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List of bogs
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Luhasoo bog in Estonia. The mire has tussocks of heather, and is being colonised by pine trees.

This is a list of bogs, wetland mires that accumulate peat from dead plant material, usually sphagnum moss.[1] Bogs are sometimes called quagmires (technically all bogs are quagmires while not all quagmires are necessarily bogs) and the soil which composes them is sometimes referred to as muskeg; alkaline mires are called fens rather than bogs.

Locations of bogs

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Europe

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Czechia

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Estonia

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Main article: List of wetlands of Estonia

Latvia

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Germany

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Ireland

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Nordic countries

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Switzerland

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United Kingdom

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Americas

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Canada

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United States

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Asia

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Oceania

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New Zealand

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  • Moanatuatua - a remnant of a large restiad raised bog located south of Hamilton, Waikato
  • Kopuatai - the largest raised bog in New Zealand. Formed from restiad plant species and a designated Ramsar site

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bog.

References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

List of bogs

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A bog is a type of freshwater wetland characterized by waterlogged, acidic soils and the accumulation of peat, which is partially decayed plant material, primarily from sphagnum moss, forming a spongy mat over saturated ground. These ombrotrophic ecosystems derive most nutrients from precipitation rather than groundwater, leading to nutrient-poor conditions that support specialized vegetation such as ericaceous shrubs, carnivorous plants like sundews and pitcher plants, and a diverse array of insects, amphibians, and birds. Bogs form slowly over centuries or millennia in depressions like former glacial lake basins or flatlands, where poor drainage allows organic matter to build up without fully decomposing. Bogs and broader peatlands cover approximately 3% of the Earth's land surface, spanning nearly every country, and play a critical role in global ecosystems by storing over 600 gigatonnes of carbon—more than all forest biomass combined—and sequestering about 0.37 gigatonnes of CO₂ annually. They help mitigate climate change as natural carbon sinks, regulate water flow to prevent flooding, and maintain biodiversity in harsh environments, though many face threats from drainage for agriculture, peat extraction, and burning, which release stored carbon and contribute to 5% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The world's largest bog complex is the Western Siberian Lowlands in Russia, encompassing over 1 million square kilometers of peatlands. This list enumerates notable bogs from around the world, highlighting significant examples by continent and region based on their size, ecological uniqueness, or cultural importance, such as the in , recognized as a for its exceptional .

Africa

Republic of the Congo

The features prominent tropical peatlands within the , characterized by their formation in lowland, waterlogged swamp forests that create anoxic conditions conducive to accumulation. These ecosystems are distinct for their in Central African and , differing from temperate bogs through their reliance on high rainfall and forested rather than cool climates. The Cuvette Centrale peatland complex is a vast formation spanning approximately 145,500 km² (95% confidence interval: 131,900–156,400 km²) in the central Congo Basin, with significant portions extending into the Republic of the Congo. This area was first systematically identified and mapped through extensive fieldwork and remote sensing efforts culminating in a 2017 study, building on initial surveys from 2013 onward. It stores roughly 30.6 billion tonnes of carbon (95% confidence interval: 6.3–46.8 billion tonnes), representing a major intact tropical carbon reservoir vulnerable to degradation. Peat accumulation here initiated around 10,600 years ago at the onset of the Holocene, driven by the buildup of partially decomposed swamp forest biomass in rain-fed, interfluvial basins under persistently saturated conditions, with maximum depths reaching 5.9 meters and a median depth of 2.0 meters. The Lac Télé-Lac Tumba encompasses extensive swamp forests overlying layers, forming critical habitats in northern and adjacent areas. This transboundary includes the Lac Télé/ , designated in , which covers 438,960 hectares of flooded forests and herbaceous swamps supporting development. The associated bogs harbor high regional , including dense populations of western lowland (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and aquatic , while sustaining endemic and such as certain vascular unique to the swamps. The Lac Télé Reserve within this protects the largest expanse of lands among Central African protected areas, contributing to carbon storage and connectivity. These formations rank among the largest intact tropical systems worldwide, underscoring their global significance for climate regulation.

Kenya's bogs are primarily montane concentrated in the highlands, featuring unique quaking formations and accumulation that contribute to East Africa's wetland diversity. These ecosystems, adapted to high-altitude conditions, play a vital role in water regulation and support within the region. Ondirí Bog, located in Kikuyu, , is Kenya's only known quaking , characterized by a floating mat of over underlying that trembles underfoot. Formed from an ancient that gradually filled with sediment and , it evolved into a tropical quaking through the buildup of layered and macrophytes, creating a dynamic, unstable surface up to one meter thick. It spans approximately 30-34.5 hectares and supports diverse aquatic and semi-aquatic flora, including over 68 plant species, as well as fauna such as 41 bird species, among them the indicator crested crane, and amphibians like the Nile ridged frog. In the Cherangani Hills, montane bogs occur at high elevations, generally above 2,000 meters, forming in upland plateaus and valleys as part of the region's indigenous forest reserves. These bogs, exemplified by the Kapkanyar Swamp at around 2,422 meters, develop through local topographic influences that promote accumulation in wet, poorly drained depressions. Covering significant portions within the hills' approximately 95,600-hectare gazetted forest area, they are essential for retaining water that feeds river systems, such as the Nzoia, mitigating downstream flooding and sustaining regional as one of Kenya's key water towers. Kenyan highland bogs like those in Ondirí and the Cherangani Hills are integral to broader African peatland conservation initiatives aimed at preserving carbon stores and ecosystem services.

Uganda

Uganda hosts extensive peatland ecosystems within its national parks, integral to the East African rift valley and floodplain wetlands, where these bogs accumulate organic matter in waterlogged conditions to form carbon-rich deposits. These peatlands play a key role in biodiversity conservation and water regulation, with Uganda's overall peat soils storing approximately 1.3 gigatons of carbon, representing a substantial portion of Africa's estimated 35 billion tons of peatland carbon. Murchison Falls National Park encompasses Uganda's largest protected area at 3,840 square kilometers, where peat bogs occupy the Nile River floodplains, developing through the accumulation of sedge and grass remains in seasonally inundated lowlands. These bogs sustain large populations of common hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius) that graze and wallow in the wetland margins, alongside a rich avifauna comprising over 450 bird species, including shoebills (Balaeniceps rex) and African fish eagles (Haliaeetus vocifer). Oil exploration and extraction within the park pose severe threats to these bogs, disrupting habitats through seismic activities, infrastructure development, and potential spills that could alter hydrology and release stored carbon. Semuliki , spanning square kilometers in the , features peatlands integrated into its lowland and swamp-forest communities, particularly in the adjacent Semuliki Delta where peat deposits form under anoxic conditions from decaying . These peatlands harbor specialized equatorial , including the elusive (Hyemoschus aquaticus), a pygmy relative that thrives in dense undergrowth near bog edges, as well as 11 primate species and over 400 bird taxa. Conservation challenges include drainage for and upstream damming, which risk peat oxidation and in this transboundary system.

Asia

Indonesia

Indonesia's peat swamp forests represent a significant portion of the world's tropical peatlands, covering approximately 14.9 million hectares across , , and Papua, which accounts for about 36% of global tropical peatland area. These ecosystems, often referred to as bogs in broader classifications due to their waterlogged, acidic conditions and accumulation of undecomposed , form under tropical climates where high rainfall and poor drainage lead to thick peat layers dominated by trees like dipterocarps and ferns. They serve as major carbon reservoirs, estimated to store 13.6–57 gigatons of carbon—up to about 55% of all tropical peat carbon—while supporting unique biodiversity adapted to nutrient-poor soils, including endemic , , and . However, extensive drainage for and logging has degraded over 50% of these areas, triggering peat oxidation, subsidence, and recurrent fires that release massive greenhouse gases, contributing up to 1.5 gigatons of CO₂ equivalent annually from Indonesia alone (as of the 2010s). The Sungai Tohor Peat Swamp in Riau Province, Sumatra, exemplifies a degraded dome-shaped peatland undergoing active restoration. Located in the Meranti Islands District, this coastal peat swamp has experienced significant degradation from palm oil expansion and associated canal drainage since the early 2000s, leading to fires and loss of native vegetation. Restoration efforts, initiated around 2014, involve canal blocking to rewet the soil, replanting with native species like jelutong and meranti, and community-based fire management, aiming to rehabilitate hydrological balance and prevent further carbon loss. Studies in the area indicate substantial remaining carbon stocks in peat necromass and soil, exceeding 10 million tons in village-managed forests, underscoring the site's potential for carbon sequestration if degradation is halted. Further east, the peatlands of Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan, Borneo, cover about 6,000 km² of intact and semi-degraded swamp forest, with peat depths reaching up to 15 meters in dome formations developed over millennia. Established in 2004, this protected area hosts the world's largest population of wild Bornean orangutans, numbering around 6,000 individuals, alongside diverse flora and fauna such as proboscis monkeys and rare bird species in a blackwater river system. Drainage from legacy logging canals has lowered the water table, rendering the peat highly susceptible to fires—particularly during El Niño-induced droughts—resulting in widespread burning, as seen in the 2015 and 2019 events that scorched thousands of hectares and threatened biodiversity. Ongoing conservation includes over 1,000 canal blockages to restore water levels, fire suppression patrols, and habitat monitoring to safeguard this vital carbon sink and orangutan stronghold.

Russia

Russia's peatlands represent a significant portion of the global total, covering approximately 1.1 million square kilometers and accounting for about 30% of the world's peatland area, with the majority located in the West Siberian Lowlands. These subarctic wetlands are characterized by their vast expanse and role in carbon storage, influenced by permafrost and seasonal thawing. The Vasyugan Swamp, known as the Great Vasyugan Mire, is the world's largest peatland complex, spanning 53,000 square kilometers in the central West Siberian Plain. It is situated primarily in the Tomsk Oblast, extending into adjacent regions including the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, between the Ob and Irtysh rivers. This bog system formed approximately 10,000 years ago following the retreat of glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age, with initial isolated wetlands merging over time into a continuous mire landscape. The swamp holds peat reserves exceeding 1 billion tonnes, with depths reaching up to 10 meters in places, supporting diverse ecosystems including raised bogs and fens. In the Surgutsky District of the , extensive peatlands form part of the broader 592,440 square kilometer West Siberian Lowlands complex, which dominates Eurasian coverage. These areas feature palsa bogs—mounded formations with cores—and string bogs, characterized by elongated ridges separated by pools, typical of the region's discontinuous zone. Such peatlands are critical sites for on , as thawing enhances anaerobic and gas release, contributing significantly to regional fluxes.

Europe

Czechia

Czechia features raised bogs characteristic of Central European montane wetlands, primarily concentrated in the , a Reserve designated in 1990. These ecosystems, sustained by high rainfall and cool climates, support unique adapted to acidic, nutrient-poor conditions, including peat-forming mosses and associated . Mrtvý luh is a prominent in the Šumava Mountains, spanning 313 hectares at an elevation of 750 above . Located above the confluence of the Studená and Teplá Vltava rivers, it represents the largest raised bog in the park and features a dome-shaped structure with peat layers up to 7 meters deep. Designated as a nature reserve in 1948, it has been subject to restoration efforts to block drainage ditches and revive natural hydrology. The site's name, meaning "Dead Meadow," stems from ghostly remnants of trees killed by an underground peat fire centuries ago, while its vegetation includes abundant sphagnum moss and carnivorous plants such as sundews (Drosera spp.), which thrive in the bog's wet, sunny hollows. The Černé jezero peat bog, linked to the glacial Black Lake (the largest natural lake in Czechia at 18.4 hectares), forms part of the surrounding mire complexes in Šumava with peat accumulation dating to post-glacial periods around 12,000 years ago. These wetlands, protected within the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, exhibit typical montane raised bog traits, including oligotrophic conditions and specialized plant communities like sphagnum-dominated hummocks. Nearby examples, such as the adjacent Tříjezerní slať covering 5 hectares, illustrate the area's interconnected bog-lake systems with three small peat lakes supporting dwarf birches and pines.

Estonia

Estonia is renowned for its vast raised mires, which form a significant part of the country's wetland ecosystems in Northern Europe. Bogs cover approximately 6-8% of Estonia's land area, contributing to biodiversity, carbon storage, and cultural heritage. One prominent example is Luhasoo Bog, located in the Luhasoo Landscape Reserve in southern Estonia near the Latvian border. The reserve spans about 800 hectares and features a classic raised bog landscape with heather tussocks, mineral islands, and encroaching pine trees, accessible via a 5 km nature studies trail equipped with boardwalks for safe exploration. This bog exemplifies the developmental stages of mire formation, from fen to raised bog, with peat layers dating back around 5,000 years, typical of Estonia's post-glacial wetlands. Further north, the bogs of Soomaa National Park represent some of Estonia's most extensive active raised mires, comprising a substantial portion of the park's 39,884 hectares. These wetlands are characterized by their dynamic , including the famous "fifth season" of spring flooding that can inundate up to 17,500 hectares, transforming the into a vast watery expanse and supporting unique meadows. The park's bogs provide critical habitats for , including the (Ciconia nigra) nesting in swamp forests and the (Lynx lynx) roaming the surrounding forests.

Latvia

Latvia's bogs are prominent features of its , influenced by the Baltic Sea's proximity, which contributes to coastal mineral-rich peatlands and extensive inland raised bogs. These wetlands cover approximately 10% of the country's territory, serving as critical carbon stores and habitats for specialized and . Among the most significant are those within Ķemeri and Teiči , which exemplify the diversity of Latvia's mire systems, from acidic raised bogs to transitional mires fed by mineral springs. Ķemeri National Park encompasses a 38,165-hectare area along the coast, featuring the expansive Great Ķemeri Bog (Lielais Ķemeri Tirelis), one of Latvia's largest raised bogs at around 6,200 hectares. This bog is characterized by acidic mires with hummock-hollow complexes dominated by mosses and supporting rare such as the butterfly and various orchids. The park's layers reach depths of 9 in places, with an average of 3.5 meters, formed over thousands of years in post-glacial depressions. Notably, the area includes natural mineral springs, arising from sublayers and sulfate-reducing , which sulfide-rich waters historically used for therapeutic ; these springs create unique transitional mire habitats blending acidic bog conditions with mineral-influenced fens. Further inland, Teiči Nature Reserve protects over 19,000 hectares of pristine raised bogs, including the Teiči Bog complex, recognized as one of the largest intact moss bogs in the Baltic region and covering about 20,000 hectares in total wetland area. This reserve features expansive dome-shaped raised bogs with active Sphagnum growth, pools, and string systems, developed since the end of the last Ice Age around 10,000–12,000 years ago. The bogs host diverse bird species, including the Eurasian crane and capercaillie, as well as invertebrate communities adapted to oligotrophic conditions. The site's hydrological integrity supports a mosaic of mire types, contributing to Latvia's role in broader European wetland conservation efforts through designations like the Ramsar Convention.

Germany

Germany's bogs, primarily raised and transitional mires in its temperate zones, represent significant ecological features shaped by post-glacial and historical intervention. These wetlands, often found in lowlands and basins, store substantial carbon and host specialized and adapted to acidic, nutrient-poor conditions. Historical extraction across , including intensive drainage in during the 19th and 20th centuries, severely degraded many sites, leading to ongoing restoration initiatives to revive hydrological functions and . The Federsee, located in the district of Biberach in Baden-Württemberg, is a prominent lake-bog complex covering approximately 2,920 hectares and designated as a Natura 2000 site. This transitional mire system includes raised bogs (habitat code 7120), transition mires (7140), and alkaline fens (7230), with ongoing rewetting efforts addressing historical peat loss of 1-3 cm per year to promote active peat accumulation. The site's peat layers have preserved Bronze Age archaeological remains, including prehistoric pile dwellings, contributing to its inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage serial property "Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps" since 2011. In North Rhine-Westphalia, the Hohe Mark Nature Park encompasses about 1,978 km² of diverse landscapes, including remnants of raised mires such as the Fürstenkuhle/Kuhlenvenn and Zwillbrocker Venn, which form part of the former extensive Weißes Venn high moor complex. These sites, protected under Natura 2000, have undergone restoration from past drainage to reestablish natural hydrology and support high moor vegetation like sphagnum mosses and cotton grasses. The efforts have enhanced habitats for rare species, including dragonflies and moor frogs in the Fürstenkuhle, while the broader Westmünsterland region, including the park, sustains populations of Eurasian otters through connected wetland networks.

Ireland

Ireland's bogs, particularly the raised mires in the midland region, are shaped by the Atlantic oceanic climate, resulting in wet, acidic conditions that foster extensive peat accumulation and unique ecosystems. These lowland raised bogs, formed over thousands of years in post-glacial basins, represent some of Europe's best-preserved examples of active mire habitats, supporting specialized flora and fauna adapted to nutrient-poor environments. Prominent sites like Clara Bog and Mongan Bog exemplify this, serving as critical areas for conservation and restoration efforts that influence broader European peatland management strategies. Clara Bog, located in County Offaly, spans 460 hectares and stands as one of the finest remaining midland raised bogs in Western Europe. Designated as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the EU Habitats Directive and part of the Natura 2000 network since its establishment as a National Nature Reserve in 1987, it features a well-developed active dome structure with prominent hummock-hollow complexes, soaks (mineral-rich pools), and flushes that sustain diverse bog vegetation including sphagnum mosses, cottongrasses, and heathers. The site's hydrology supports classic raised bog microtopography, with peat depths reaching up to 10 meters in places, preserving a record of environmental changes over 10,000 years. Historically, Clara Bog served as a wintering site for the Greenland white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons flavirostris), though populations have declined due to habitat degradation, with no recent records; today, it hosts breeding merlins (Falco columbarius) and other wetland species like snipe and curlew. Ongoing restoration through the Living Bog Project involves blocking drainage ditches to rehabilitate active bog surfaces, enhancing its role as a model for European mire conservation. Mongan Bog, also in County Offaly near the River Shannon, covers over 205 hectares and is recognized for its intact raised bog characteristics, with approximately 40% active high bog surface. Preservation efforts began in the 1970s through a Dutch-Irish initiative to halt peat extraction, leading to its designation as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 1988 and an SAC in 2004; An Taisce, Ireland's National Trust, owns 119 hectares and has overseen restoration since 2018, including the installation of nearly 400 dams to restore hydrology. The bog exhibits irregular terrain with hummocks up to 1.5 meters high, pools, and high sphagnum moss cover (up to 90% in places), supporting carnivorous plants such as round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) and bog asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), alongside bog cotton, heathers, and lichens. Dating back over 9,000 years, Mongan Bog's deep peat layers contribute to Ireland's wetland archaeological record, with its proximity to ancient sites like Clonmacnoise highlighting the preservative qualities of such mires for organic remains, though specific bog body discoveries are more associated with broader Offaly peatlands.

Nordic countries

The host a variety of boreal and coastal bogs, shaped by cool climates, oceanic influences, and post-glacial landscapes that favor peat accumulation. These mires, including raised and blanket types, play key roles in carbon storage and biodiversity, with management efforts emphasizing restoration to mitigate drainage impacts from historical peat extraction. Lille Vildmose in Denmark is a prominent raised bog located in the Jutland peninsula's Himmerland region, recognized as the largest remaining active raised bog in lowland northwestern Europe. Covering approximately 2,000 hectares of active raised bog habitat within a larger 7,600-hectare protected area, it features boardwalks that provide safe access for visitors to explore the pristine wilderness and observe wildlife. Efforts to restore ecological balance include the reintroduction of moose in 2015 to prevent overgrowth, alongside natural immigration of wolves, with confirmed wolf pups observed in the area as recently as 2024. In Finland, raised bogs are widespread in central regions, often featuring string bog formations where elongated ridges and pools create distinctive patterns, supporting species like cloudberries that thrive in acidic, nutrient-poor conditions. A notable example is Torronsuo National Park in southern Finland, which features one of the country's deepest bogs at up to 10 meters of peat and extensive boardwalks for exploration, covering 5,858 hectares and protected since 1990. Bockstens Mosse in Sweden's exemplifies a with significant archaeological value, where the well-preserved remains of a medieval man, known as the , were discovered in , offering insights into 14th-century and practices. The site, near , highlights how preservation has aided historical research in Nordic wetlands. Norway's coastal mires, influenced by the warming , include Andøya Bog (also referred to as Sellevollmyra) on the archipelago's Andøya island, representing Europe's northernmost concentric in an setting. This coastal mire, part of a broader boggy , demonstrates resilience to climatic variations through detailed stratigraphic spanning over 7,000 years. Across these countries, shared peatland management strategies focus on rewetting drained areas and sustainable use to enhance carbon sequestration and biodiversity, coordinated through regional Nordic initiatives.

Switzerland

Switzerland's bogs, often referred to as mires or tourbières, are concentrated in the Jura Mountains and on the Swiss Plateau, where alpine and plateau types dominate the mountainous and undulating terrain. These ecosystems, shaped by cool, humid climates and poor drainage, serve as critical habitats for specialized flora and fauna while storing significant carbon reserves. Unlike lowland boreal bogs, Swiss mires are typically smaller and more fragmented due to historical peat extraction and agricultural conversion, with ongoing restoration efforts aimed at preserving their hydrological integrity and biodiversity. Le Cachot is a prominent in the of canton, covering approximately 150 hectares. Protected since the 1950s following the for the Protection of Nature's acquisition of its core area in 1956, the site features transitional zones to fen habitats influenced by drainage and cutting . These transitions support diverse wetland communities, and the bog hosts rare butterflies such as the Colias palaeno, a specialist in high-moor environments. Scientific studies highlight ongoing challenges like bog pine invasion due to past drainage, which alters the oligotrophic conditions essential for sphagnum-dominated vegetation. The Türbental Moor represents a key plateau bog near in the , encompassing about 50 hectares. Restored from prior agricultural drainage, the site now sustains typical bog including mosses and , fostering recovery of its acidic, waterlogged conditions through rewetting and vegetation management. Restoration initiatives here emphasize blocking ditches and removing invasive trees to promote natural succession, mirroring broader efforts to rehabilitate fragmented plateau mires. These sites exemplify Switzerland's commitment to mire conservation, contributing briefly to the Alpine Convention's framework for protecting transboundary ecosystems in mountainous regions.

United Kingdom

The hosts diverse bog ecosystems, predominantly blanket mires across upland regions and raised bogs in lowlands, spanning , . These peatlands, formed under cool, wet climatic conditions, play a vital role in , supporting unique and while influencing hydrological cycles. bogs, in particular, the northern and western uplands, covering vast areas shaped by acidic, waterlogged environments that inhibit and promote peat accumulation. The in represents one of the most extensive complexes in the , spanning approximately 4,000 km² across and in the northern Highlands. This low-lying , characterized by intricate mosaics of pools, hummocks, and ridges, was inscribed as a in 2024 for its outstanding natural value as the largest intact in . It serves as a massive carbon store, holding about 400 million tonnes of carbon—more than double the amount in all of Britain's woodlands—highlighting its global significance in climate regulation. In , Lindow Moss exemplifies a lowland , covering around 200 hectares in near . Formed in a post-glacial depression, this dome-shaped features acidic waters and sphagnum moss-dominated vegetation, though much has been affected by historical drainage and peat cutting. It gained international attention in 1984 with the discovery of , an preserved by the anaerobic conditions, providing invaluable insights into ancient rituals and preservation processes. Waen Rhydd in Wales is a notable 100-hectare blanket bog located within the Brecon Beacons National Park, contributing to the region's upland mire systems. This peatland supports characteristic vegetation including purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea) and provides breeding habitat for birds such as hen harriers (Circus cyaneus), underscoring its importance for biodiversity conservation in acidic, wet moorland environments. The conservation efforts surrounding these bogs have influenced British peatland policy, driving initiatives like the Peatland Code to restore degraded sites and enhance carbon storage.

North America

Canada

Canada's peatlands, encompassing primarily boreal and Hudson Bay Lowland types, represent a significant portion of North American peat volume, holding approximately 25% of the global total and dominating the continent's reserves. These ecosystems, covering about 12% of the country's land area, function as vast carbon sinks and biodiversity hotspots, with bogs forming through the accumulation of moss in waterlogged, acidic conditions. Boreal bogs in the northern regions feature domed structures and sparse tree cover, while Hudson Bay Lowland bogs exhibit expansive, flat peat mats supporting specialized flora and fauna. Burns Bog, located near in the Delta of southwestern , is a domed bog spanning approximately 40 km² historically, though reduced to about 28 km² of ecologically available area due to past disturbances like harvesting. Recognized as the largest undeveloped urban in , it stores an estimated 1-2 million tonnes of carbon in its deposits, which have accumulated to depths of 4-5 meters, underscoring its role in climate regulation despite ongoing threats from urban encroachment. Mer Bleue Bog, a 35 km² situated near in , formed around 7,700-8,000 years ago in an ancient channel of the , creating a boreal-like atypical for its southern . Designated as a Ramsar of International Importance in 1995, it features quaking mats of sphagnum moss over 6-meter-thick peat layers and supports diverse low-lying bog vegetation, including numerous orchid species such as Calopogon tuberosus and Pogonia ophioglossoides. The site's hummock-hollow microtopography and black spruce forests provide habitat for rare birds and mammals, highlighting its ecological uniqueness. La Grande Plée Bleue, a 15 km² ombrotrophic raised bog complex in Quebec near Lévis, exemplifies expansive pools and patterns formed by differential accumulation. This ecological reserve, one of the largest undisturbed bogs south of the St. Lawrence River, sustains a rich that serves as critical for migratory waterfowl, including like the and various , which utilize its open and surrounding marshes during breeding and stopover periods. Its preservation supports regional biodiversity amid southern Quebec's agricultural pressures.

United States

The hosts a diverse array of bogs, ranging from northern kettle-hole formations in glaciated landscapes to southern mountain bogs shaped by Appalachian and microclimates. These wetlands, often remnants of post-glacial conditions, support unique boreal and disjunct from their typical northern ranges, contributing to regional amid fragmented habitats. bogs, formed in depressions left by melting ice blocks, dominate in the Northeast and Midwest, while southern examples feature acidic, peat-accumulating environments in higher elevations. In Michigan's Upper Peninsula, the Seney encompasses approximately 38,550 hectares of varied wetlands, including the 4,150-hectare Strangmoor , a patterned fen with string bogs that represents the southernmost extent of this ecosystem type in . This features parallel ridges and pools formed by differential accumulation, hosting mosses, carnivorous plants, and serving as a critical refuge for reintroduced trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator), with populations exceeding 100 individuals in recent surveys. The area's , influenced by low-gradient streams, maintains acidic conditions essential for bog integrity, though restoration efforts address historical drainage impacts. Further south, along the West Virginia-Maryland , Cranesville Swamp spans about 647 hectares of boreal , a disjunct from the Pleistocene approximately 15,000 years old, preserved by a unique cold-air pooling at elevations around 776 meters. This swamp supports northern species such as tamarack () trees and purple pitcher (), which thrive in the saturated, acidic alongside rare orchids and mosses for the mid-Atlantic . Designated a National Natural Landmark in 1964, it exemplifies isolated bog ecosystems vulnerable to edge effects from surrounding forests. In the Northeast, New Hampshire's Bear Pond Natural Area includes a 24-hectare quaking bog within its 364-hectare expanse, rated as high-quality habitat by state conservation assessments for its intact peat layers and minimal disturbance. The bog features a floating mat of sphagnum and sedges, including rare species like few-seeded sedge (Carex oligosperma), that undulates underfoot due to underlying water saturation, supporting amphibians and insectivorous plants in a kettle formed by glacial retreat. Protected since the early 2000s, this site highlights the fragility of New England bogs to invasive species and climate shifts. U.S. bogs integrate into broader continental wetland protections under frameworks like the , enhancing cross-border conservation efforts for migratory .

Oceania

Australia

Australia's peat bogs are relatively rare compared to those in the , with most occurring in highland and alpine regions where cool, wet conditions favor peat accumulation. These ecosystems, including upland swamps, bogs, and moorlands, support unique adapted to nutrient-poor, waterlogged soils, though they face threats from , , and . The Wingecarribee Swamp, located in the Southern Highlands of , is a 340-hectare upland swamp-bog and the largest intact montane in . This heritage-listed site features deep layers up to 10 thick, formed over 5,000 years, and serves as a critical for the downstream Wingecarribee . Its includes diverse sedge and communities, such as razor ( spp.) and various ferns, alongside mosslands and tea-tree thickets, forming an endangered ecological under both state and federal protections. In the of , alpine bogs cover over 3, hectares in scattered patches across the alpine and subalpine zones. These fire-sensitive ecosystems, dominated by like cristatum and novozelandicum, rely on permanent waterlogging from and to maintain their . They provide essential for endemic , including the southern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree) and various alpine , while contributing to carbon storage and water regulation in the high country. Tasmania's buttongrass moorlands represent extensive shallow peat bogs spanning approximately 570,000 hectares, primarily in the wet western and southwestern regions below the alpine zone. Dominated by the sedge Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus (buttongrass), these moorlands form on infertile, waterlogged soils and create a mosaic of low tussock grasslands interspersed with pools and streams. They play a key role in supporting wildlife, including platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), which utilize the dense sedge tussocks and adjacent waterways for burrowing and foraging habitats.

New Zealand

New Zealand's bogs are characterized by restiad and cushion varieties, which thrive in the country's temperate and alpine environments, contributing to the broader diversity of Australasian wetlands through their unique peat-forming vegetation and carbon sequestration roles. Restiad bogs, dominated by species in the Restionaceae family such as wire rush (Sporadanthus ferrugineus), form raised peat domes in lowland areas of the North Island, while cushion bogs featuring Donatia novae-zelandiae occur in the wet, mountainous South Island. These ecosystems store significant carbon and support specialized flora and fauna, though many have been reduced by drainage and land conversion. The Kopuatai Peat Dome, situated on the Hauraki Plains approximately 70 km northeast of Hamilton in the region, represents the largest unaltered restiad in , spanning 10,201 hectares. This freshwater features a domed with depths up to 12 , primarily formed by the peat-building wire rush (Sporadanthus ferrugineus) over more than 11,000 years. It functions as a major , storing approximately 24 million tonnes of to New Zealand's annual emissions, and continues to sequester carbon at rates of 135–217 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹. Designated as No. 444 in 1989, it provides critical habitat for threatened species including the Australasian bittern and black mudfish, while also aiding regional flood control. Near Hamilton in the Basin, the Moanatuatua Scientific Reserve preserves a 110-hectare remnant of a once-extensive Sporadanthus-dominated restiad bog, originally thousands of hectares before drainage for . accumulation here began around 14,000 years ago, creating an oligotrophic with well-preserved that offer insights into palaeoclimates. Dominated by Sporadanthus ferrugineus and associated like Empodisma robustum, the site supports rare invertebrates and plants, but faces ongoing threats from subsidence due to historical drainage and nearby peat mining activities that have converted much of the surrounding peatland. In the alpine zones of Fiordland National Park, cushion bogs form in high-rainfall, poorly drained settings above 800 meters, featuring dense mats of the cushion plant Donatia novae-zelandiae alongside species like Oreobolus and Drosera. These bogs represent a distinctive Southern Hemisphere formation of angiosperm cushions, adapted to cool, wet conditions, and contribute to peat accumulation in their upper layers. Occurring in the western South Island ranges from Nelson to Fiordland, they harbor specialized alpine communities resilient to harsh climates but vulnerable to invasive species and climate shifts.

South America

Argentina

Argentina's peat bogs are concentrated in the southern region and province, where cool, wet climates foster extensive systems that play a in and support. These ecosystems, often classified as cushion bogs and raised mires, cover approximately 300,000 hectares across Argentine , comprising nearly all of the country's estimated total area of about 300,000 hectares (as of 2022). Unlike tropical systems, Patagonian bogs are adapted to conditions, with dominated by mosses and cushion-forming that thrive in nutrient-poor, waterlogged soils. These bogs contribute substantially to 's peat distribution, storing vast amounts of carbon accumulated over millennia in post-glacial landscapes. The Península peatlands in province encompass about 240,000 hectares of cushion bogs, accounting for roughly 84% of Argentina's national reserves. These wetlands were protected in 2022 as the Península Mitre Natural Protected Area spanning approximately 500,000 hectares (,000 hectares and ,000 hectares coastal waters) and designated a in 2025. They feature dense cushions formed primarily by Astelia pumila, a that creates hummocky structures ideal for water retention and accumulation. The bogs act as a carbon , storing approximately 315 million metric tons of carbon. Formed in depressions left by retreating glaciers, these systems support unique subantarctic and while regulating local through their high water-holding capacity. Further north in , Sphagnum magellanicum-dominated bogs are prevalent in Santa Cruz province, covering transitional zones influenced by oceanic winds and glacial legacies. These raised bogs, often embedded in forested valleys, span significant areas within the province's estimated peatland extent and are characterized by dense carpets that create acidic, ombrotrophic conditions. Glacially sculpted during the Pleistocene, they accumulate at rates supporting long-term carbon storage, with regional estimates indicating up to 10 gigatons of carbon across Patagonian peatlands ( and ). These bogs provide for native wildlife, including guanacos (Lama guanicoe), which frequent adjacent and wet meadows for , highlighting their ecological connectivity in the steppe-wetland .

Chile

Chile's bogs are predominantly found in the southern Patagonia region, particularly in the Magallanes area, where cool, wet climatic conditions foster extensive development. These ecosystems include blanket mires and cushion bogs, which play a crucial role in and support. The Magallanes region hosts approximately 2-3.1 million hectares of peatlands, representing the majority of Chile's total peatland area of about 2.3-3.1 million hectares (as of 2020-2024). These peatlands feature average depths of 5.5 , with some reaching up to 12 , forming , waterlogged landscapes that buffer against variability. Peatlands in the region have faced threats from fires, including ~10,000 hectares affected in in 2022. The , located within in Patagonia, encompass significant blanket mires. These mires consist of expansive, gently sloping layers up to 5 meters deep, sustained by high precipitation and poor drainage in the Andean . As part of the -designated , spanning over 770,000 hectares, these bogs support diverse , including pumas (Puma concolor) and endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus), which utilize the edges for and . The blanket mires here contribute to the park's hydrological stability, filtering water and preventing erosion in this . Cushion bogs in the Magallanes region cover around 2 million hectares, characterized by hyper-oceanic conditions with persistent moisture and wind exposure. These bogs are dominated by the cushion-forming plant Donatia fascicularis, alongside species like Astelia pumila, creating dense, hummocky surfaces that enhance water retention and soil stability. Chilean Patagonian peatlands, including these cushion types, store approximately 4.8 gigatonnes of carbon, accumulated over 18,000 years, underscoring their global significance as a carbon sink. These ecosystems exhibit resilience to disturbances, maintaining carbon uptake despite environmental pressures. Chile's peatlands, including those in Magallanes, are integral to broader Andean-Southern conservation efforts aimed at protecting these vital wetlands from degradation.

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