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The symbolic replica of Long Ya Men in Labrador Park, Singapore. Its re-creation was part of the Singapore Zheng He's 600th Anniversary Celebrations in 2005

Long Ya Men or Longyamen (simplified Chinese: 龙牙门; traditional Chinese: 龍牙門; pinyin: lóngyámén; Malay: Batu Berlayar) or Dragon's Teeth Gate, is the name that Chinese explorer Wang Dayuan recorded for Batu Belayar, a craggy granite outcrop that formerly stood at the gateway to Keppel Harbour in Singapore. In his description, "The strait runs between the two hills of the Temasek (Chinese: 單馬錫; pinyin: Dānmǎxī; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tan-má-sek or Chinese: 淡馬錫; pinyin: Dànmǎxī; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tām-má-sek) natives which looked like a dragon's teeth." From there, the name Long Ya Men or Dragon Teeth's Gate was born.

The rocky outcrop served as a navigational aid to ancient mariners sailing through the swift waters of the narrow channel, but was subsequently destroyed by the British in 1848 to widen the channel for larger vessels to sail through.[1] In 2005, a symbolic replica was erected by the Singapore government near its original site to mark the role it played in Singapore's maritime history.[2]

Long Ya Men was documented in Wang Dayuan's travelogue Daoyi Zhilüe as one of the two settlements of Temasek. It was marked in the Mao Kun navigational map historical maritime annal Wubei Zhi said to date from the voyages of Ming dynasty's Admiral Zheng He. Long Ya Men in the map was also used to refer to the strait between Sentosa island and Labrador Point, and named after a pinnacle of stone that was called Batu Berlayar, which means "Sail Rock" in Malay.[3] Another suggestion is that it refers to the Singapore Main Strait south of Pulau Satumu.[4] The unique features of the Long Ya Men was said to have assisted Zheng He in navigating the waters around Singapore during his seven maritime voyages to the west between 1405 and 1433.

History

[edit]

Historically the rocky outcrop was known locally by the Malays in earlier times as Batu Berlayar ("Sailing Rock") near the present site of Labrador Park, off Pasir Panjang Road. Another rock outcrop used to stand on the opposite shore of Tanjong Rimau on Sentosa Island. These two rock outcrops once formed a gateway at the western entrance to Keppel Harbour. British sailors named the more prominent Batu Berlayar, "Lot's Wife" in reference to the biblical story of the wife of Abraham's nephew. She was transformed into a pillar of salt when she disobeyed divine orders not to look back at the destruction of Sodom while fleeing from the city.[5] It is argued that the two rocky outcrops are the two hills of Temasek named in Yuan sources as Long Ya Men (Dragon's Teeth Gate) since they resembled two dragon's teeth between which a passage of water runs. Another name Ling Ya Men (Chinese: 凌牙門; pinyin: Líng Yá Mén) is recorded in the Song dynasty work Zhu Fan Zhi, however it is usually considered to be a different place.[6]

The famous historical maritime annals, Wubei Zhi depicting Long Ya Men, shown just right of centre on the map,

It was recorded that during the Yuan dynasty, envoys were sent to Long Ya Men in 1320 to obtain tame elephants. The people of Long Ya Men then returned in 1325 with a tribute and trade mission to China.[7] In around 1330, the traveller Wang Dayuan was said to have sailed through this passageway. In his travelogue Daoyi Zhilüe, he recorded that Long Ya Men was the two hills of Temasek between which a strait runs, and it was so called because the two hills looked like "Dragon's teeth".[8][9] Wang described the people of Long Ya Men as being prone to acts of piracy, and that while the natives traded with Chinese from Quanzhou, Chinese junks on their way back from the Western Oceans (西洋) may be met by pirates there who attacked with two to three hundred perahus (boats).[9] He mentioned that in olden times a chief there found a jewelled head-dress while digging in the ground, and that "the beginning of the year is calculated from the [first] rising of the moon, when the chief put on this head-gear and wore his [ceremonial] dress". He also said the natives would "gather their hair into a chignon, and wear short cotton bajus girded about with black cotton sarongs". The description of the people may be the first known record of the Orang Laut who inhabited the region.[9] A different settlement called Ban Zu (班卒), described as being located on a hill behind Long Ya Men, is thought to be a transcription of the Malay Pancur and may be today's Fort Canning Hill.[10][11]

The Keppel passageway was used by Asian and early European sailors and traders for hundreds of years to sail past Singapore. Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He made seven voyages to more than 30 countries, travelling in fleets of up to 300 ships to the South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Africa. The admiral travelled on the order of the Chinese Emperor to establish trade relations with countries west of China. He is believed to have sailed through the waters off Labrador Park, though whether he landed in Singapore is uncertain.[12] In the 17th century, the passageway was abandoned in favour of the wider and more open Main Straits, that lies south of Pulau Satumu, where Raffles Lighthouse stands today.[5]

Stamford Raffles of the British East India Company did not know of the "Lot's Wife", or the deep water harbour it led to when he landed in Singapore in January 1819. William Farquhar, the first British Resident and Commandant of Singapore, wrote to Raffles on 2 September 1819 that he had founded a new harbour west of the settlement. The two rock outcrops were subsequently blown up by the Straits Settlements Surveyor, John Turnbull Thomson, in August 1848 to widen the entrance to the new harbour.[5]

Commemoration

[edit]

In July 2005, a 6m high stone replica of Long Ya Men was put up near its original site by a joint collaboration involving the Singapore Tourism Board (STB), the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) and the National Parks Board (NParks). This was part of a three-month-long celebration of the 600th anniversary of Zheng He's maiden voyage, which began in Nanjing, China. A storyboard telling Long Ya Men's significance to Singapore and Zheng He's story, was also put up next to the replica.[13]

The authorities had initially planned for the replica to replace the red Berlayer Beacon, but the Singapore Heritage Society was against the decision, saying the beacon was itself a heritage site and should not be destroyed because the beacon has been at Labrador Park since the end of World War II. The replica was finally built just meters away from the beacon. The authorities hope the symbolic replica can serve to preserve the memory of Long Ya Men, which is an important part of Singapore's maritime history, for future generations and visitors familiar with the historical voyages of Zheng He.[14]

Doubts over identification with Keppel Harbour

[edit]

The Mao Kun map shows on the position of the Singapore Strait, a navigational route and instructions for sailing from Longyamen to Pedra Branca. In addition, it marks the name Longyamen on what appears to be Lingga Island, off the Sumatran east coast. Supported by the testimony of Fei Xin, who sailed on four occasions with Zheng He, that Longyamen was situated to the north-west of Sanfoqi, a polity believed to be Palembang, Willem Pieter Groeneveldt believed Longyamen was the Strait of Lingga.[15]

John Vivian Gottlieb Mills, who questioned the association of Keppel Harbour with Longyamen, carefully compared the sailing instructions on the Mao Kun Map with corresponding directions given in relevant itineraries found in three Ming era Chinese rutters, namely Shun Feng Xiang Song (順風相送, "Fair Winds for Escort", dated circa 1430), Bing Qian (兵鈐, Military Manual, dated 1674) and Dong Xi Yang Kao (東西洋考, "A Study of the Eastern and Western Oceans”, dated 1617). Mill's conclusion was that the Longyamen was the main Singapore Strait, and not Keppel Harbour.[16] This is precisely as drawn on the Mao Kun Map.

Significantly the instructions from Shun Feng Xiang Song and Dong Xi Yang Kao referred to a Temasek Gate (淡馬錫門) by which vessels passed no matter if they were sailing in and out of Longyamen from Karimun or Pedra Branca. Wang Dayuan's actual words were that "Longyamen is intersected with two mountains belonging to the Temasek natives, akin to a dragon teeth-like formation, with a water channel running through the middle". Teochew settlers who first came to Singapore in 1819 referred to the Telok Blangah area by Keppel Harbour as Sek-lak-mung (石叻門), meaning the "Gate of Selat", or the "Gate of the Strait". This shows Temasek Gate was Keppel Harbour and supports that Longyamen was the main Singapore Straits. Moreover, Wang Dayuan's writing was clear that the "dragon teeth" were mountains/hills, and not rocks.[17]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
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Long Ya Men

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from Grokipedia
Long Ya Men, also known as Dragon's Teeth Gate, was a pair of prominent rock outcrops situated at the western entrance to Keppel Harbour in , serving as a vital navigational landmark for ancient mariners sailing through the narrow channel. The formation, which resembled jagged dragon teeth, was first documented in Chinese records during the by traveler Wang Dayuan in his 1349 account Daoyi Zhilue, where he described it as a strategic near a trading settlement called , highlighting its role in regional maritime trade routes between , , and the . Known locally to Malay sailors as Batu Berlayar (Sailing Stone), it provided essential guidance for vessels navigating the swift currents, and later Chinese explorer Zheng He's fleet referenced it during his seven maritime voyages between 1405 and 1433, as noted in the 1433 text Yingya Shenglan by his crew member . British sailors in the dubbed the taller outcrop "Lot's Wife" after the biblical figure, underscoring its distinctive silhouette against the skyline. The outcrops stood as enduring symbols of Singapore's pre-colonial maritime heritage until their destruction in August 1848, when surveyor John Turnbull Thomson ordered them blasted to widen the harbor entrance for larger steamships, facilitating the expansion of trade during the colonial era. Today, the site is preserved within Labrador Nature Reserve, where a 6-meter-high symbolic replica of one of the rocks was erected in by the to commemorate the 600th anniversary of Zheng He's maiden voyage and to honor the location's historical importance. This reconstruction, located near the original position at Batu Berlayar Point, serves as an educational marker for visitors, emphasizing Long Ya Men's enduring legacy in Singapore's role as a global trading hub.

Etymology and Naming

Chinese Origins

The name Long Ya Men (龍牙門) literally translates to "Dragon's Tooth Gate" in Chinese, a designation that evokes the imagery of jagged rock formations resembling the sharp teeth of a mythical dragon guarding a passageway. This metaphorical naming draws from traditional Chinese perceptions of natural landmarks as anthropomorphic or zoomorphic entities, particularly in maritime contexts where such features served as visual cues for sailors. The term first appears in the historical record in the travelogue Daoyi Zhilüe (島夷志略), authored by the explorer Wang Dayuan in 1349, during his voyages to . Wang, who documented over 100 foreign locations based on his firsthand observations during voyages from 1330–1334 and 1337–1339, described Long Ya Men as "two rocks standing like a gate," a distinctive strait-like formation encountered en route to the island of , highlighting its role in regional without delving into precise coordinates. This account underscores the site's integration into Yuan-era Chinese maritime , reflecting broader expeditions that mapped trade routes across the and beyond.

Local and Alternative Names

In the , the outcrops forming Long Ya Men were known as Batu Berlayar, translating to "Sailing Rock" or "Rock for Sailing," a name that underscored their role as a key navigational marker for local mariners, including fishermen and sea-faring communities like the , who relied on such landmarks to guide vessels through the strait. This indigenous designation reflected practical maritime adaptations in the region, distinct yet occasionally overlapping with the Chinese term Long Ya Men in multilingual contexts among traders. Early European encounters introduced variations, particularly from Portuguese explorers in the 16th century, who referred to the feature as Varella or Varela—possibly a corruption of the Malay term "berhala" (idol), alluding to its pillar-like form as seen on nautical charts. These names appeared in 16th-century maps and , linking the site to broader European interpretations of "Dragon's Teeth" through translated descriptions of its jagged profile. Following the establishment of British Singapore in 1819, colonial surveys and records adapted these local and prior European terms, evolving the nomenclature to include "Lot's Wife" for the prominent western outcrop, a biblical allusion emphasizing its isolated, pillar-like appearance in hydrographic charts and logs. This shift facilitated administrative mapping and harbor development, retaining Batu Berlayar in some official documents while prioritizing anglicized variants for imperial navigation.

Historical References

Yuan Dynasty Accounts

During the , official Chinese records document diplomatic interactions with Long Ya Men as early as 1320, when envoys were dispatched from the imperial court to the site to procure tame elephants, reflecting the region's role in exchanges with Southeast Asian polities. In 1325, representatives from Long Ya Men reciprocated by returning to with , underscoring the site's integration into the Yuan maritime system. The most detailed contemporary account comes from the traveler Wang Dayuan, who visited the area during his first voyage from 1330 to 1334 and possibly his second from 1337 to 1339, as recorded in his 1349 work Daoyi Zhilüe (A Description of the Barbarian Islands). Wang described —translated as ""—as a narrow flanked by two craggy outcrops resembling at the entrance to a harbor, through which a central passed, marking it as a critical navigational chokepoint. He noted the surrounding fields as barren, with inhabitants relying on and for sustenance, but emphasized the prevalence of , stating that "the people are mostly pirates, who plunder merchants as they pass by," likely referring to seafaring communities such as the who controlled the waters. This portrayal positioned Long Ya Men near a prosperous settlement, possibly (or Danmaxi in Wang's ), where tribute goods were exchanged amid the risks of maritime raids. These accounts arose amid the Yuan dynasty's broader maritime expansion in the early , as the Mongol-led regime under emperors like and his successors actively pursued tribute missions and commercial networks across to bolster imperial influence and economic ties, with expeditions reaching as far as and around 1330. Wang's observations in Daoyi Zhilüe contributed to this documentation, highlighting Long Ya Men's strategic significance in the regional trade routes vulnerable to .

Ming Dynasty Connections

During the Ming Dynasty, Long Ya Men gained prominence in imperial navigational records as a critical maritime landmark in the Singapore Strait. The Mao Kun map, a surviving segment of the nautical charts compiled during Admiral Zheng He's expeditions from 1405 to 1433 and later included in Mao Yuanyi's Wubei Zhi (1621), depicts the site—referred to in proximity to "Tan-ma-shi" (Temasek)—as a key waypoint for treasure fleets navigating from the South China Sea toward the Indian Ocean, highlighting its role in guiding vessels through the narrow passage between the granite outcrops. Zheng He's seven maritime expeditions, which traversed Southeast Asian waters multiple times, relied on Long Ya Men as a recognizable to ensure safe passage into the , avoiding hazardous reefs and currents during voyages that promoted tributary relations and trade across the . Building briefly on foundational accounts of regional trade routes, these Ming operations elevated the site's strategic integration into official Chinese cartography and sailing instructions. Fei Xin's Xingcha Shenglan (1436), an account based on the author's participation in the third, fifth, and seventh expeditions, provides a detailed description of Long Ya Men's strategic position, noting the two hills "face each other like dragon's teeth" with a navigable channel between them, while cautioning of lurking , barren surroundings, and southern reefs like Liang-shan that necessitated vigilant daytime sailing for the treasure fleets. The text emphasizes depths varying from 30 fathoms in the center to 8–9 fathoms southward, underscoring the outcrops' utility as a reference for precise maneuvering amid threats during these operations.

Maritime Landmark

Long Ya Men consisted of two craggy outcrops forming a natural gate at the western entrance to Keppel Harbour, situated between (formerly Pulau Blakang Mati) and Point. These prominent rock formations, resembling dragon's teeth, marked a narrow channel approximately 100 meters wide and up to 40 meters deep, serving as a distinctive visual cue amid the surrounding terrain of southern . Positioned at 1°15′45″N 103°48′19″E, the outcrops were integral to the site's environmental context, where predictable tidal flows and seasonal winds facilitated maritime passage through the . The strong, semi-diurnal —reaching velocities of up to 2-3 knots in the strait—created swift currents in the channel, but the visible allowed sailors to time their approach and navigate safely past nearby reefs and shoals. For ancient mariners, including Chinese, Malay, and Indian traders, Long Ya Men provided essential navigational utility by signaling the harbor mouth and guiding vessels through this hazardous yet strategic waterway. Known locally as Batu Berlayar or "sailing rock," the outcrops helped avoid the perils of the narrow passage, enabling access to Temasek's trading hub. Historical accounts, such as those in Wang Dayuan's 1349 Daoyi Zhilüe, portray the formation as a key reference point that transformed a potential navigational hazard into a reliable guide for pre-colonial shipping routes.

Trade and Piracy Associations

Long Ya Men functioned as a strategic chokepoint in the medieval maritime networks of , facilitating the exchange of spices and between , , and from the 13th to 15th centuries. As a key gateway in the Strait of Singapore, it connected eastern routes from with western paths extending to Arabia, where merchants from offloaded approximately one-third of their cargo before proceeding to ports like San Fu Qi (associated with ). This position enabled the flow of high-value goods, including textiles from and spices such as cloves and from the Indonesian archipelago, underscoring its economic significance in the broader system. The site's prominence in trade was overshadowed by its reputation as a hub for , as documented by the traveler Wang Dayuan in his 1349 work Daoyi Zhilüe. He described Long Ya Men as a place where "the natives and the men of foreign ships are addicted to ," noting that locals employed swift small boats to ambush and plunder trading junks passing through the strait. This predatory activity was influenced by the aftermath of the Chola invasions of in the early (c. 1017–1025 CE), which disrupted Srivijaya's control over regional commerce and created opportunities for sea raiders, including those backed by local warlords, to target vulnerable merchant vessels. Such not only threatened the security of and silk shipments but also reflected the competitive dynamics of power in the post-invasion vacuum. Local communities, particularly the seafaring groups, played a multifaceted role at Long Ya Men, utilizing the area for fishing, collecting tolls from passing ships, and mounting defenses against external threats. Wang Dayuan observed that natives—likely referring to the —coexisted with Chinese traders at the site, contributing to both legitimate commerce and occasional raiding as guardians of the waterways. Their maritime expertise allowed them to enforce informal tolls and protect allied vessels, embedding Long Ya Men within the social and economic fabric of 14th-century .

Destruction and Aftermath

British Demolition

In 1848, the British East India Company, which administered as part of the Straits Settlements, demolished the outcrops known as Long Ya Men to facilitate maritime expansion. The rocks, previously serving as key navigational markers for sailors entering the Old Strait between and , were removed to widen the entrance to New Harbour—later renamed Keppel Harbour—for accommodating larger steamships amid growing trade volumes. The demolition project was overseen by John Turnbull Thomson, Singapore's first Government Surveyor, who directed the use of explosives to blast the formations. This effectively eliminated the hazards that had once guided pre-colonial vessels through the narrow channel. This action formed part of broader colonial infrastructure developments following Singapore's establishment as a free port in , aimed at enhancing the harbor's capacity to handle increasing shipping traffic without the constraints of the original narrow passage.

Impacts on Singapore's Harbour

The demolition of Long Ya Men in 1848 widened the entrance to Keppel Harbour, enabling larger vessels with deeper drafts, such as clippers and steamships, to access the port more easily. This development was crucial for accommodating the growing maritime traffic in the mid-19th century, as Singapore transitioned from reliance on the shallower to Keppel Harbour as its primary deep-water anchorage. The enhanced capacity directly supported the expansion of entrepôt trade, with imports from and exports to playing a pivotal role in fueling economic growth; by the 1850s, Singapore's trade volume had surged, establishing it as a vital hub in the British colonial network and laying the groundwork for later accommodations of container ships in the . As a longstanding natural navigational landmark, Long Ya Men's destruction marked a shift toward reliance on artificial aids, including buoys, beacons, and lighthouses, for guiding vessels through the . This transition symbolized the British colonial emphasis on commercial efficiency over preservation of indigenous maritime heritage, prioritizing infrastructural modernization to support imperial trade routes at the expense of historical features that had oriented sailors for centuries.

Modern Recognition

Replica and Memorials

In 2005, a symbolic 6-meter-tall stone replica of Long Ya Men was constructed at Labrador Nature Reserve in southern to commemorate the 600th anniversary of Zheng He's maiden voyage. The structure replicates the jagged, tooth-like granite outcrop that once marked the entrance to Keppel Harbour, serving as a physical memorial to this ancient navigational landmark referenced in records. The features interpretive plaques and that explain its role in early and , integrated seamlessly into the reserve's coastal walking trails for visitor access. As part of Singapore's recognized historic sites, the contributes to public education on maritime heritage through access via nature trails and interpretive materials.

Cultural and Educational Value

Long Ya Men symbolizes Singapore's maritime heritage and multicultural history, integrated into national curricula to highlight the country's role in regional networks. In contemporary , Long Ya Men is woven into visits to Labrador Nature Reserve, where the site's replica serves as a key attraction along scenic coastal heritage walks that link to nearby areas like and Keppel Harbour. These trails offer visitors an immersive experience of Singapore's navigational past, combining natural beauty with historical interpretation panels that highlight its role as an ancient gateway. The Keppel Coastal Trail, opened in 2021, further enhances access to the site. Popular among both locals and international tourists, the reserve draws crowds for its blend of ecology and heritage, enhancing Singapore's appeal as a destination for cultural exploration. As of 2025, the reserve underwent redevelopment from 2023 to 2024, improving trails and visitor facilities. Educationally, Long Ya Men features prominently in programs focused on Southeast Asian routes and the legacy of Zheng He's voyages, providing a tangible link to explorations. Resources such as the Urban Redevelopment Authority's activity sheets for upper primary students use ancient maps depicting Long Ya Men to teach about Singapore's pre-colonial significance, encouraging on regional connectivity. The replica, erected to commemorate the 600th anniversary of Zheng He's voyages, acts as a central educational tool in these modules, promoting understanding of historical without delving into physical construction details.

Identification Controversies

Evidence for Keppel Harbour

The identification of Long Ya Men with the site at Keppel Harbour draws strong support from the alignment of ancient Chinese navigational records with the local geography. The Mao Kun map, a 16th-century chart included in the military treatise , illustrates Long Ya Men as twin granite outcrops flanking a narrow strait-like entrance, positioned relative to nearby islands such as to the north and Blakang Mati (present-day ) to the south. This depiction precisely corresponds to the historical location of two prominent rock pillars at the western entrance to Keppel Harbour, serving as a natural gateway for maritime traffic in medieval . Archaeological and survey evidence from British colonial records provides further confirmation of these features at Keppel Harbour. In the mid-19th century, hydrographic surveys documented the existence of the craggy granite outcrops, described as navigational hazards restricting access to the developing harbor. However, no definitive archaeological evidence has been found at the site to confirm the identification. These remnants were systematically demolished in August 1848 by Straits Settlements Surveyor John Thomson using explosives to widen the channel for larger steamships, with records noting their position approximately 200 meters off the southwestern Singapore coast between Pulau Brani and Sentosa. Local oral histories among Malay fisherfolk reinforce this geographical match, preserving accounts of the site as "Batu Berlayar" (Sailing Rock), a pair of jagged rocks that guided vessels through the treacherous entrance to the . These traditions, passed down through generations of coastal communities, describe the outcrops as resembling dragon's teeth amid turbulent waters, echoing the visual and functional portrayal of a guarded harbor entrance in Wang Dayuan's 1349 travelogue Daoyi Zhilüe. The consistency between these indigenous narratives and the 14th-century Chinese explorer's observations underscores the enduring recognition of Keppel Harbour as the location of Long Ya Men.

Alternative Location Theories

Scholars have proposed that Long Ya Men corresponds to the broader Main , particularly the section south of Pulau Satumu, drawing on interpretations of 14th-century Chinese navigational texts that emphasize a wide facilitating maritime passage rather than a confined rocky gate. This interpretation posits that the term captured the strategic chokepoint of the main in ancient Southeast Asian networks, aligning with accounts of regional geography in and Yuan era records. An alternative hypothesis situates Long Ya Men in the Lingga Strait near Lingga Island in present-day , advanced by researcher Lin Woling in his 1999 study Longyamen xinkao, which highlights phonetic resemblances between "Lingga" and "Longya" as well as the strait’s alignment with 13th-century logics documented in texts like the Daoyi zhilüe. Supporting this view, Lin Woling integrated nautical route analyses from Yuan sources, suggesting the strait’s rocky features and position as a gateway to Sumatran ports matched historical depictions of a hazardous yet vital passage. Paul Wheatley, in The Golden Khersonese (1961), explored similar phonetic and locational links but distinguished a separate "Lingya men" for the Lingga area while associating the primary Long Ya Men with Singaporean waters. Post-2000 scholarly debates have intensified scrutiny of these proposals through reanalyses of the Mao Kun map from Zheng He’s voyages, incorporating modern geographical tools such as satellite imagery to reassess strait configurations and questioning earlier textual interpretations tied to Keppel Harbour. These discussions, as seen in recent studies like those in Archipel (2024), emphasize discrepancies in toponymic sequences and environmental features, advocating for marine archaeological surveys to verify sites via underwater remnants and sediment analysis.

References

  1. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/visit/parks/labrador-nature-reserve/special-features/dragon-teeth-gate
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  3. https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/places-landing/Places/historic-sites/batu-berlayar
  4. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2005/06/Speech-by-George-Yeo-Minister-for-Foreign-Affairs-at-the-Official-Launch-of-the-Singapore-Zheng-He-6
  5. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=61d49d33-d5cd-48fc-b91b-652ca64e87c4
  6. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0455
  7. https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/3/3/98
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  9. https://dokumen.pub/the-singapore-and-melaka-straits-violence-security-and-diplomacy-in-the-17th-century-9971694646-9789971694647.html
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  14. https://www.limkw.com/zhenghe/guanyu/singapore/chinese/vebsfufhn5myw8miknyep80bjbg5ij-kf64g
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  24. https://singapore-academy.org/index.php/en/education/library-media-center/singapore-presentation/item/224-history-of-singapore
  25. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=4b8d5a5a-0d4e-4a5e-9f0e-5e5e5e5e5e5e
  26. https://www.academia.edu/68156511/Seven_Hundred_Years_A_History_of_Singapore
  27. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/-/media/nparks-real-content/learning/learning-journeys/guided-walks/diy-guided-walks/heritage-comes-alie/diy-trail-guide.pdf
  28. https://thetravelintern.com/hiking-labrador-nature-reserve-guide/
  29. https://www.littledayout.com/labrador-nature-reserve-one-park-two-worlds/
  30. https://shaunchng.com/places/keppel-coastal-trail-at-labrador-nature-park/
  31. https://www.ura.gov.sg/-/media/Corporate/Singapore-City-Gallery/Activity-Sheets/URA-Gallery-Upper-Pri--Ancient-Maps-of-Singapore.pdf
  32. https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/7347
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