Hubbry Logo
LocksetLocksetMain
Open search
Lockset
Community hub
Lockset
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Contribute something
Lockset
Lockset
Lockset
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
Metal fire-resistance rated door with a lockset consisting of a locking latch bolt operated by lever handle with an escutcheon that encompasses the locking mechanism.

A lockset (alternatively lock set) is the hardware and components that make up the locking or latching mechanism that can usually be found on a door or other hinged object but can also include sliding doors and dividers.[1] The components of a lockset can include (but are not limited to) the door handles (commonly both inside and outside), latch bolt, dead bolt, face plate, strike plate, escutcheon, thumbturn, push button, turn button, and other trim. The lockset and associated hardware typically defines a door's function and how a user could (or could not) access the two adjacent spaces defined by the opening associated with the lockset.

Regulation

[edit]

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, under Title III, and many state and local governments regulate locksets in buildings occupied by the public. Typically, locksets that employ doorknob-controlled latches are forbidden for public use in favor of lever handles, which are easier to operate by gravity instead of the grasping and turning required by knobs. Many municipalities also regulate locksets in terms of fire rating, using standards determined more broadly by national or international organizations such as Underwriters Laboratories in the United States or the International Code Council, which are often supplemented by local governmental organizations (e.g. New York City's Materials and Equipment Acceptance (MEA) Division of their Board of Standards and Appeals (BSA)[2]), or by local building codes. For example, mandates of building code may forbid (e.g., E2141/F16 "Double-Keyed Deadbolt") from group occupancies, or require (e.g., F93/F15) certain functions on hotel or motel doors.

Industry standards

[edit]

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), a private non-profit organization, and the Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association (BHMA) administer and coordinate voluntary standardization to develop and maintain performance standards for builder's hardware. Locks and handle sets are covered by standard A156.2, deadbolts by A156.5, and finishes by A156.18.

Aspects of a lockset

[edit]

Three standard grades

[edit]

The grade specified according to the standards of ANSI/BHMA indicate the security and durability of the lockset.[citation needed]

Grade 1

[edit]

Commercial, highest grade security and durability; can survive a 360-pound (160 kg) weight test.

Grade 2

[edit]

Residential, with excellent security and durability; can survive a 250-pound (110 kg) weight test.

Grade 3

[edit]

Residential, minimum acceptable grade.

Two lockset mechanisms

[edit]

The lockset's latching (locking) mechanism may be of the mortise or cylindrical type.[3] The mortise mechanism is enclosed in a box (usually metal), requiring installation in a rectangular cavity carved into the edge of the door. The cylindrical mechanism is typically installed into the door via a cavity that can be simply bored through the door, usually by using a hole saw.

Two types of latches

[edit]

A lockset may incorporate a latch bolt, a deadbolt, or may integrate both into a single lockset.[citation needed]

Latch bolt

[edit]

The latch bolt is spring-loaded and has an angled surface, allowing the door to be closed and latched without first retracting the bolt. In addition, the bolt may be fitted with a guardbolt, which is arranged to prevent the unwanted retraction of the latch bolt by an intruder; in this case the latch bolt is called a deadlocking latch bolt. There may be a provision on the inside handle to disable (lock) the outside handle from operating the latch bolt; this is referred to in the table below as the "inside locking mechanism". This mechanism may consist of a push button or turn button in the inside handle.[citation needed]

Deadbolt

[edit]

A deadbolt is projected (thrown) only after the door is in the closed position; it will resist being forcibly retracted once it is in its projected position, hence is known as a deadlock. If it is projected or retracted by a handle (rather than by a key), that handle is referred to in the table below as a "thumbturn".[citation needed]

Keyed and non-keyed locksets

[edit]

A lockset may be fitted with a keyable lock on inside, on outside, or not at all, the latter being known as a "non-keyed lockset". If the lockset has a single keyed side, it is called a "keyed, single-cylinder lockset"; if both sides are keyed, it is called a "keyed, double-cylinder lockset". In this aspect, the word "cylinder" refers to any type of keyed cylinder lock, rather than to the type of mechanism of the lockset.

Door function

[edit]

Locksets come in many variant types, each appropriate to a particular use.[4] Lockset manufacturers may describe a lockset product in terms of how a door is operated by a user, while ANSI/BHMA assign standard alphanumeric codes to the function of a lockset.[5][6][7] For accurate and precise descriptions, the standard function code should be used when specifying a lockset.

Typical applications

[edit]
Closet door
[edit]

May use a lockset consisting of two operating handles, both of which are never locked. A cylindrical mechanism lockset on such a door would be given the ANSI code F75, a mortised lockset F01.

Bathroom/WC
[edit]

A lockset for such a door typically includes a provision to lock from the inside, preserving the privacy of the occupant, along with a means of unlocking from the outside in case of emergency (lockset F76B/F19).

Office Door
[edit]

A typical use case occurs upon departing the office: the user pushes a button on the inside handle, locking the door, then pulls the door shut behind. The door must now be opened with a key. The F82(F04) function works for this case.

Server Room
[edit]

For enhanced security, the addition of a deadbolt is useful. The F88/F09 "Entrance" function allows the door to be locked from the outside with a key, while still allowing people inside to freely leave without a key.

Break Room
[edit]

Door may be specified as non-locking; the F75/F01 "Passage" function serves the purpose.

Medical Storage Closet
[edit]

Door should be locked at all times, calling for the F86/F07 "Storeroom" function.

Classroom function
[edit]

Designated F84/F05, which allows occupants out of the room regardless if the door is locked. In the wake of school shootings, the F110 lockset may be desirable: it allows the outside handle to be locked by using a key on the inside, but still allows occupants free egress.

ANSI/BHMA door function codes

[edit]
  • The latch bolt may be specified as the deadlocking type; if so, the fact is explicitly stated.
  • A deadbolt, if present, automatically deadlocks when fully projected.
  • In the table below, "handle" may refer to either a lever or a knob; the former is preferred equipment for usability sake. Some manufacturers refer to "trim".
  • "Inoperable" may be considered synonymous with "locked"; the locked handle may be immovable, or it may freely turn but without opening the door. For some manufacturers' locksets, a locked handle is immoveable, and they use the term "rigid" in referring to a handle that is locked.
  • The inside handle may have an affordance for locking the latch bolt: it may be a push button, a turn button, or may operate in both modes. It is referred to in the table as the "inside locking mechanism".
  • There may be an (inside) affordance to project or retract the deadbolt; it is referred to in the table below as a "thumbturn".
  • In some lockset functions, the inside handle retracts the latch (and deadbolt, if present) even when the door is locked; this feature is intended to allow those inside to open the door without difficulty under possible emergency circumstances.
  • In some lockset functions, operating the inside handle or closing the door has the effect of canceling the lock on the outside handle; this feature may be thought of as protecting the user from inadvertently locking him- or herself out.
ANSI/BHMA function codes for cylindrical and mortise locksets
Non-keyed locksets
Cylindrical Mortise Function label Description Example locations
— — Dummy Handle on one side only, not operative. No latch. Decorative doors, cabinets, office restrooms
F89[8] — Exit Deadlocking latch bolt operated by inside handle only; outside handle inoperable at all times. Exit-only door
F111[9] F31[10] Exit Deadlocking latch bolt operated by inside handle only. Blank plate outside (13/16" (31 mm) projection). Exit-only door
F75[8] F01[10] Passage, Closet Latch bolt operated by handle from either side at all times. Residential closets, any door that must be latched, does not require locking.
F76A[8] F22[11] Privacy Bath/Bedroom Latch bolt operated by handle from either side. Outside handle is locked by inside locking mechanism. It is unlocked by emergency release outside, by operating inside handle, or by closing the door. Single stall or residential bathrooms, offices, bedrooms
F76B[12] — Privacy Bath/Bedroom Latch bolt operated by handle from either side, except when outside handle is locked by locking device inside (inside handle always operates latch bolt). Locking device shall automatically release when inside handle is operated, or door is closed. Emergency release on outside shall permit outside handle to operate latch bolt. Single stall or residential bathrooms, offices, bedrooms
— F02[10] Privacy Bath/Bedroom Handle from either side retracts latch bolt at all times. Thumbturn retracts and projects deadbolt. Emergency release retracts and projects deadbolt. Latch bolt and deadbolt operate independently of each other.
— F19[10] Privacy Bath/Bedroom Latch bolt operated by outside handle, except when deadbolt is projected. Inside thumbturn projects deadbolt. When inside handle is operated, both latch bolt and deadbolt retract simultaneously, and outside handle is unlocked. Emergency release on outside retracts and projects deadbolt. Single stall or residential bathrooms, offices, bedrooms
F76B[12] — Patio, Privacy Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle from either side, except when outside handle is locked by locking device inside (inside handle always operates latch bolt). Locking device releases automatically when inside handle is operated or when door is closed.
Keyed latch bolt locksets, single cylinder
Cylindrical Mortise Function label Description Example locations
F112[12] — Communicating Storeroom Deadlocking latch bolt operated by inside key only. Outside has blank rose. Inside is inoperable. Should be used only where rooms have more than one exit.
F113[13] — Communicating Deadlocking latch bolt operated by inside handle except when locked by key. Non-removable blank plate outside (13/16" (31 mm) projection).
F81[8] — Entry, Office Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle both sides. Outside handle is rendered inoperative via inside locking mechanism, which must be released manually. Key (in outside handle) only retracts latch bolt when outside handle is locked.
F82[8] F04[14] Entry, Office Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle both sides. Outside handle is rendered inoperative via inside locking mechanism, which is released by key or by turning inside handle. Closing door neither unlocks outside handle nor releases the lock. Classrooms, commercial storage closets
F82B[12] — Entry, Office Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle from either side except when outside handle is locked by locking device on inside (inside handle always operates latch bolt). Inside locking mechanism locks outside handle (automatically releases when inside handle is operated or key unlocks outside handle). When outside handle is locked, operating key in outside handle retracts latch bolt and unlocks locking device.
F109[13] — Entry Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle from either side except when outside handle is locked by the inside locking mechanism (inside handle always operates latch bolt). Key outside or operating inside handle releases inside locking mechanism, except when mechanism has been rotated to keep outside handle locked. Inside locking mechanism must be manually operated to unlock outside handle.
F84[8] F05[10] Classroom Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle from either side except when outside handle is locked from outside by key (inside handle always operates latch bolt). Classrooms, commercial storage closets, utility room
F86[8] F07[10] Storeroom / Closet / Vestibule Deadlocking latch bolt operated by key in outside handle, or by operating inside handle (inside handle always operates latch bolt). Outside handle is inoperable at all times. Commercial: storerooms, closets, apartment / office buildings, shared exterior entry / exit, commercial bathrooms, interior offices, fire exits, electronic strikes
F90[8] — Corridor, Dormitory Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle from either side, except when outside handle is locked by key in outside handle or by inside locking mechanism (which cannot be activated unless door is in closed position); inside handle is always operable. Key in outside handle locks or unlocks outside handle. Operating the inside handle automatically releases the inside locking mechanism. Closing the door automatically releases the inside locking mechanism.
F92[8] — Service Station Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle from either side except when outside handle is locked by inside locking mechanism. Key retracts latch bolt when outside handle is locked. Inside locking mechanism can not be activated unless door is in closed position. Inside locking mechanism released by turning inside handle or by key in outside handle, unless inside locking mechanism is fixed in locked position by turning coin slot in inside handle.
F93[8] — Hotel, Dormitory, Apartment Deadlocking latch bolt operated by key outside and by handle inside. Outside handle always inoperative. Depressing inside locking mechanism when door is closed shuts out all keys except emergency key and projects visual occupancy indicator in cylinder face (inside locking mechanism will not activate unless door is in closed position). Inside locking mechanism released by turning inside handle, automatically reactivating all keys and retracting visual occupancy indicator. Lock out key fixes inside locking mechanism in locked position, shutting out all keys except emergency key. Hotel room
— F26[10] Institutional Privacy Key outside retracts latch bolt, overriding thumbturn when held in locked position. Thumbturn inside locks and unlocks outside handle. Handle outside unlocks when the door closes or by operating handle inside. Handle inside always retracts latch bolt. Note: Key does not lock handle outside, only unlocks it.
— F06[10] Holdback Key outside retracts latch bolt, also locks and unlocks outside handle. Handle inside always retracts latch bolt. Holdback function: to set, rotate and hold handle, then rotate key twice toward latch bolt. Handle will remain in rotated position indicating that it is unlocked.
Keyed latch bolt locksets, double cylinder
Cylindrical Mortise Function label Description Example locations
F80[8] — Communicating Deadlocking latch bolt operated by either handle. Key in either handle locks or unlocks its own handle only.
F87[8] F30[10] Utility, Asylum, Institutional Deadlocking latch bolt operated by key inside or outside. Handle inside and outside are inoperative at all times. Asylum room
F88[8] F09[10] Classroom, Security, Apartment, Exit, Privacy Deadlocking latch bolt operated by either handle unless outside handle is locked by key in inside handle. When outside handle is locked, key in outside handle only retracts latch bolt: outside handle can only be unlocked by key in inside handle.
F110[13] F32[10] Intruder Classroom Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle from either side (inside handle always operates latch bolt). Key either inside or outside locks or unlocks outside handle. Key from either side retracts latch bolt.
— — Classroom Security Intruder Deadlocking latch bolt operated by either handle unless outside handle is locked by key (inside handle always operates latch bolt). Key in either handle locks or unlocks outside handle. When inside key locks the outside handle, only the inside key can unlock the outside handle: the outside key only retracts the latch bolt once outside handle is unlocked by inside key.
Deadlocks
Cylindrical Mortise Function label Description Example locations
E2161[15] F18[10] Deadlock with Blank plate Deadbolt operated by key outside only.
E21112[13] — Deadlock, Thumbturn Deadbolt operated by thumbturn inside only (outside blank plate).
E2192[13] — Deadlock, Thumbturn only Deadbolt operated by thumbturn inside only (no trim outside).
E2142[13] F16[10] Deadlock, Double Cylinder Deadbolt operated by key outside and inside.
E2152[13] F17[10] Deadlock Deadbolt operated by key outside; by thumbturn inside.
E0172 F29[10] Classroom Deadlock Deadbolt operated by key outside. Thumbturn inside retracts deadbolt only, will not project it.
Keyed locksets with both latch bolt and deadbolt
Cylindrical Mortise Function label Description Example locations
cf. F81 F08[10] Entry, Corridor Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle both sides. Key and thumbturn both retract and project deadbolt. Handle outside is locked by toggle or by projecting deadbolt, and is unlocked by toggle only. Key retracts both latch bolt and deadbolt; handle outside remains locked. Handle inside retracts latch bolt only; deadbolt is retracted manually, and handle outside remains locked.
— F12[11] Dormitory, Exit Key outside or thumbturn inside retracts and projects deadbolt. Key outside retracts both latch bolt and deadbolt, handle outside remains locked. Handle outside is locked by toggle or by projecting deadbolt. When the deadbolt is projected, handle inside retracts latch bolt and deadbolt simultaneously, and handle outside remains inoperative.
cf. F90 F13[11] Dormitory, Exit Key outside or thumbturn inside retracts and projects deadbolt. When the deadbolt is in the retracted position, handle from either side retracts latch bolt. When the deadbolt is projected, handle outside is locked. When the deadbolt is projected, handle inside retracts latch bolt and deadbolt simultaneously, unlocking handle outside.
— F14[11] Storeroom Key from either side retracts and projects deadbolt. Handle from either side retracts latch bolt. Latch bolt and deadbolt are independent of each other. Not recommended for use on any door used for Life Safety egress.
— F15[11] Hotel Guest Standard key outside retracts latch bolt only and will not retract or project deadbolt; emergency key outside will retract latch bolt and deadbolt and also project deadbolt. Thumbturn inside retracts and projects deadbolt. Handle inside retracts both latch bolt and deadbolt simultaneously. Handle outside is always inoperable.
— F20[11] Entry, Apartment Key outside or thumbturn inside retracts and projects deadbolt. Key outside retracts both latch bolt and deadbolt, handle outside remains locked. Handle outside is locked by toggle or projecting deadbolt and is unlocked by toggle only. With deadbolt projected, handle inside retracts latch bolt and deadbolt simultaneously, and handle outside remains locked.
— F21[10] Room Key outside or thumbturn inside retracts and projects deadbolt. Handle either side retracts latch bolt. Latch bolt and deadbolt operate independently of each other.
— F25[10] Storeroom Key from either side retracts and projects deadbolt. Key from either side retracts latch bolt. Handle outside is locked by toggle or by projecting deadbolt and is unlocked by toggle only. When deadbolt is projected, handle inside retracts latch bolt only, and outside trim remains locked.
— F33[10] Classroom Security Intruder Deadbolt Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle inside or outside. Key from either side retracts or projects deadbolt, which also unlocks or locks outside handle. Outside handle can only be locked by projecting the deadbolt.
— F34[10] Classroom Security Intruder Deadbolt Deadlocking latch bolt operated by handle inside or outside. Key from either side retracts or projects deadbolt, which also unlocks or locks outside handle. Outside handle can only be locked by projecting the deadbolt. Auxiliary deadlatch.
F95[13] — Interconnected Latch bolt and Deadbolt, Single-Locking Entry Latch bolt operated by handle from either side. Rotating thumbturn from inside or key from outside extends deadbolt to locked position. Both deadbolt and latch bolt are retracted to unlocked position by operating inside handle.
F97[16] — Entry, Double-Locking Deadlocking latch bolt is operated by handle from either side except when outside handle is made inoperable by locking device inside. When outside handle is locked, deadlocking latch bolt is operated by key outside. Inside locking device is manually operated to unlock outside handle. Rotating turn from inside or key from outside extends deadbolt to locked position. Operating inside handle always retracts both deadbolt and latch bolt. Closing door shall not release locking device inside.
F98[16] — Storeroom, Double-Locking Deadlocking latch bolt is operated by handle from either side except when outside handle is locked. Key in deadbolt cylinder outside retracts and projects deadbolt; thumb turn inside retracts and projects deadbolt. Handle outside is locked and unlocked manually with handle turn button inside. When outside handle is locked, key in outside handle retracts latch bolt. Handle inside retracts both latch bolt and deadbolt simultaneously.

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Lockset

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A lockset is the integrated hardware assembly that provides locking and latching functionality for doors, typically incorporating a latch bolt or deadbolt, key cylinder, strike plate, and operable trim such as knobs, levers, or handlesets. These components work together to control access, secure openings against unauthorized entry, and ensure smooth operation under varying conditions like residential, commercial, or fire-rated applications. Locksets are categorized by installation method, including bored (cylindrical) types that fit into standardized drillings in the edge and face, and mortise types that recess into a cut into the door's for enhanced strength. Functions vary to suit specific needs, such as entry sets with keyed exterior operation and interior locking, privacy sets for bathrooms relying on thumbturns or buttons without keys, and passage sets offering free operation without locking capability. Durability and security are standardized by ANSI/BHMA criteria, with Grade 1 locksets undergoing rigorous cycle testing (up to 800,000 operations), force resistance, and tamper evaluations for high-traffic or high-security environments, while Grade 3 suits lighter residential use. Modern advancements emphasize compatibility with electronic access controls and compliance with building codes for egress and fire safety, reflecting ongoing refinements from rudimentary ancient mechanisms to precision-engineered systems.

History

Origins and Early Mechanisms

The earliest locking devices emerged around 4000 BCE in ancient and , where archaeological evidence reveals wooden pin tumbler mechanisms designed to secure against unauthorized entry. These primitive locks featured a horizontal wooden bolt inserted into a door post, secured by multiple wooden pins of varying lengths that dropped into notches on the bolt; a correspondingly notched wooden key lifted the pins to allow the bolt to slide free, providing a basic yet effective barrier driven by the practical need to protect stored goods and dwellings from . Such designs prioritized mechanical simplicity and durability using available materials, reflecting empirical responses to rising property security demands in early urban societies rather than sophisticated anti-manipulation features. By the , European innovations addressed the vulnerabilities of warded locks, which relied on fixed obstructions easily bypassed by skilled intruders. In 1778, English locksmith patented the double-acting (British Patent No. 1200), employing two pivoting levers that the key had to raise to precise heights to align gates with the bolt, thereby introducing variable tumbler positions that deterred picking through added mechanical complexity. This advancement stemmed from observed failures of simpler systems in safeguarding valuables, prompting a causal shift toward tumbler-based resistance. Shortly after, in 1784, patented a slider mechanism lock featuring radial sliding plates within a barrel-shaped body, where a notched key precisely positioned each slider to permit bolt rotation; its reputed unpickability led Bramah to offer a £200 reward for breach, underscoring the era's focus on empirical against manipulation attempts. The marked a pivotal evolution toward compact door-integrated mechanisms foundational to modern locksets, with Linus Yale Jr. patenting an early pin tumbler design on May 6, 1851 (U.S. Patent No. 8,071), which used spring-loaded pins in a cylindrical plug rotatable only when aligned by the key's cuts. This configuration enabled smaller, more reliable locks mountable directly into door hardware, addressing the bulkiness of prior and types while enhancing pick resistance through sheer pin count and precision tolerances—innovations verified through Yale's iterative trials to meet commercial demands for everyday door security. Subsequent refinements by Yale, including his 1861 cylinder lock patent (U.S. No. 32,331), solidified the pin tumbler's dominance by balancing security efficacy with ease of , directly influencing the development of standardized locksets.

Evolution to Modern Designs

The bored cylindrical lockset emerged in the early as a pivotal advancement over traditional mortise locks, enabling installation through two perpendicular bored holes in the door rather than extensive edge mortising. Walter Schlage patented this design on April 12, 1920, assembling the knob, spindle, and into a cylindrical case that simplified retrofitting into existing doors while maintaining security via pin-tumbler mechanisms. This shift prioritized practical durability, as the enclosed cylindrical format reduced exposure to environmental wear and allowed for standardized door preparations, facilitating broader adoption in residential and commercial settings without skilled . Following , techniques capitalized on the U.S. housing boom, with innovations like Kwikset's 1946 tubular lockset—emphasizing speedy installation of its three-piece —meeting demand for affordable, reliable hardware in new suburban . By 1948, dedicated facilities supported scaled , incorporating stamped steel for structural components and for corrosion-resistant elements like cylinders and trim, which enhanced longevity under repeated use while lowering costs compared to fully forged alternatives. These materials enabled verifiable improvements in force resistance, such as withstanding and impact without deformation, aligning with causal needs for everyday over ornate but fragile predecessors. Mid-20th-century standardization further entrenched bored locksets through industry norms and regulatory influences, including early Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association (BHMA) criteria that emphasized measurable performance metrics like latchbolt projection and knob torque resistance. Building codes, evolving from mandates in the early 1900s, increasingly required locksets to demonstrate empirical against forced entry—prioritizing designs tested for at least 2-3/4-inch backsets and deadlocking features—over convenience or aesthetics alone, thus driving uniform adoption in code-compliant construction. This focus on causal realism in design yielded integrated locksets that balanced installation ease with proven mechanical integrity.

Definition and Components

Core Elements

A lockset constitutes an integrated assembly of door hardware components engineered to regulate access by mechanically latching and locking the in a unified mechanism. This design consolidates essential elements to enable retraction of the securing bolt via authorized input, such as a key, while maintaining structural resistance to unauthorized disengagement. Key components encompass the trim, comprising knobs or levers that transmit rotational force to the internal mechanism; the , which incorporates the keyway and tumbler pins that align only under precise key cuts to permit ; the strike plate, mounted on the door jamb to receive and retain the extended bolt; and mounting hardware, including , spindles, and fasteners that anchor the assembly to the door and frame. The latchbolt or deadbolt integrates directly into this unit, allowing coordinated extension for closure and retraction for passage, thereby obviating discrete subsystems and ensuring reliable sequential operation from a single trim interface. Mechanically, the lockset enforces through the cylinder's tumbler resistance, which physically blocks tailpiece rotation absent correct shear line alignment, coupled with the bolt's material integrity to withstand applied force attempting door-frame separation; this causal obstruction persists irrespective of external monitoring or user vigilance.

Materials and Manufacturing

Zinc alloys are widely used in die-cast lockset components for their cost-effectiveness and ability to form intricate shapes, making them suitable for residential and lower-grade commercial applications. These materials provide adequate strength for moderate use but are prone to wear and reduced longevity under high-frequency operation. In contrast, and predominate in higher-performance locksets, particularly those certified to ANSI/BHMA Grade 1 standards, due to their superior resistance and mechanical durability in demanding environments. Manufacturing processes for locksets typically involve die-casting for zinc-based parts, where molten alloy is injected under high pressure into steel molds to produce precise, repeatable components efficiently. For critical high-stress elements like levers or bolts in Grade 1 products, is employed to enhance tensile strength and resistance, enabling components to withstand 1,000,000 cycles of operation under loaded conditions as mandated by ANSI/BHMA A156.2 testing protocols. parts may undergo additional or to achieve tight tolerances and resistance to . Material trade-offs are evident in performance data: zinc die-cast alloys, while economical, degrade faster in corrosive settings compared to , which exhibits greater resistance in salt-spray exposure tests, often maintaining surface integrity beyond 96 hours where begins to show tarnish or pitting without protective coatings. provides a balance of malleability for manufacturing and longevity, outperforming in operational endurance, though excels in severe conditions like coastal exposure due to its content forming a passive layer. These choices directly influence compliance with standards requiring sustained functionality, with premium metals justifying higher costs through verified reductions in failure rates over time.

Types and Mechanisms

Mechanical Locksets

Mechanical locksets operate through purely physical mechanisms, utilizing keys to manipulate tumblers and bolts without reliance on electrical power or digital interfaces, thereby ensuring consistent performance grounded in the inherent predictability of mechanical interactions. These systems derive from the precise alignment of internal components at a shear line, where misalignment prevents bolt retraction, a principle validated by centuries of empirical use in safeguarding structures. Their simplicity minimizes failure modes associated with powered alternatives, as no batteries, circuits, or software can degrade or malfunction, allowing operation in environments prone to outages or interference. Cylindrical locksets, also known as bored locksets, install via a large circular drilled through the door's edge for the lock body and a smaller cross-bore on the face, facilitating rapid in existing doors with minimal . This design prioritizes installation efficiency, making it prevalent in residential and light commercial settings where cost and speed outweigh demands for extreme durability. In contrast, mortise locksets embed a rectangular case into a pocket mortised into the door's , integrating more securely with the door's structure for superior resistance to forcible entry and wear in high-traffic or institutional applications. Key-based operation typically employs pin tumbler or wafer tumbler mechanisms. Pin tumbler locks feature stacks of upper housing pins, lower key pins, and driver pins that must align precisely at the cylinder plug's shear line under correct key cuts, offering resistance to picking through the requirement for sequential tension and lift on multiple elements. tumbler variants substitute flat, single-piece wafers for pins, which slide laterally to clear the shear line but exhibit reduced pick resistance due to simpler binding dynamics and fewer binding points. Security efficacy depends on manufacturing tolerances at the shear line, where tighter fits impede unauthorized manipulation, though both types remain susceptible to skilled mechanical bypass absent advanced hardening.

Electronic and Smart Locksets

Electronic locksets employ electrical actuators, such as solenoids or , to control the or bolt mechanism, enabling operation via electronic credentials rather than physical keys. Solenoids generate electromagnetic force to linearly move locking components, while provide rotational motion for more versatile and energy-efficient actuation in high-cycle applications. These systems support keyless entry methods including PIN codes entered on keypads, biometric readers for fingerprints or recognition, and wireless signals from smartphones or fobs. Smart locksets build on this foundation with internet connectivity, allowing remote management through dedicated apps and integration with broader home automation ecosystems. For example, the Yale Assure Lock 2 series, launched in models from 2021 onward, incorporates built-in Wi-Fi for real-time notifications, auto-locking, and guest access codes managed via the Yale Access app, alongside Bluetooth for local pairing and compatibility with platforms like Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant. Advancements in the 2020s include adoption of the Matter standard over Thread protocol, which facilitates low-power mesh networking for enhanced interoperability across device brands, reducing reliance on proprietary hubs while maintaining responsiveness in multi-vendor setups. Despite these conveniences, electronic and smart locksets exhibit documented reliability and security drawbacks. Battery-powered models typically require AA or rechargeable cells replaced every 6 to 12 months, with heavier usage accelerating depletion and user reports indicating occasional lockouts from unexpected failures. Connectivity introduces cyber risks, such as exploits in early smart locks, where 2016 demonstrations allowed attackers to spoof signals for unauthorized enrollment and access. Remote features amplify vulnerabilities when firmware goes unpatched; for instance, 2024 flaws in Sceiner locks enabled remote door unlocking via manipulated commands, underscoring how unaddressed software gaps can bypass physical safeguards.

Operations and Functions

Latch and Bolt Types

The latch bolt, commonly referred to as a spring bolt, features a beveled end driven by a spring mechanism that automatically projects it into the door frame's strike plate upon closure, enabling passive securing without user action. This retraction occurs via or knob operation, compressing the spring to disengage the bolt, which relies on elastic force for holding rather than mechanical locking. The physics of this setup—spring tension versus applied torque—prioritizes ease of use but exposes it to manipulation if lacking deadlatching, a secondary that blocks bevel depression by external tools. Deadbolts, by contrast, utilize a rigid, non-spring-loaded bolt manually extended via thumbturn or key, achieving throw depths of 1 inch or more into the frame for deeper anchorage. This design's fixed positioning, absent automatic retraction, demands deliberate force to throw or withdraw, conferring resistance to unauthorized depression through prying or impact due to the bolt's solid cross-section and extended leverage against frame shear. The mechanism's causal strength derives from material rigidity over elastic compliance, reducing vulnerability to dynamic forces that could compress a spring . Hybrid configurations, such as dual-cylinder deadbolts, extend this by incorporating operable cylinders on both door sides, allowing keyed control from interior and exterior while maintaining deadbolt throw integrity; select models achieve UL-listed 3-hour fire ratings for compatibility with rated assemblies. In keyed latch systems, bump key techniques can exploit cylinder tolerances to jar pins and retract the bolt if not fortified with resistant pinning, underscoring the need for reinforcement in latch designs versus deadbolts' inherent throw-based deterrence.

Keyed Versus Non-Keyed Systems

Keyed locksets incorporate a pin tumbler that requires insertion of a precisely cut physical key to align internal pins along a shear line, enabling rotation of the plug. Residential models typically feature 5 or 6 pins, yielding thousands of possible combinations per standard keyway to support keyed-different configurations across multiple doors, reducing the likelihood of universal key compromise. These systems facilitate master-keying hierarchies, where a single master key grants access to all subordinate locks while individual change keys operate specific ones, enhancing administrative convenience in multi-tenant or commercial settings at the cost of potential widespread vulnerability if the master is duplicated or lost. Non-keyed locksets, such as or passage varieties, omit cylinders and keys entirely, relying instead on interior thumbturns, push-buttons, or levers for temporary locking, which prioritizes ease of use and free egress without tools. These are appropriate for interior like bathrooms, where brief suffices and codes permit simple release mechanisms, but they offer negligible resistance to external tampering via tools inserted through slots or gaps. Building codes mandate keyed deadbolts or cylinders on exterior entry to exterior to prevent reliance on such low-barrier mechanisms, as non-keyed setups fail to meet minimum thresholds for perimeter protection. The primary trade-offs involve versus : keyed systems mitigate casual unauthorized access through combinatorial and controlled duplication—limited to authorized locksmiths—but introduce risks from lost or copied keys, often requiring full that disrupts operations. Non-keyed options eliminate burdens, ideal for high-traffic interiors, yet their vulnerability to elevates entry risks in audits, where keyed cylinders withstand impressioning or picking far longer than button-actuated features. Master-keying amplifies convenience for facility managers but heightens , as a compromised master demands comprehensive reconfiguration, underscoring the causal link between access proliferation and potential breach scale in real-world deployments.

Door Function Classifications

Door function classifications for locksets are defined by numerical codes under ANSI/BHMA standards, such as A156.2 for bored and preassembled locks and A156.13 for mortise locks, specifying exact operational sequences for latches, bolts, and trim to ensure predictable performance across manufacturers. These codes facilitate precise specification in construction documents, enabling interoperability in installations involving multiple vendors, a practice solidified through BHMA's standards development since the 1960s when the association formalized its focus on hardware performance criteria. Standards undergo ANSI-mandated reviews every five years to incorporate innovations while maintaining core behaviors. The classifications emphasize egress safety, requiring interior-side operation without keys or tools to align with mandates for unobstructed exit paths in emergencies, thereby prioritizing occupant life-safety over selective access features. Functions are categorized by typical applications, with codes denoting whether levers/knobs freely retract latches, engage deadbolts via keys or thumbturns, or incorporate push-button locks.
Function CodeDescriptionApplication
F01Latchbolt retracted by /knob from either side at all times; no deadbolt or locking.Passage/closet doors requiring constant free access.
F19Latchbolt by /knob from either side; deadbolt by turn/push-button inside, emergency release (e.g., pin or tool) outside. for bedrooms/bathrooms, with interior free egress.
F20Latchbolt by inside or key outside; deadbolt by key outside or thumbturn inside; outside inoperative when deadbolt extended.Entrance doors balancing exterior and interior exit .
F82Latchbolt by inside or key outside; outside locked/unlocked by key; interior always free.Entry functions for keyed latch control without deadbolt.
Additional codes cover specialized behaviors, such as F04 for functions (exterior key-required, interior free) or F09 for entrances (latch by inside/key outside, deadbolt on closing). Variations exist between lock types—e.g., F75 for cylindrical passage versus F01 for mortise—but all adhere to the principle of standardized, verifiable operation to support code-compliant designs.

Standards and Regulations

ANSI/BHMA Grading System

The ANSI/BHMA grading system establishes performance tiers for locksets through standardized testing under specifications like A156.2 for bored and preassembled locks, with grades 1 through 3 denoting decreasing levels of and , where grade 1 meets the most stringent criteria for high-traffic or heavy-duty applications. Grade 1 locksets, for instance, must endure 1,000,000 operational cycles under a 10-pound axial load, alongside locked torque resistance of 1,200 inch-pounds-force, demonstrating superior resistance to repeated use and twisting forces compared to lower grades. Grade 2 offers moderate performance suitable for lighter commercial or standard residential settings, while grade 3 provides basic functionality for low-duty interior or ancillary doors, with reduced cycle and strength thresholds that prioritize cost over extended robustness.
GradeCycle Requirement (A156.2 Bored Locks)Locked Torque Resistance Example
11,000,000 with 10 lb axial load1,200 in-lbf
2Lower than grade 1 (standard-specific)Reduced vs. grade 1
3Minimal for light dutyMinimal vs. higher grades
For residential applications, BHMA introduced A/B/C ratings in recent standards updates, culminating in the AAA designation as the pinnacle, integrating top-tier "A" across (including resistance and pull-force tests simulating forcible entry), (cycle and operational ), and finish , often aligning with ANSI grade 1 equivalency for empirical resistance to tampering. Independent third-party certifications under these protocols reveal grade 1 locksets typically withstanding forces exceeding grade 2 benchmarks by factors of 2 to 2.5 in and impact simulations, as verified through BHMA-listed testing rather than self-reported manufacturer claims. This data underscores the system's emphasis on measurable outcomes over subjective assessments, with grade disparities evident in real-world where grade 1 units maintain integrity under loads that compromise lower grades.

Performance Testing and Certifications

Performance testing for locksets evaluates mechanical durability and operational integrity through standardized empirical assessments, such as cycle endurance, resistance, and impact simulation, which quantify on components like , bolts, and cylinders under controlled repetitive stress. Under ANSI/BHMA A156.2-2022 for bored and preassembled locks, Grade 1 models must endure 1,000,000 operational cycles with a 10-pound axial load to mimic long-term usage without failure in latch retraction or bolt throw. Similarly, ANSI/BHMA A156.36-2020 for auxiliary locks includes cycle tests alongside strength evaluations for —requiring levers to withstand 150 inch-pounds without deformation—and impact resistance via blows to assess frame integrity. These metrics derive from first-principles , where repeated shear forces and rotational stress reveal material fatigue thresholds empirically. For residential applications, ANSI/BHMA A156.39-2025 specifies and tests tailored to bored locksets, incorporating operational limits and impact simulations to ensure reliability under household conditions, with updates addressing contemporary manufacturing variances. Strength tests under these standards apply forces simulating forced entry attempts, measuring bolt shear resistance up to 1,000 pounds for Grade 1, directly correlating applied load to deformation failure points. Certifications like UL 437 validate resistance to manipulative attacks, testing key locks for and impression susceptibility by applying precise pinning forces to disrupt tumbler alignment, alongside and impressioning trials using tools that replicate skilled tampering without power augmentation. Locks must maintain for a minimum duration under these conditions, using corrosion-resistant materials like or to prevent aiding bypass. This certification emphasizes causal mechanics of lock defeat, such as shear line evasion, but applies primarily to high-security cylinders rather than standard locksets. While these tests provide verifiable baselines for manual and basic forced entry, they often underrepresent threats from power tools, as lab protocols limit attack vectors to non-motorized implements, potentially overstating field performance against rapid cutting or seen in real breaches. Independent evaluations indicate that even certified mechanisms can succumb to angle grinders or cordless saws in under 60 seconds, highlighting a disconnect between standardized and evolving adversarial capabilities.

Applications and Installation

Residential and Commercial Uses

In residential applications, ANSI/BHMA Grade 2 locksets are commonly used for exterior entry s, balancing and cost for moderate traffic and typical threats, while Grade 3 variants suffice for interior doors and lower-risk areas. Single-cylinder deadbolts predominate for main entrances, extending at least 1 inch into the strike plate to resist kicking or prying, as these configurations demonstrably reduce risk through deterrence and added entry time—studies indicate door locks confer among the highest against successful intrusions. Such setups align with empirical threat levels in homes, where opportunistic forced entry accounts for most incidents, and over-reliance on higher grades yields given the prevalence of non-forced methods like breaches. Commercial environments demand ANSI/BHMA Grade 1 locksets, particularly mortise types, for high-traffic in offices, retail, and institutional settings to withstand repeated cycles—up to 1 million operations—and impacts exceeding residential benchmarks, such as 10 ramming blows. Electrified locksets, integrating with systems like keycard readers or , are standard for managed entry in multi-tenant buildings, enabling centralized monitoring and audit trails while complying with fire codes for egress. These differ from residential by prioritizing durability under heavy use and integration with broader security infrastructures, where threat vectors include insider access and coordinated attacks rather than isolated break-ins. Specifying Grade 1 hardware for homes often proves uneconomical, as analyses show basic upgrades like reinforced deadbolts yield modest premium reductions of 2-5% without proportional claims prevention beyond standard threats, underscoring that residential loads rarely justify commercial over-specification. In contrast, commercial mandates reflect verifiable higher empirical loads, with failure rates correlating to traffic volume and liability exposure.

Installation Methods and Best Practices

Proper installation of cylindrical locksets requires precise to ensure operational integrity and . The standard crossbore hole measures 2-1/8 inches in , typically centered 38 inches from the on the door's interior face, while the edge bore for the is 1 inch in and positioned according to the selected backset, commonly 2-3/8 or 2-3/4 inches. Accurate alignment between the crossbore, edge bore, and latch mortise is critical, as even minor deviations can cause binding, jamming, or premature wear of the lock mechanism, which represents a frequent installation oversight leading to functional issues. Key best practices during fitting include verifying door thickness compatibility—typically 1-3/8 to 1-3/4 inches for standard residential doors—and using manufacturer-provided templates to mark and drill holes perpendicular to the door surface. After inserting the lock assembly, the strike plate must be reinforced by replacing factory short screws with 3-inch wood screws driven into pilot holes, anchoring the plate directly to the wall stud behind the jamb; this method substantially increases shear resistance compared to surface-only fastening, thereby maximizing the lockset's inherent ability to withstand kick-in forces. Tightening all components without over-torquing prevents distortion, and testing the lock's full cycle of operation multiple times confirms smooth latching without drag. For master key systems, consistency in selecting locksets of equivalent ANSI/BHMA grades across all cylinders avoids introducing points of relative weakness, as disparate durability levels can compromise overall system performance under stress. Post-installation entails annual lubrication of the keyway and internal pins with dry powdered , applied sparingly via a puff applicator or rub, to reduce and inhibit dust-induced seizing without attracting as oil-based alternatives do. Regular inspection for loose screws or misalignment, particularly after seasonal changes, further sustains the lockset's designed efficacy.

Security and Vulnerabilities

Resistance to Forced Entry

Grade 1 locksets, as defined by ANSI/BHMA standards, undergo rigorous impact testing to evaluate resistance to forced entry methods such as kicking or ramming, requiring survival of multiple strikes delivering up to 120 foot-pounds of force each, simulating high-energy assaults on the door and frame assembly. These tests assess the deadbolt's ability to maintain engagement without shearing or retracting, with Grade 1 specifying endurance against two strikes at 60 foot-pounds, two at 90 foot-pounds, and two at 120 foot-pounds, far exceeding residential Grade 2 requirements of lower thresholds. Such mechanical durability ensures the lockset withstands forces that would compromise lesser hardware, prioritizing structural integrity over electronic augmentation. Empirical analyses of residential measures indicate that reinforced deadbolt installations correlate with deterrence effects, as often select targets based on visible vulnerabilities, with studies identifying deadbolts among observable precautions that impose negative externalities on unprotected neighbors by displacing . While direct causation varies by locale and implementation, victim precaution models, including deadbolt upgrades, demonstrate reduced entry success rates in controlled comparisons, though quantification remains challenging due to underreporting and factors like integration. From a mechanical standpoint, multi-point locksets outperform single deadbolt configurations by distributing impact forces across the door's height, reducing localized stress concentrations that lead to frame distortion or bolt failure in simulations of wind loads and direct impacts. This engagement at top, middle, and bottom points minimizes door flex under applied , as evidenced by enhanced load-sharing in structural tests, contrasting with single-latch systems prone to pivotal . Security practitioners advocating mechanical locksets emphasize their uninterrupted operation absent power or connectivity failures, unlike smart variants susceptible to electronic disruptions, with reports of tampering vulnerabilities underscoring the former's edge in pure forced entry resistance. Proponents of integrated smart features highlight activity logging for post-incident analysis, yet overlook documented cases of bypass via signal jamming or firmware exploits prevalent in 2020s assessments, where mechanical simplicity avoids such systemic risks.

Common Failure Modes and Criticisms

Mechanical locksets, particularly those below ANSI Grade 1 standards, are susceptible to non-destructive bypass techniques such as key bumping, where a specially filed key is inserted and struck with a to create that aligns pins momentarily, allowing rotation. This method requires minimal skill and can succeed against many lower-quality pin tumbler cylinders in seconds, leaving no visible damage, though success varies by lock design and user practice. Key impressioning represents another , involving the insertion of a blank key into the lock under tension, followed by manipulation to produce subtle marks from pin contact; these marks guide iterative filing until a functional key emerges, enabling unauthorized duplication without disassembly. Electronic smart locksets introduce distinct failure modes tied to their networked nature, including remote exploitation via internet-connected vulnerabilities. Variants of the Mirai botnet, active into the 2020s, have targeted IoT devices through unpatched flaws, potentially compromising smart locks integrated into broader home ecosystems for unauthorized access or denial-of-service disruptions. Battery dependency exacerbates risks, as depletion—often accelerated by mechanical misalignment or frequent operation—can render electronic functions inoperable, forcing reliance on physical key backups that may themselves be weak, though direct attacker-induced drain for bypass remains anecdotal rather than empirically dominant. Smart locks face elevated remote hacking threats compared to mechanical counterparts, which lack digital interfaces; studies highlight app-based interception, weak , and gaps as vectors absent in non-connected systems. Critics argue that locksets alone foster false security, as empirical data reveals hardware defeat like picking accounts for only about 4% of entries, with most invasions succeeding via unlocked access (over 37%) or forced means like door kicks (67%), underscoring social engineering and opportunism over sophisticated lock manipulation. No single lockset obviates the need for layered defenses, such as alarms and reinforced framing, which address causal entry points beyond the ; overemphasis on advanced tech ignores that integrated systems, not isolated upgrades, mitigate real-world threats effectively.

References

  1. https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/building_construction/building_materials/locksets
  2. https://www.schlage.com/en/blog/product_updates/door-hardware-terms-and-parts-of-a-door-lock.html
  3. https://www.gvlock.com/blog/understanding-door-lock-parts/
  4. https://www.archtoolbox.com/door-hardware-lock-functions/
  5. https://buildershardware.com/Resources/Guide-to-Builders-Hardware-Terminology/Types-of-Locks
  6. https://flyinglocksmiths.com/blog/the-five-lockset-functions/
  7. https://www.firelandshardwareinc.com/post/understanding-lockset-functions
  8. https://blog.ansi.org/ansi/ansi-grade-levels-bhma-locks-hardware-tests/
  9. https://buildershardware.com/ANSI-BHMA-Standards/Hardware-Highlights/A1562-2022-Locks-and-Latches
  10. https://us.allegion.com/content/dam/allegion-us-2/web-files/allegion/information-documents/Allegion_Basics_of_Lock_Functions_Article_109884.pdf
  11. https://www.viatech.com/en/2021/03/history-of-locks/
  12. https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/locks-and-keys-0015361
  13. https://www.historicallocks.com/en/site/h/articles/locks-of-wood-and-iron/pin-tumbler-locks/
  14. https://www.nationallockandkey.com/blog/a-journey-through-the-evolution-of-locks
  15. http://www.lockcollectors.eu/members/lockdatabase/bar1/_index.htm
  16. https://zerodaygear.com/blog/robert-barron-double-acting-tumbler-lock
  17. https://www.mattblaze.org/photos/misc/bramah/
  18. http://www.antiquebox.org/bramahs-challenge-lock/
  19. https://patents.google.com/patent/US8071A/en
  20. https://patents.google.com/patent/US32331A/en
  21. https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/schlage-lock-company
  22. https://www.locksmithledger.com/locks/locks-cylindrical/article/10290214/schlage
  23. https://www.kwikset.com/about-kwikset/company-history
  24. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-04-21-fi-696-story.html
  25. https://www.kwikset.com/about-kwikset
  26. https://blog.locksandsafes.com/2020/07/28/lock-and-door-hardware-finishes/
  27. https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-51-building-codes.pdf
  28. https://alsyedconstruction.com/lockset-definition-in-construction-an-in-depth-analysis/
  29. https://reolink.com/blog/parts-of-a-door-lock/
  30. https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/die-casting/zinc-die-castings.html
  31. https://www.lockmanage.com/blog/types-of-materials-for-making-locks/
  32. https://www.entry-point.com.au/blogs/insights/what-are-the-most-common-materials-used-for-architectural-door-hardware
  33. https://agelessironhardware.com/blogs/blog/choosing-the-right-door-hardware-a-look-at-different-metals-and-finishes
  34. https://www.newayprecision.com/study-cases/application-of-die-casting-in-door-lock-accessories
  35. https://www.yalisdesign.com/news/explore-the-manufacturing-process-of-yalis-door-locks-inheritance-and-innovation-of-exquisite-craftsmanship/
  36. https://www.copper.org/applications/rodbar/alloy360/corrosion_tests.html
  37. https://www.tdchinges.com/blogs/news/stainless-steel-vs-brass-door-locks-which-is-safer
  38. https://driscolllockandkey.com/electronic-vs-mechanical-locks-reliability-comparison-in-power-outages/
  39. https://elemakelocks.com/blogs/tips/mechanical-door-locks-vs-smart-locks
  40. https://www.locknet.com/newsroom/whats-the-difference-mortise-vs-cylindrical-locks/
  41. https://www.industrialdoor.com/news/mortise-lock-vs-cylindrical-lock/
  42. https://www.art-of-lockpicking.com/pin-tumbler-lock/
  43. https://fastresponselocksmith.com/blog/pin-tumbler-lock-vs-wafer-lock/
  44. https://www.southord.com/blogs/news/understanding-the-anatomy-of-different-lock-types
  45. https://doorsforpros.com/blog/post/how-do-electronic-door-locks-work
  46. https://www.commandaccess.com/blog/motorized-vs-solenoid-locks-choosing-the-right/
  47. https://www.locksmithledger.com/electronics-access-control/article/21281868/electronic-hardware-motors-ahead
  48. https://shopyalehome.com/products/yale-assure-lock-2-touchscreen-with-wi-fi
  49. https://shopyalehome.com/pages/yale-assure-lock-2
  50. https://www.threadgroup.org/Newsroom/Blog/thread-with-matter-better-connections-smarter-homes
  51. https://us.aqara.com/blogs/news/matter-and-thread-how-they-work-together-for-your-smart-home
  52. https://butterflymx.com/blog/smart-lock-battery-life/
  53. https://www.cnet.com/home/smart-home/august-smart-lock-hacked/
  54. https://www.securityweek.com/unpatched-sceiner-smart-lock-vulnerabilities-allow-hackers-to-open-doors/
  55. https://patobesmarthomes.com/can-smart-locks-be-hacked-a-deep-dive-into-cybersecurity-risks/
  56. https://www.americankeysupply.com/pages/the-ultimate-guide-to-deadbolts-vs-latches-for-door-security
  57. https://www.thisoldhouse.com/home-safety/21014845/all-about-locks
  58. https://swiftsilentdeadly.com/deadbolt-security-i-forced-entry/
  59. https://www.homedepot.com/p/Universal-Hardware-Industrial-Duty-Commercial-Double-Cylinder-Deadbolt-UL-3-Hour-Fire-ANSI-Grade-1-Satin-Chrome-Finish-UH40056/300987067
  60. https://securitysnobs.com/The-Bumping-Threat.html
  61. https://cdn.masterlock.com/masterlock/resources/documents/pdf/Rekeyable-Cylinders-Chart.pdf
  62. https://info.instakey.com/accessintelligence/what-is-a-master-key-system-and-how-does-it-work
  63. https://www.elocal.com/resources/home-improvement/locksmith/faq/door-locks-building-codes/
  64. https://bobcatlocksmith.com/mastering-security-the-pros-and-cons-of-master-key-systems-insights-from-bobcat-locksmith/
  65. https://www.masterkeysystems.co.uk/knowledge-hub/master-key-systems-explained/
  66. https://blog.ansi.org/ansi/ansi-bhma-a156-13-2022-mortise-locks-latches/
  67. https://buildershardware.com/News/BHMA-Blog/how-bhma-advanced-into-working-on-hardware-standards
  68. https://idighardware.com/2016/03/decoded-change-to-bhma-standard-for-exit-devices-may-2016/
  69. https://webstore.ansi.org/preview-pages/BHMA/preview_ANSI%2BBHMA%2BA156.2-2017.pdf
  70. https://www.hagerco.com/Files/Files/Files/bhma_lock_functions_rev_2_26_2021.pdf
  71. https://www.assaabloy.com/ae/en/product-assets/ansi-american-door-hardware/assets/documents/ASSA_ABLOY_American_Hardware_Catalogue_ME.pdf
  72. https://www.camax.cn/ansi-mortise-lock-functions_2091.html
  73. https://buildershardware.com/ANSI-BHMA-Standards/Product-Grade-Levels
  74. https://securehome.org/choose-your-ratings-combination/
  75. https://www.schlage.com/en/home/products/functions-grades.html
  76. https://commercial.schlage.com/en/products/mechanical-locks/nd-series-grade-1-cylindrical-locks.html
  77. https://buildershardware.com/Certification-Program/Certified-Products-Directory
  78. https://www.thisoldhouse.com/home-safety/118041/lock-grades
  79. https://buildershardware.com/ANSI-BHMA-Standards/Hardware-Highlights/A15636-2020-Auxiliary-Hardware
  80. https://buildershardware.com/ANSI-BHMA-Standards/Hardware-Highlights/A15639-2015-Residential-Locksets-and-Latches
  81. https://blog.ansi.org/ansi/ansi-bhma-a156-2-2022-bored-locks/
  82. https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productId=UL437
  83. https://patcosta.com/ul-437-requirements/
  84. https://www.medeco.com/en/resources/blog/blog-post.aehdynamic-what-makes-a-true-high-security-cylinder-63124f91913395004d7520da_medeco
  85. https://www.lockwiki.com/index.php/UL_437
  86. https://www.pdqlocks.com/blog/a-guide-to-ansi-grade-1-vs.-grade-2-door-hardware
  87. https://www.keymanlock.com/what-grade-lock-for-residential-use.html
  88. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/sj.2014.30
  89. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271909133_The_effectiveness_of_burglary_security_devices
  90. https://commercial.schlage.com/
  91. https://www.netquote.com/home-insurance/home-security-discounts
  92. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2009/may/17/insurance-claims-policy-consumer-rights
  93. https://qualitydoor.com/blogs/guide/commercial-door-locks
  94. https://www.directdoorhardware.com/standard-door-preparation.htm
  95. https://www.allaboutdoors.com/Article-Guide-to-Door-Lock-Measurements
  96. https://www.paragonsecurityny.com/resources/door-lock-problems/
  97. https://www.lockshopnm.com/3-common-door-lock-problems
  98. https://safr.me/blog/2016/10/01/step-by-step-how-to-reinforce-door-locks/
  99. https://www.familyhandyman.com/project/home-security-how-to-increase-entry-door-security/
  100. https://commercial.schlage.com/en/resources/training-education/schlage-101/key-systems.html
  101. https://www.quora.com/Is-it-better-to-use-graphite-or-3-in-1-oil-to-lubricate-locks
  102. https://www.instructables.com/How-to-Lubricate-a-Lock-Using-Graphite-From-a-Penc/
  103. https://homehardening.wordpress.com/2017/01/28/grading-your-locks/
  104. https://www.nber.org/papers/w5928
  105. https://legacy.poole.ncsu.edu/documents/collettschmitt.pdf
  106. https://www.shieldsecuritydoors.com/multi-point-locking-systems-vs-deadbolts-a-closer-look-at-security-performance/
  107. https://davisdecorativehardware.com/elevating-security-and-functionality-the-advantages-of-multi-point-door-hardware/
  108. https://www.lockzo.com/blogs/buyers-guide/smart-door-lock-vs-traditional
  109. https://thinksafehouse.com/smart-door-lock-vs-traditional/
  110. https://www.nachi.org/inspectors-bump-keys.htm
  111. https://www.safeandsecurelocksmith.co.uk/lock-bumping-is-a-big-problem/
  112. https://www.lockwiki.com/index.php/Impressioning
  113. https://lockjudge.com/what-is-key-impressioning/
  114. https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mirai-variant-targets-iot-exploits/
  115. https://www.gvlock.com/blog/smart-lock-security-failure/
  116. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11276-023-03376-8
  117. https://www.texasmasterlocksmiths.com/forced-entry-vs-lock-picking-how-burglars-really-break-in/
  118. https://www.cio.com/article/236276/what-door-locks-teach-us-about-iot-cybersecurity.html
  119. https://www.deepsentinel.com/blogs/home-security/home-burglary-statistics/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
Contribute something
User Avatar
No comments yet.