preservation of rituals tied to empirical seasonal and familial cycles.

Government and Politics

Local Administrative Structure

Kibawe's local government adheres to the standardized framework for Philippine municipalities outlined in Republic Act No. 7160, the Local Government Code of 1991, which establishes a system of decentralization granting fiscal and administrative autonomy while maintaining national oversight through the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). The executive authority rests with the municipal mayor, elected for a single three-year term renewable up to three consecutive terms, who exercises general supervision over administrative operations, enforces ordinances, and manages delivery of basic services such as health, agriculture, and public works. The vice mayor, also elected for a three-year term, assumes the mayor's duties in cases of absence or incapacity and serves as the presiding officer of the without voting rights except to break ties. The legislative body, the , comprises eight regularly elected councilors serving three-year terms, alongside ex-officio members including the president of the municipal Association of Barangay Captains and the president of the federation of , ensuring representation from grassroots levels. This composition facilitates checks and balances: the enacts municipal ordinances, approves the annual budget, and oversees executive performance through committees on finance, appropriations, and infrastructure, with provisions for veto override by a two-thirds vote if the disapproves . Local special bodies, such as the Local Development Council and Local School Board, further integrate multi-sectoral input into planning and resource allocation, as mandated under the . Municipal budgeting relies heavily on the (IRA), a national tax share devolved to local units based on , area, and equal sharing formulas, which funded approximately 70-80% of typical fifth-class municipalities' expenditures for and services as of recent fiscal data. Supplementary revenues from local taxes, fees, and charges support operations, though subject to DILG review to prevent fiscal mismanagement. Decentralized powers allow Kibawe to prioritize local priorities like agricultural support and barangay-level , yet national laws and DILG audits enforce compliance, balancing autonomy with accountability to avert or inefficiency.

Electoral History and Key Events

In the May 12, 2025, local elections, Reynaldo "Jimboy" Ang Rabanes of the Paglaum Party of the Philippines (PFP) secured the mayoralty with 17,792 votes, equivalent to 62.82% of the total canvassed ballots in Kibawe. Raymundo "Nonong" Bato was elected vice mayor alongside him, reflecting continuity in local leadership under the prevailing political alliances. Voter turnout specifics for the municipality were not detailed in official tallies, but the province of overall recorded participation from its 995,736 registered voters amid peaceful polling in most areas. Kibawe's electoral history has evolved from earlier decades marked by insurgent disruptions—such as raids on local police stations that intimidated communities and disrupted voting access—to progressively stable participation following sustained government pacification campaigns. By November 2024, the municipality was declared insurgency-free by its Municipal Peace and Order Council and the Philippine Army's 10th Infantry Division, attributing the shift to community cooperation in neutralizing rebel influence, which has enabled freer expression of voter preferences without historical . A notable incident occurred during the October 30, 2023, and Elections (BSKE), when brothers Rosilo and Cesar Ompad—identified as a defeated candidate and his sibling—ambushed and killed two elderly supporters of a reelected barangay chairwoman in Kibawe, prompting charges from authorities. The perpetrators surrendered on November 3, 2023, confessing to the election-related motive driven by personal rivalry, which local police linked to lingering clan tensions rather than organized insurgent interference. Resolution involved swift filing of cases and community dialogues, underscoring efforts to maintain despite isolated violence.

Economy

Primary Industries and Agriculture

Agriculture in Kibawe, a in , is dominated by crop production suited to its upland , with corn, (palay), and as principal commodities. Corn farming is particularly prominent, as evidenced by studies on practices among farmers in barangays like Kiorao, where yellow corn serves as a staple for both and feed purposes. cultivation occurs on irrigated and rainfed lowland pockets, while benefits from the region's fertile volcanic soils and moderate climate, contributing to export-oriented output typical of 's highlands. Livestock raising, including and , supplements crop-based activities and supports small-scale processing, such as feed milling and meat handling, which bolster local value addition. In , livestock and industries are expanding, with the province's overall , , and sector accounting for 48.2% of as of recent data, a pattern reflected in Kibawe's agrarian where farming employs the majority of the workforce. Productivity faces challenges from pest infestations and diseases affecting corn and yields, including pests and fungal issues exacerbated by wetter conditions in the uplands. interventions mitigate these, such as the Department of Agriculture's provision of P18.4 million in 2021 for Kibawe farmers, including seeds, fertilizers, equipment, and subsidies to enhance yields and resilience. These supports, alongside certified , have helped sustain output despite vulnerabilities like and pathogens, though smallholder scales limit mechanization.

Trade, Commerce, and Emerging Sectors

The Bag-ong Kibawe Market Stalls Phase II project, funded by the Provincial Government of at an approximate cost of 30 million pesos, was formally turned over to the local government on March 14, 2022, to bolster municipal trade infrastructure and support economic progress. This initiative enhances facilities for vendors, facilitating daily in fresh , goods, and small-scale retail within the Kibawe Public Market, a central hub for local buyers and sellers. Multi-purpose cooperatives, including the Kibawe District Teachers and Employees Multi-Purpose Cooperative and the Palma Multi-Purpose Cooperative, play a key role in diversifying by offering micro-lending, services, and collective channels that enable members to scale operations beyond subsistence levels. These entities support a gradual shift toward commercial viability, particularly in linking small producers to broader networks, though specific trade volumes remain undocumented in available municipal data. Local markets maintain essential linkages to regional centers like , where agricultural and processed goods from Kibawe are channeled for distribution via established highway routes. Emerging sectors include eco-tourism, actively promoted by the to leverage its natural landscapes, rivers, and for visitor revenue, with sites like the Kibawe Eco-Tourism drawing interest for sustainable experiences. Overseas Filipino worker , while not quantified locally, contribute to household spending that sustains retail and service commerce in rural areas like Kibawe, mirroring national trends where such inflows reached $38.34 billion in 2024.

Infrastructure

Transportation Networks

Kibawe connects to the broader provincial network primarily through the Sayre Highway, a key national artery linking it northward to the capital of and southward toward Davao and boundaries. This highway facilitates inter-municipal travel and goods movement, with recent enhancements including a 2025 road widening project spanning stations K1580+000 to K1581+423 in Kibawe. The - Road, approximately 94 kilometers long, further integrates Kibawe into the regional system by providing two-to-four lane access toward North Cotabato. Ongoing infrastructure developments emphasize improved cross-provincial links, notably the Kibawe-Arakan Road project, which as of June 2025 showed active construction progress connecting Kibawe in to Arakan in North Cotabato. Designated under project code 21KO0023, this initiative includes concrete road segments from junctions like Sayre Highway to old Damulog-Migcawayan alignments, aiming to bolster direct access and reduce reliance on longer routes. Maintenance efforts for provincial roads and bridges in the Kibawe area, awarded in 2025, address wear from heavy use. Local mobility within Kibawe depends on jeepneys for barangay-to-town center routes and tricycles for shorter intra-barangay trips, reflecting standard rural Philippine adapted to the area's dispersed settlements. However, the municipality's hilly topography and exposure to flashfloods—particularly in low-to-medium risk zones covering over 10% of certain barangays like Bukang Liwayway—limit reliability, causing periodic disruptions from landslides and inundation during heavy rains. These hazards necessitate resilient design in road upgrades to mitigate seasonal accessibility issues.

Public Works and Utilities

The Kibawe Water District manages the local , serving residential and institutional needs through Level II and III systems. Post-2020 expansions include the rehabilitation and improvement of Level III systems in Barangays Old Kibawe and Romagooc (Phase 1), funded at 10,797,854 and aimed at enhancing distribution capacity. Additional Level II systems were constructed for Barangays Spring, Labuagon, Gutapol, and Kiorao under the SALINTUBIG program to extend potable access in rural areas. In June 2022, drilling of a production well (Project ID KWD 2022-06-001) bolstered extraction capacity for sustained supply. A solar-powered system, inaugurated on November 22, 2024, further improved reliability and coverage in underserved zones. Electrification in Kibawe is primarily handled by the First Electric Cooperative (FIBECO), which maintains distribution networks across the municipality. Recent initiatives have targeted remote , including a 4,000,000 project in Pinamula at Makatangis for line extension and substation upgrades. Comparable efforts in Sanipon (Purok 8) and Bukangliwayway, each valued under 1 million with 90-day completion timelines, have connected households previously off-grid, contributing to near-universal household coverage in core areas. Flood control measures include the Department of Public Works and Highways' (DPWH) Revetment Wall Project in Natulongan, with Package 3 encompassing 325 linear meters of steel sheet pile foundations and concrete walls to mitigate erosion and inundation risks. This multi-year initiative, accelerated in early 2025, targets completion by the first quarter of that year to safeguard adjacent farmlands and settlements. Sanitation infrastructure links to , where a 2023 in Bukangliwayway documented inadequate practices contributing to elevated diarrheal disease incidence, emphasizing the role of improved septic systems and waste handling in reducing morbidity rates. Local efforts align with provincial frameworks for solid waste management, though specific Kibawe capacities remain integrated with broader utilities without standalone metrics reported.

Security and Conflicts

Historical Insurgency Activities

The (NPA), the militant arm of the , maintained a presence in Kibawe from the 1970s to the 2010s as part of its expansive operations across Mindanao's rural frontiers, where the group framed its insurgency as a rectification of deep-seated economic inequities such as widespread and contested land ownership among smallholder farmers. Ideologically grounded in Maoist doctrine, the NPA sought recruits by highlighting these grievances—exacerbated in by high poverty rates and limited access to services—promising radical land redistribution and empowerment for the disenfranchised peasantry. Yet, recruitment coexisted with exploitative tactics, including forced "revolutionary taxes" levied on farmers and local traders, which generated revenue but imposed financial strains that undermined agricultural viability and alienated the very communities the insurgents purported to liberate. NPA tactics in Kibawe emphasized guerrilla raids and ambushes to seize armaments and intimidate authorities, often timed to exploit terrain advantages in the municipality's forested uplands. A prominent incident occurred on December 12, 2013, when 40 to 50 rebels stormed the Kibawe station around 4:50 a.m., killing one officer, injuring three, and absconding with 13 firearms—seven M16 rifles, three 9mm pistols, and two .45 caliber guns—before withdrawing without casualties on their side. The NPA explicitly owned the assault, aligning it with their broader campaign to augment firepower amid resource shortages. Further clashes illustrated the insurgency's intermittent disruption of local routines. On January 14, 2016, a skirmish between troops and suspected NPA elements in Kibawe left one rebel dead and another apprehended, highlighting ongoing efforts to establish operational footholds. These actions, coupled with demands that compelled farmers to divert income or risk reprisals, periodically stalled planting cycles and harvest logistics, compounding economic hardships in an area reliant on corn and cultivation.

Pacification Efforts and Current Status

The Philippine Army's 10th Infantry Division (10ID) has conducted sustained military operations in Kibawe, , emphasizing community-driven pacification strategies that integrate security measures with local cooperation to dismantle (NPA) influence. These efforts, which intensified post-2020, have resulted in the neutralization of armed elements through encounters and voluntary surrenders, with local residents providing critical intelligence and logistical support that eroded insurgent recruitment and operations. By November 2024, such collaborations were credited with rendering the municipality virtually free of active threats, as evidenced by the absence of reported NPA activities in the area. Complementing military actions, the to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) has implemented reintegration programs under the Enhanced Comprehensive Local Integration Program (E-CLIP), focusing on assistance for former rebels, particularly in Kibawe. These initiatives provide financial aid, skills training, and community-based projects to facilitate economic self-sufficiency, with reports indicating successful uptake in alleviation efforts that reduced vulnerability to insurgent exploitation. Metrics from provincial data show over 189 NPA surrenders in by August 2025, contributing to broader 10ID-area totals exceeding 600 since 2023, underscoring the programs' role in voluntary disarmament. Kibawe achieved official "insurgency-free" status on November 26, 2024, via Municipal Peace and Order Council Resolution No. 08, Series of 2024, marking it as the fifth such in . This declaration reflects a measurable decline in violent incidents, with no verified NPA engagements post-declaration and sustained community vigilance affirming local resilience as a key factor over external interventions alone. Ongoing monitoring by 10ID units ensures the status's durability, though government sources emphasize that such designations rely on continued participation rather than solely kinetic operations.

Controversies and Challenges

Mega-Dam Projects and Development Disputes

The proposed Pulangi 5 hydroelectric dam, also known as the South Pulangi project, is a 250-megawatt initiative planned for the in province, involving a 143-meter-high backed by Chinese financing estimated at $800 million. Developers, including the Pulangi Hydro Power Corporation and , advanced pre-construction activities in the 2010s, targeting commissioning by the early 2020s, though the project stalled amid disputes as of 2020. Proponents, including Philippine government energy officials and First Bukidnon Electric Cooperative (FIBECO), have emphasized the project's role in addressing Mindanao's chronic power shortages, projecting it to supply renewable baseload equivalent to about 10% of the island's needs while reducing reliance on diesel imports. The initiative was framed as enhancing national , with potential ancillary benefits for in downstream agricultural areas, aligning with the Department of Energy's push for expansion under the Philippine Energy Plan. However, feasibility studies have faced criticism for inadequate flood risk modeling, given the region's of typhoon-induced overflows, such as those exacerbating downstream flooding in 2011. Local opposition, coordinated by groups like the Save Pulangi Alliance and Task Force Save Pulangi, has centered on projected displacement of over 1,000 households across 20 affected barangays in municipalities including Kibawe, Kitaotao, and Dangcagan, based on 2018 project impact assessments. Critics, including community leaders and clergy in Kibawe, have highlighted insufficient compensation mechanisms and risks of involuntary resettlement without , citing precedents from earlier Pulangi dams where relocation promises fell short. Concerns over foreign dependency have also arisen, with opponents arguing that Chinese state-backed funding introduces geopolitical vulnerabilities, as evidenced by stalled debt negotiations and project delays post-2020 amid tensions. Disputes intensified in 2012 when Margarito Cabal, a key organizer against the project, was assassinated in , an incident linked by monitors to anti-dam advocacy, underscoring tensions between development imperatives and community resistance. Joint fact-finding efforts by and in 2012 revealed divided community sentiments, with some residents favoring jobs and power access while others prioritized avoiding the 3,300 hectares of inundation projected to disrupt livelihoods. As of 2023, the project remains in limbo, with no construction resumed, reflecting ongoing balancing of economic gains against verifiable social and security costs.

Indigenous Rights and Environmental Concerns

The Manobo indigenous communities in Kibawe hold certificates of ancestral domain titles (CADTs) covering areas within the municipality, as documented in environmental impact assessments for proposed hydroelectric projects. These domains overlap with sites targeted for dams such as the South Pulangi Hydroelectric Power Plant, which is projected to flood approximately 2,924 hectares of indigenous lands across affected municipalities including Kibawe. Similarly, the Pulangi V project would inundate around 3,300 hectares spanning Kibawe and neighboring areas, encompassing Manobo territories vital for traditional livelihoods. Disputes over (FPIC) under the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997 have arisen in connection with these dam initiatives, with indigenous leaders alleging procedural violations by project proponents and government agencies. Tribal elders in Kibawe have urged respect for customary traditions during consultations for the Pulangi V project, highlighting inadequate disclosure of impacts on sacred sites and burial grounds like that of the mythological figure Tabunaway. Manobo representatives have withheld support pending genuine FPIC processes, citing encroachments that threaten cultural continuity and . Academic analyses describe these as instances of IPRA non-compliance, where state and investor actions prioritize project timelines over indigenous veto rights. Environmental assessments indicate that dam-related activities in Kibawe contribute to and heightened river , exacerbating ecological degradation in the basin. The South Pulangi project's warns of increased and downstream due to trapping and construction-induced . DENR reports link such projects to vegetation loss, habitat fragmentation, and risks to , including species like the , while upstream land disturbances amplify into rivers. Pro-development advocates emphasize job creation and from these initiatives, yet indigenous viewpoints stress irreversible harm to forest-dependent ecosystems essential for cultural preservation and subsistence.

Notable Individuals

Political and Public Figures

Reynaldo S. Ang Rabanes, commonly known as "Jimboy," has served as of Kibawe since 2022 and was re-elected on May 12, 2025, receiving 17,792 votes as the candidate of the PFP party. Under his administration, the municipality achieved first-class status on December 4, 2024, reflecting improvements in local revenue and development metrics. Rabanes has prioritized enhancements, educational programs, and health initiatives, earning recognition for leadership in these areas as of May 2024. Minerva C. Casinabe held the position of mayor prior to Rabanes and later transitioned to 3rd District board member, where she was jointly honored with Rabanes for exemplary governance in May 2024. Her tenure contributed to foundational administrative stability in the municipality, which was established as a regular entity on July 1, 1956, via Executive Order No. 272. The Zubiri family maintains ties to Kibawe through representation of Bukidnon's 3rd congressional district, which includes the municipality; Audrey Zubiri assumed the role in 2025 following a landslide victory. This district-level influence has supported broader provincial development efforts impacting local governance.

Other Contributors

Rogen and Clyde Montecillo, a husband-and-wife team based in New Kidapawan, Kibawe, have advanced sustainable agriculture through Anitu Food Forest, where they pioneered syntropic farming in the Philippines. This regenerative technique layers crops to mimic natural forest succession, enhancing soil fertility, biodiversity, and resilience against climate challenges while producing premium Trinitario cacao for tree-to-bar chocolate. Their efforts align with local government programs promoting ecological balance and community livelihoods via chemical-free, nature-based methods. Anitu Food Forest was recognized as a certified learning site by the Agricultural Training Institute in 2025, facilitating knowledge transfer on innovative farming to other producers in Bukidnon.

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