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Lala Musa (/lɑːləmuːsʌ/; Punjabi: لالہ موسٰے; Urdu: لالہ موسیٰ) is a city, located in the Kharian tehsil of Gujrat district, in Punjab, Pakistan. With a population of 121,036 in 2023, it is the 66th most populous city in Punjab and the 99th most populous in Pakistan.[2]

Key Information

History

[edit]

Toponymy

[edit]

According to local legend, the city was inhabited by members of the Arain tribe, and the city was named after two brothers from the same tribe, named Lālah (لالہ) and Mūsá (موسٰی) who settled in the old city.[3]

Geography

[edit]

Lalamusa is situated on the Grand Trunk Road (National Highway 5). It is geographically located at latitude (32.7 degrees) 32° 42' 0" North of the Equator and longitude (73.96 degrees) 73° 57' 35" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of the world and lies at an altitude of about 250 meters.

It also has major neighbouring cities such as Kharian (16 km) and Gujrat (22 km).[2]

Demographics

[edit]

Population

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
195117,954—    
196122,633+2.34%
197235,430+4.16%
198146,626+3.10%
199859,996+1.49%
201791,566+2.25%
2023121,036+4.76%
Sources:[4]

According to 2023 census, Lalamusa had a population of 121,036.

Transport

[edit]

This city is connected through the Grand Trunk Road (National Highway 5) which allows it to be linked to major cities like Islamabad (96.313 miles/155km to the west) and Lahore (92 miles/148km to the east).

A railway station (Lala Musa Junction Station) also serves the city for longer journeys operated by Pakistan Railways with around 20 trains travelling throughout the country.[5]

Government institutions

[edit]

The Punjab Local Government Training Academy is situated in Lalamusa.[6]

Cultural and leisure sites

[edit]

Public parks

[edit]

Lala Musa has a number of public parks and nature reserves like Fatima Jinnah park, Haji Asgar park, etc.

Notable people

[edit]
  • Roshan Ara Begum was a vocalist belonging to the Kirana gharana (singing style) of Hindustani classical music. She is also known by her honorific title Malika-e-Mauseeqi (The Queen of Music) and The Queen of Classical Music in both Pakistan and India.
  • Javed Chaudhry is a columnist and journalist from Lala Musa, who is known for his infamous column 'Zero Point'.
  • Qamar Zaman Kaira is a senior leader of Pakistan People's Party and a former federal information minister and governor of Gilgit-Baltistan.[7]
  • Alam Lohar, a Punjabi folk singer, belonged to Lalamusa. He died in a road accident on 3 July 1979 and was buried in a city graveyard.[8]
  • Arif Lohar is a famous folk singer who is also from Lalamusa.
  • Suri Sehgal, an Indian-American scientist and philanthropist, grew up in Lala Musa city before the partition of Punjab between India and Pakistan.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Lalamusa

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Lala Musa is a city located in the of in the province of , positioned along the historic and functioning as a key railway junction on the main Karachi-Peshawar line. With a population of 121,036 recorded in the 2023 national census, it ranks as a mid-sized urban center in the region, supporting commerce, agriculture, and transportation. The city's name originates from "Lala," a Punjabi term meaning elder brother, combined with "Musa," referring to a local figure, establishing it as a growing settlement during British colonial times. Musa's development accelerated with the expansion of the railway network; the line connecting it to Malakwal opened in 1886, making the Lala Musa Junction a vital interchange point for passenger and freight services across . Today, Lala Musa serves as an agricultural hub, with surrounding areas producing crops like , , and , while its markets facilitate trade in textiles, , and local goods. Infrastructure initiatives approved in 2025, including a federal bypass project estimated at Rs8 billion and feasibility studies for a 200-bed district headquarters hospital, underscore its ongoing urbanization and economic potential. The city also features educational institutions, such as colleges affiliated with the , and cultural sites tied to its Punjabi heritage, though it remains primarily recognized for its strategic transport role.

History

Etymology

The name "Lalamusa" derives from the two brothers Lālah and Mūsá, members of the tribe who are said to have settled the area, with "Lala" serving as a Punjabi term meaning "elder brother," while "Mūsá" is a common proper name of origin referring to . Local preserves this origin story, attributing the town's naming to these siblings as a reflection of early Arain community bonds in the region. In early colonial records from the era, the town appears as "Lala Musa," often in and administrative documents, highlighting its role as a transportation hub. Post-1947, official Pakistani documents standardized the spelling as "Lalamusa," as seen in reports and district gazetteers, reflecting phonetic adaptations in script and modern administrative usage. This evolution underscores the town's connection to broader tribal settlements in .

Pre-Partition Era

Lalamusa, located in the of , remained a sparsely populated during the (1799–1849), characterized by small agricultural communities engaged in farming along the fertile plains. Following the British victory in the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the in 1849, the region came under direct colonial administration, marking the beginning of gradual infrastructural and economic changes. The town itself was nearly deserted prior to colonial railway developments, with limited settlements focused on . The establishment of Lalamusa as a railway junction in 1880 transformed the area into a strategic . The Sind–Sagar Railway opened a metre-gauge from Lala Musa to Malakwal that year, spanning 37 miles, which was later converted to broad gauge on 10 February 1886 and integrated into the North Western State Railway system. This connection to the main facilitated trade, troop movements, and settlement, attracting English families and local traders to the previously underdeveloped site. By the early , the junction had solidified Lalamusa's role in regional connectivity, boosting commerce in grains and textiles. The First World War significantly impacted Lalamusa's local economy and demographics as part of the broader Punjab recruitment drive. Gujrat district, including tehsils near Lalamusa such as Kharian, supplied thousands of soldiers to the , with Punjab overall contributing over 335,000 men, leading to labor shortages in agriculture but also influxes of remittances that temporarily stimulated rural economies. , the region experienced social unrest and economic strain from returning veterans and disrupted routes. During the Second World War, Lalamusa and surrounding areas faced agrarian challenges amid Punjab's wartime economy, including severe food shortages, , and that eroded local purchasing power and heightened dependence on colonial supply chains through the . These pressures exacerbated pre-existing socio-political tensions in the lead-up to the 1947 partition.

Post-Independence Developments

The 1947 Partition brought significant upheaval to Lalamusa, with the railway junction serving as a critical point for trains amid widespread violence in . Incidents included attacks on trains near the station and diversions due to riots in nearby Gujrat, contributing to demographic shifts through Hindu and Sikh migrations to and Muslim influxes from across the border. Several villages, such as Dhama, Verowal, and Kazian, were incorporated into the town's boundaries post-Partition, expanding its area. Following the in 1947, Lalamusa, benefiting from its established position as a railway junction on the Grand Trunk Road, continued to serve as a vital transportation hub in the newly formed , facilitating connectivity across . In 1953, the Local Government Academy (PLGA) was established in Lalamusa as the Village Agriculture and Industrial Development Training Institute, marking an early post-independence initiative to support rural and urban development in the ; this institution was later upgraded to its current status in 2001 to enhance for staff. During the 1980s, Lalamusa was elevated to municipal committee status under the local government framework, enabling formalized urban administration and services such as and street lighting. By the 2000s, saw significant expansion, including upgrades to the PLGA campus with modern facilities like academic blocks, hostels, and IT centers to bolster training for 's and Department. As of 2023, the campus in Lalamusa received further upgrades as part of a rehabilitation project to support climate-resilient training programs.

Geography

Location and Topography

Lalamusa is a in the Tehsil of , province, . It is geographically positioned between the to the northwest and the to the southeast, within the broader alluvial landscape of the plains. The town's central location facilitates connectivity to surrounding regions, lying approximately 20 kilometers southeast of Gujrat city and 40 kilometers southwest of city. The precise coordinates of Lalamusa are 32°42′13″N 73°57′31″E, placing it in a characterized by relatively low elevation of around 256 meters above . This positioning contributes to its role as a key settlement in the district, historically influenced by its strategic placement along ancient trade routes. Topographically, Lalamusa features flat alluvial plains formed by sediment deposits from the system, which dominate the Punjab's regions between the and Chenab. These expansive, level terrains, composed of fertile loamy soils, are ideally suited for agricultural activities such as and cultivation. The urban layout of Lalamusa is linearly developed along the Grand Trunk Road (National Highway 5), which runs through the town and shapes its commercial and residential expansion.

Climate and Environment

Lalamusa features a (Köppen: Cwa), characterized by distinct seasonal variations influenced by its location in the plains. Summers are intensely hot, with average high temperatures reaching around 39°C (103°F) in , and occasional peaks exceeding 45°C during heatwaves. Winters are mild and relatively dry, with average lows dipping to about 5°C (41°F) in , rarely falling below 3°C. The topographical flatness of the surrounding plains contributes to relatively uniform rainfall distribution across the region. Precipitation in Lalamusa averages approximately 942 mm annually, with the majority occurring during the season from July to September, when monthly totals can exceed 170 mm in peak months like July. This seasonal pattern results in about 98 rainy days per year, primarily driven by southwest winds, while the rest of the year remains predominantly dry. The reliance on these rains underscores the area's vulnerability to variability in patterns. Environmental challenges in Lalamusa include growing , exacerbated by dependence on the nearby for supply amid fluctuating river flows and regional overuse. As of 2025, national water shortages, including low levels in dams like on the due to issues, have intensified scarcity in 's canal-irrigated areas, including . Local authorities in have implemented various conservation initiatives during the to address depletion and .

Demographics

Population Growth

The population of Lalamusa has shown steady growth since Pakistan's independence, reflecting broader trends in 's urbanizing regions. According to the 1951 , the town recorded a population of 17,954 residents. By the 1981 , this had increased to 46,626, indicating a significant post-partition expansion. The 2017 reported 91,566 inhabitants, while the most recent 2023 tallied 121,036, establishing Lalamusa as the 66th most populous city in and the 99th in overall. This growth corresponds to an average annual increase of approximately 2.5% from to 2023, primarily driven by as rural residents sought opportunities in the town's strategic location along major transport routes. The decadal growth rates have varied, with a notable in recent decades due to improved and economic pull factors in . Migrations from surrounding rural areas have contributed to this overall expansion. Projections based on 's urban trends estimate Lalamusa's population reaching approximately 140,000 by 2030, assuming sustained annual growth rates aligned with provincial patterns of 2-3%. These forecasts underscore the town's evolving role as a mid-sized urban center amid Pakistan's rapid demographic shifts.
Census YearPopulation
195117,954
198146,626
201791,566
2023121,036

Ethnic and Religious Composition

Lalamusa's population is predominantly composed of , who form approximately 90% of the residents and include prominent subgroups such as the , Gujjar, and Jat communities. Small minorities of Pashtun and Kashmiri descent also reside in the town, primarily as a result of migrations following the 1947 and . The religious landscape of Lalamusa is overwhelmingly Muslim. According to the 2023 census data for Gujrat District, Muslims comprise 98.92% of the population, with Christians at 0.95% and other groups making up the remainder. This distribution reflects the broader demographic patterns in Punjab province, where Islam predominates but minority faiths maintain a modest presence. In terms of linguistic diversity, Punjabi serves as the mother tongue for about 95% of Lalamusa's inhabitants, underscoring the town's deep roots in Punjabi culture. Urdu functions as the national language and is used in official communications, while English is employed in education and administration. According to the 2023 census, Lalamusa has a sex ratio of 102 males per 100 females and a literacy rate of approximately 75%, higher than the district average.

Economy

Agriculture and Resources

Agriculture in Lalamusa revolves around the cultivation of key field crops, including wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton, which form the backbone of the local primary sector. These crops are predominantly grown under the irrigation network supplied by the Lower Chenab Canal system, a perennial canal originating from the Chenab River that distributes water through branches, distributaries, and minors to support farming in the Rechna Doab region encompassing Lalamusa. The canal's water allocation enables intensive cropping patterns, with wheat and rice as major rabi and kharif staples, respectively, while sugarcane and cotton benefit from the fertile conditions during their growing seasons. Livestock rearing, particularly for dairy and draft purposes and for and eggs, complements farming and provides supplementary income for rural households. The district of Gujrat, which includes Lalamusa, maintained a substantial of approximately 787,136 heads as of 2017-18, underscoring the sector's role in local agrarian livelihoods. Key trading hubs such as Lalamusa Mandi facilitate the sale of and other animals, connecting producers to regional markets and enhancing economic resilience through diversified outputs like and . The region's natural resources, characterized by fertile alluvial soils deposited by the and reliable reserves, underpin agricultural productivity and allow for the cultivation of a variety of crops without excessive reliance on synthetic inputs. In the 2010s, the Agriculture Department promoted sustainable farming practices, including efficient water management and reduced chemical use, as part of broader initiatives to address depletion and degradation in canal-irrigated areas like Lalamusa. These efforts aim to ensure long-term resource conservation while maintaining output levels.

Industry and Commerce

Lalamusa serves as a burgeoning industrial hub in Punjab's , with non-agricultural activities focusing on small-scale that supports local employment and regional supply chains. Key industries include small-scale mills, such as Al Ras Textiles Establishment, which processes fabrics and contributes to the area's textile output. Food units, including production facilities, are established in the town, utilizing accessible raw materials and labor to manufacture items like dinner sets at capacities of up to 80 units per day. Brick kilns, such as those operated by Ashraf Bricks Company and units along GT Road, form another vital sector, producing construction materials amid Punjab's ongoing . These industries provide essential employment opportunities, drawing workers from surrounding rural areas and fostering skill development in manufacturing processes. Textile and brick production, in particular, integrate with broader industrial networks, while units handle value-added goods for domestic markets. Recent infrastructural enhancements, including road links under development programs, have improved connectivity for these operations. Commerce in Lalamusa thrives along the Grand Trunk (GT) Road, which hosts vibrant markets for retail and wholesale in consumer goods, textiles, and processed items. Prominent commercial spots include CheckOut and UMart, offering groceries, household products, and apparel to locals and travelers. These centers facilitate in grains and everyday commodities, leveraging the town's strategic location on a major transport corridor. In the , small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) growth has been supported by regional initiatives, enhancing exports of manufactured goods to nearby districts like Gujrat and .

Infrastructure

Transportation Networks

Lalamusa is strategically located along the , commonly referred to as the Grand Trunk Road, a vital artery connecting the town to approximately 140 kilometers to the south and about 170 kilometers to the north. This highway facilitates efficient road travel and freight movement across , linking Lalamusa to the broader network. Local bus terminals, such as the main point operated by Bilal Travels, provide intercity services to destinations including and Gujrat, with operators like offering regular departures and arrivals. The town's rail connectivity centers on Lala Musa Junction railway station, a prominent facility on ' main line from to , established in 1886 during British colonial rule. Positioned between Chak Pirana and Deona Juliani stations at an elevation of 265 meters, it functions as a critical interchange point for intercity and suburban trains, serving routes to , , and beyond. The station handles numerous passenger and freight trains daily, including expresses like the Awam Express and Khyber Mail, underscoring its role as a bustling hub in the agro-based region. Historically, the railway has been pivotal in fostering Lalamusa's growth by enabling trade and population mobility since its inception. In addition to road and rail, Lalamusa benefits from proximity to , roughly 77 kilometers away, providing access to regional air travel. Recent infrastructure initiatives include the federal approval in 2025 for a Lalamusa bypass project estimated at Rs8 billion to improve traffic flow along the N-5. As of 2025, emerging public transit initiatives include plans for services under Punjab's green transport program, with proposed routes linking Lalamusa to Gujrat city and other nearby areas; at least 28 electric buses are slated for deployment in Gujrat by December 2025 to enhance sustainable connectivity.

Education and Healthcare Facilities

Lalamusa hosts numerous primary and secondary schools, with over 50 institutions serving the local population, including prominent government-run facilities such as Government High School Lalamusa, Government Islamia High School Lalamusa, and Government Model High School Lalamusa. Higher education options include a branch of College offering intermediate programs in sciences and commerce, while vocational training is available through the Vocational Training Institute Lalamusa, focusing on skill development for local youth. The literacy rate in , encompassing Lalamusa, stands at 81.37% as per the 2023 census, reflecting strong educational access amid growing population demands. Healthcare in Lalamusa is anchored by the Headquarters (), also functioning as a , which provides basic services, outpatient care, and support with a capacity of 40 beds. Private clinics, such as Haji Gulzar Surgical and Abdullah , supplement public services by offering specialized treatments including and general medicine. In the , upgrades included the of a 10-bedded ward completed in 2021 to enhance response capabilities, particularly for urgent maternal and general cases. In July 2025, the approved funds for a for a 200-bed () in Lalamusa to address growing healthcare needs. However, access to specialized care remains limited, often requiring patient referrals to larger facilities in Gujrat or due to infrastructural constraints in the national healthcare system.

Government and Administration

Local Governance

Lalamusa operates as a municipal committee under the administrative jurisdiction of in , , responsible for managing local urban affairs such as , , and street maintenance. This status was formalized through the Punjab Local Government Act of 2013, which enabled the election of a chairman and members to oversee municipal operations, marking a shift toward decentralized in the 2010s. Local s in 2015 introduced an elected body for the first time under this framework, with the municipal committee comprising 24 wards to facilitate representation and service delivery. Politically, Lalamusa falls within the NA-65 Gujrat-IV constituency of the , encompassing the town along with areas like and Akhtar Karnana. The 2018 general elections saw of the (PPP) secure victory in NA-65 with 102,818 votes, influencing local development policies through federal allocations for infrastructure in the region. In the 2024 elections, Chaudhry Naseer Ahmed Abbas of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) emerged as the winner with 90,982 votes, defeating PTI-backed independent Syed Wajahat Shah; this outcome has shaped ongoing local priorities, including enhanced under PML-N's provincial influence. These national contests directly impact Lalamusa's governance by determining parliamentary representation that advocates for constituency-specific funding and policies. The administrative structure includes 24 wards within the municipal committee, each electing general members and a chairman to handle urban services, while surrounding rural areas are covered by union councils under the tehsil framework for broader coordination. Following independence in 1947, Lalamusa's local evolved from basic town committees to its current municipal setup, aligning with Pakistan's post-partition administrative reforms. With the recent enactment of the Local Government Act 2025, upcoming elections in December 2025 are expected to refine this structure further, potentially adjusting ward boundaries and council powers. As of November 2025, the municipal committee operates under transitional provisions of the Act, which abolish district councils and strengthen and municipal entities.

Key Institutions

Lalamusa serves as a hub for several key public institutions that support local administration and development in , . The (PLGA), with its Lalamusa campus, is a primary training facility dedicated to for government functionaries, development partners, and elected representatives at district, , and union levels. Established in 1953 originally as the Village Agriculture and Industrial Development Training Institute, the academy has evolved to focus on municipal training, offering annual programs that include post-induction courses for officers and specialized sessions on topics like and urban management. The Lalamusa campus, located along G.T. Road, hosts these initiatives as part of broader efforts to upgrade facilities under projects like the Punjab Intermediate Cities Improvement Investment Program. Complementing the academy, the Municipal Administration office in Lalamusa, operating through the Municipal Committee structure, manages essential civic services such as sanitation, street maintenance, and within the town's jurisdiction. This body coordinates daily administrative operations under the Punjab Local Government Ordinance, ensuring compliance with provincial guidelines for local governance. Additionally, the local police stations, including City Lalamusa and Sadar Lalamusa, maintain law and order, with oversight from the District Police Officer in Gujrat; these stations handle routine policing, traffic control, and community safety along key routes like G.T. Road. The revenue department in Lalamusa, integrated with the Land Records Authority (PLRA), oversees land records and related services, including the maintenance of computerized records for urban and rural estates in the area. The PLRA has digitized land records across , including in and Lalamusa, to enhance transparency and dispute resolution. These institutions collectively contribute to by coordinating with authorities on projects, such as approved sewerage and schemes aimed at improving urban drainage and access to clean water in Lalamusa. This coordination falls under the broader oversight of the local governance structure in .

Culture and Society

Cultural and Leisure Sites

Lalamusa's cultural and leisure offerings center on public parks, religious sites, traditional fairs, and sports facilities that promote and heritage preservation. Fatima Jinnah Park serves as the town's main green space, featuring playgrounds, walking trails, and open areas for picnics and relaxation, making it a popular spot for families and youth. Haji Asgar Park functions as a dedicated venue for community events, including gatherings and local celebrations, providing an accessible outdoor space for social activities. Annual fairs, known as melas, celebrate Punjabi traditions through music, dance, and folk performances, with events like the Lalamusa highlighting local arts and crafts. The festival held its first and second editions in 2023 and has continued annually, featuring art exhibitions, workshops, nights, and . Leisure activities revolve around sports grounds where and are prominently played, with community tournaments and events gaining momentum in the post-2020 era to promote and local rivalries.

Notable Residents

Lalamusa has produced or been home to several distinguished figures in the arts, particularly in music. (1917–1983), a renowned Hindustani classical vocalist associated with the , settled in Lalamusa after migrating to in 1948 following her marriage to Chaudhry Ahmed Khan. Known for her mastery of ghazals, thumris, and raags, she was the first female vocalist to receive Pakistan's Sitara-e-Imtiaz award in 1960 for her contributions to South Asian musical traditions. Alam Lohar (1928–1979), born in the nearby village of Achh in the Lalamusa area, was a pioneering Punjabi folk singer who revolutionized the genre by introducing the chimta (tongs) as a rhythmic instrument and popularizing the traditional song "Jugni" through innovative renditions. His work during the 1950s to 1970s played a key role in reviving and globalizing Punjabi folk music, including soulful interpretations of Waris Shah's Heer in 36 distinct styles, which helped preserve and elevate rural Punjabi cultural expressions. Arif Lohar (born 1966), Alam Lohar's son and also born in the Lalamusa area, has continued this legacy as a modern Punjabi folk artist, blending traditional Sufi elements with contemporary sounds. His 2011 collaboration on "Alif Allah (Coke Studio Season 3)" with , an adaptation of Sultan Bahu's poetry, amassed over 100 million views and introduced Punjabi folk to international audiences. In politics and journalism, Lalamusa is represented by influential leaders. (born 1960), a longtime member of the , began his career in 2002 as a Member of the National Assembly and served as Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting from 2008 to 2011, as well as Minister for Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas during the same period. His roles involved key diplomatic and media oversight during Pakistan's democratic transitions. Javed Chaudhry (born 1968), a prominent and television host, has shaped public discourse through his analytical writings and program Kal Tak on Express News from 2006 until November 2025. Recognized as Pakistan's best by the All Pakistan Newspapers Society in 1997 and 1998, he received the Sitara-e-Imtiaz in 2022 for his contributions to . Suri Sehgal (born 1934), who lived in Lalamusa as a teenager before migrating during the 1947 Partition, emerged as a global leader in as a crop scientist and entrepreneur. He founded the international division of Funk Seeds in the 1960s, advancing hybrid seed technology that boosted worldwide, and later established the S.M. Sehgal Foundation in 1999 to support in and sustainable farming in .

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  65. http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/2988.html
  66. https://dailytimes.com.pk/1386919/punjab-to-hold-local-body-elections-in-december-after-new-law-signed/
  67. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2572082/new-local-government-act-takes-effect
  68. https://plga.punjab.gov.pk/training-calendar-lahore
  69. https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/gujrat_district_lgs_soe
  70. https://dpogjt.punjabpolice.gov.pk/contact_us
  71. https://www.punjab-zameen.gov.pk/
  72. https://www.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/lalamusa-1895660/tourist-attractions/type-museums-70-53/
  73. https://bookme.pk/events/lalamusa-arts-festival
  74. https://www.instagram.com/lalamusa_arts_festival/?hl=en
  75. https://sister-hood.com/sister-hood-staff/roshan-ara-begum-1917-1982/
  76. https://baithak.org/mallika-e-mauseequi-roshan-ara-begum/
  77. https://www.nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2023/folk-singer-alam-lohar-remembered
  78. https://tribune.com.pk/story/914886/remembering-alam-lohar
  79. https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/who-arif-lohar-three-facts-about-asia-societys-10-million-view-man
  80. https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/living-culture/jugni-punjabi
  81. https://www.dawn.com/news/1024476/qamar-zaman-kaira-3
  82. https://arynews.tv/qamar-zaman-kaira
  83. https://www.prideofpakistan.com/who-is-who-detail/Javed-Chaudhry/227
  84. https://nayadaur.tv/08-Nov-2025/javed-chaudhry-ends-19-year-journey-express-group
  85. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/partition-of-india-and-pakistan-history-legacy
  86. https://nripulse.com/suri-sehgal-receives-prestigious-m-s-swaminathan-award/
  87. https://www.smsfoundation.org/news/sehgal-foundation-in-the-usa-a-global-vision-starts-at-home/
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