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Pulau Brani
Pulau Brani
Pulau Brani
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Pulau Brani is an island located off the southern coast of Singapore, near Keppel Harbour. The island is situated between the main island of Singapore and the resort island of Sentosa, and is linked to the mainland via Brani Terminal Avenue. The area of Pulau Brani is 1.22 square kilometres (0.47 square miles). The island was previously home for Orang Laut, and in Malay, the meaning of Pulau Brani is “isle of the brave”.

Key Information

Historic use

[edit]

The bulk of the island was occupied by the Malayan Command Ordnance Depot until 1937 when a new purpose built depot was constructed at Alexandra on the mainland.[1]

The Straits Trading Co. built a tin smelting factory on Pulau Brani in 1890 to process the tin ores mined in mainland Malaya. The factory was on the island for more than 70 years before it had to move out to make way for the Brani Naval Base in the late 1960s.[2][3]

The British army had their maritime (water transport) base here, first with the RASC and then the RCT. Many families lived in the married quarters on the island. Primary children attended the British army school located near Buller Jetty, as did the children from army families on Blakang Mati (now Sentosa). Secondary age children had to go to the mainland by ferry, attending the Alexandra Schools at Gillman Barracks, then after 1964 either Bourne (in the Gillman buildings) or the brand new St John's Comprehensive in what is now the United World College in Dover Road.

Current use

[edit]

After Singapore's independence, Brani Naval Base was built on Pulau Brani. In the year 2000, the Navy later moved from their base on Pulau Brani to Changi and Tuas Naval Bases, and the Police Coast Guard (PCG) took over the former site of the naval base in 2006, forming it into today's PCG Brani Regional Base. The rest of Pulau Brani was developed as Brani Container Terminal (see Port of Singapore).

Panoramic view of Pulau Brani with Selat Sengkir (Sengkir Straits) in the foreground. Taken from Sentosa near the Visitor Arrival Centre.

Future use

[edit]

Pulau Brani is intended to be re-developed to host a resort and other tourist attractions as part of the Greater Southern Waterfront project. Brani Container Terminal will be consolidated at the Tuas Mega Port for this to occur.[4]

[edit]

Pulau Brani is featured in the 2021 video game Battlefield 2042 as the setting of multiplayer map Manifest.[5]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Pulau Brani

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Pulau Brani (Malay for "Island of the Brave") is a small situated off the southern of Singapore's Central , between the main island and , within Keppel Harbour. Originally inhabited by the nomadic sea people, it spans 1.22 square kilometers and has historically served as a key maritime and industrial hub. Today, over half of the island is occupied by the Brani Container Terminal operated by PSA Corporation, alongside the Police Coast Guard's training and headquarters facilities, connected to the mainland by a 330-meter built in 1991. The island's development began in the colonial era, with early infrastructure including a brick kiln, a coal depot established in 1865, and the Bon Accord Dock for ship repairs opened in 1866. In 1890, the Straits Trading Company constructed Singapore's first modern industrial facility—a tin smelting plant—on Pulau Brani, which expanded rapidly to produce up to 14,000 tons of tin annually by 1895 and operated until the 1970s. British fortifications, such as Fort Teregah built in 1861, underscored its strategic naval importance, while fishing villages known as kampongs—including Kampong Selat Sengkir, Kampong Kopit, and Kampong Telok Saga—housed around 500 Malay and Chinese residents in the early 20th century, fostering a close-knit community centered on maritime activities. During World War II, the island saw significant action, including the destruction of rubber stocks and the tin plant by British forces in 1942 to deny resources to Japanese invaders, followed by post-war reconstruction. Post-independence, Pulau Brani played a pivotal role in Singapore's defense and economic growth. In the , the kampong residents were relocated to the mainland to accommodate the construction of the Republic of Singapore Navy's first dedicated base, known as the Brani Naval Base or Maritime Command Base, which opened on 26 January 1974 under then-Prime Minister and served in that capacity until its expansion in 1983. The base hosted key naval commands and operations until its closure in 2000, by which time the Brani Container Terminal (opened in 1992) was operational and the Police Coast Guard Headquarters was established in 2007. As part of the Greater Southern Waterfront redevelopment, with Brani Container Terminal operations scheduled to relocate to Port by 2027 to enable transformation into a leisure and tourism destination integrated with , Pulau Brani continues to symbolize 's evolution from a colonial outpost to a global maritime powerhouse.

Geography and Environment

Location and Physical Characteristics

Pulau Brani is an situated off the southern coast of 's main , adjacent to Keppel Harbour and positioned between the mainland and the resort of . The lies within 's Central and serves as a key component of the nation's maritime landscape. Its geographic coordinates are approximately 1°15′36″N 103°50′00″E, placing it in close proximity to major international shipping routes in the Straits of . The total land area of Pulau Brani measures 1.22 km² (0.47 sq mi), encompassing both natural and developed terrain. The island features low-lying topography, with elevations generally below 30 meters, and includes areas of that have expanded its footprint for industrial use. The eastern portion is characterized by shallow waters and reefs, contributing to challenging navigational conditions such as cross tides. Pulau Brani is connected to the mainland via the Brani Terminal Avenue, a 330-meter that facilitates vehicular access. This strategic positioning underscores its role in the broader , though detailed operational aspects are covered elsewhere.

Ecology and Land Use

Pulau Brani exhibits a predominantly urbanized , characterized by extensive industrial development that has significantly limited natural cover. The island's is largely dominated by port facilities, including the Brani Container Terminal operated by the Port of Singapore Authority, which encompasses the majority of the island's land area. As of November 2025, the terminal continues to operate, with relocation to Port planned in phases through 2040. This heavy industrialization has resulted in sparse greenery, with much of the original cleared for infrastructure supporting maritime operations. Coastal ecosystems surrounding Pulau Brani, such as those in nearby Berlayer Creek, include forests that have been impacted by and port expansion. These s, once more extensive along Singapore's southern shores, have experienced degradation due to altered , , and direct land conversion for industrial purposes. The reclamation activities associated with the island's development have contributed to the loss of over 90% of Singapore's original coverage since the , with local effects including reduced in intertidal zones. Current land use on Pulau Brani is overwhelmingly dedicated to industrial and functions, with supporting like roads and utilities, alongside limited green spaces such as small landscaped areas or buffer zones. Environmental challenges are prominent, particularly caused by ongoing expansions and reclamation, which disrupt connectivity between remaining coastal habitats and affect migration and ecosystem resilience. For instance, the construction of terminals and breakwaters has isolated patches of and intertidal areas, exacerbating vulnerability to and sea-level rise. Conservation efforts for Pulau Brani are constrained by its industrial designation, but broader initiatives by the include biodiversity surveys of Singapore's southern coastal regions to monitor affected ecosystems. No specific protected zones exist on the island itself, though adjacent areas like Berlayer Creek benefit from general mangrove rehabilitation programs aimed at restoring hydrological flows and planting to mitigate fragmentation. These efforts emphasize the integration of ecological considerations in , with future expansions of green spaces planned to enhance connectivity.

History

Pre-Colonial and Early Settlement

Pulau Brani, known in Malay as "isle of the brave," derives its name from the word brani, signifying courage or bravery, reflecting the perceived valor of its early inhabitants. This etymology underscores the island's association with resilient seafaring communities in pre-colonial times. The island served as a traditional outpost for the , the indigenous sea nomads of the region, who inhabited the waterways around Pulau Brani and nearby . Originating from areas like or the Riau-Lingga archipelago, these aboriginal Malays relied on the island's coastal location for and small-scale trading activities. As nomadic groups, the used such sites for temporary settlements, maintaining a lifestyle centered on marine resources and mobility across . Prior to the , Pulau Brani contributed to the broader regional maritime trade routes, where communities played key roles in facilitating commerce between the , , and . These sea people acted as intermediaries, protectors of waterways, and suppliers of and goods, supporting the functions of ancient ports like (early ). Historical accounts highlight their prowess in navigating monsoon-driven routes, which connected local trade networks to larger exchanges. Archaeological evidence of early Malay seafaring settlements on Pulau Brani remains limited, with most insights derived from ethnohistorical records rather than physical artifacts. Oral histories and legends preserved among descendants emphasize the island's ties to bravery, including tales of a fighting queen and resilient mothers who defended their communities against sea perils. These narratives, passed down through generations, portray Pulau Brani as a of amid the challenges of maritime life.

Colonial Era

Pulau Brani came under British control as part of the founding of the Straits Settlement of Singapore in 1819 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, marking the island's integration into the expanding colonial port network in . Early colonial infrastructure included a brick kiln, a coal depot established in 1865 for naval vessels, and the Bon Accord Dock, a ship-repair facility opened in 1866 by Buyers and Robb, measuring 300 feet long and 75 feet wide. Initially, the island served strategic roles in supporting maritime trade, including the establishment of a small fort and coastal battery known as Fort Teregah in 1861, equipped with two 64-pounder guns to defend Keppel Harbour. From the early , much of the island was occupied by the Malayan Command Ordnance Depot, a key facility for storing and maintaining military supplies until its relocation to a new site at in 1937. This depot underscored Pulau Brani's growing importance in British military logistics within the Malayan theater. Concurrently, industrial development took hold with the Straits Trading Company establishing a tin plant in , featuring an initial three-ton that expanded rapidly to 12 furnaces by 1895, enabling an annual production of 14,000 tons of high-purity "Straits tin." The facility operated until the late , significantly boosting Singapore's economy by processing tin ore from Malayan mines and establishing the as a global leader in refined tin exports, with the smelter's output contributing to substantial trade revenues that supported colonial infrastructure growth. During the era, Pulau Brani hosted a maritime base operated by the Royal Army Service Corps (RASC), focusing on water transport and logistics to sustain forces in the region, with facilities including repair docks for launches and support for troop movements. The base transitioned to the Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) after 1965, but its wartime role highlighted the island's strategic value amid the impending Japanese invasion, with the tin smelter destroyed by British forces in 1942 to deny it to the enemy, followed by occupation from 1942 to 1945. Post-war, the site saw continued RASC/RCT operations until the early 1970s, facilitating the handover to Singaporean control following independence in 1965. Community facilities for military personnel included a for British army children, established in a converted officers' house near Buller Jetty and operational from at least the 1950s until 1964, serving pupils from Pulau Brani and nearby Blakang Mati with basic education in English.

Post-Independence Developments

Following Singapore's independence in 1965, the British naval facilities on Pulau Brani were repurposed for the newly formed (RSN), marking a significant of assets. The School of Naval Training was established in November 1968, utilizing existing infrastructure on the island as a foundational site for RSN operations. Construction of the dedicated began in the early 1970s, transforming the former colonial outpost into Singapore's first purpose-built naval facility, which was officially opened on 26 January 1974 by . This development allowed for centralized berthing and operational headquarters, enhancing the RSN's capabilities amid the rapid buildup of Singapore's defense forces post-independence. In parallel, the island underwent social transformations through resettlement efforts to accommodate military and industrial expansion. By the late 1960s, the remaining communities, including Kampong Teluk Saga—a Malay on the northern shore—faced clearance as land was acquired for base construction. Residents, numbering around 500 Malays and Chinese who had lived there since earlier settlements, were relocated to mainland estates under the Housing and Development Board's (HDB) resettlement programs, with many moving by 1970-1971 to facilitate the shift toward a military-industrial focus. Former military families associated with the transitioning base were integrated into these HDB communities, fostering early post-independence social cohesion as the island's population dwindled from residential to primarily operational use. This clearance exemplified broader national efforts to modernize urban spaces, prioritizing defense and economic infrastructure over traditional village life. The 1970s and 1980s saw Pulau Brani's evolution align with Singapore's port modernization drive, as became central to . Initial expansions built on the 1972 opening of the Container Terminal, with Pulau Brani contributing through ancillary facilities; by the 1990s, the island hosted the Brani Terminal, Singapore's third major container hub, which opened in 1992 after a S$1.14 billion investment by the Port of Singapore Authority (PSA). This terminal added multiple berths, boosting national throughput from 6.35 million TEUs in 1991 to over 10 million by 2000, and solidified the island's role in regional trade logistics. However, by the late 1990s, the RSN began relocating operations to larger facilities, with missile gunboats moving to and command elements to Tuas Naval Base; the Brani Naval Base formally closed on 12 October 2000, ending its military chapter and paving the way for expanded port activities.

Current Infrastructure and Economy

Port and Maritime Facilities

The Brani Container Terminal, operated by PSA Corporation Limited, forms a vital part of Singapore's , primarily handling containerized cargo including standard dry containers and refrigerated units (reefers) for perishable goods such as fruits and pharmaceuticals. As one of the city's older facilities, it supports the port's role as a global hub by processing inbound and outbound containers efficiently. The terminal spans approximately 15 hectares and features eight dedicated berths along a 2,400-meter quay length, equipped with quay cranes and other handling machinery to service vessels up to 16 meters draft. These berths enable the movement of diverse types, with specialized plugs and monitoring systems for reefers to maintain during storage and transfer. While specific annual throughput for Brani alone is not publicly detailed, it contributes to PSA's overall operational capacity of 43.9 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) across its integrated terminals. Brani Terminal is seamlessly integrated with adjacent Keppel Terminal within Keppel Harbour, facilitating regional where over 80% of Singapore's container traffic involves cargo transfer between vessels. This connectivity enhances logistics flows, connecting to more than 600 ports worldwide and supporting efficient feeder and mainline services. The terminal's activities bolster Singapore's maritime economy, which accounts for about 7% of the nation's GDP and sustains over 170,000 jobs through trade facilitation and services. PSA's operations, including Brani, handled a record 40.9 million TEUs in , underscoring the sector's role in driving export-import growth. Since the 2010s, PSA has implemented technological upgrades across its terminals, including semi-automation features like automated guided vehicles (AGVs) for yard movements and digital systems for berth planning at facilities like Brani to improve and . These advancements reduce turnaround times and support sustainable operations amid rising global trade volumes. Operations at Brani are set to relocate to the automated Tuas Port by 2027. As of February , Tuas Port has handled 10 million TEUs since operations began in September 2022.

Security and Residential Aspects

The Police Coast Guard (PCG) established its regional headquarters at Brani Regional Base on Pulau Brani in March 2006, relocating from its previous facility to occupy the site of the former , which had been decommissioned in 2000. The new $95 million facility, officially opened in February 2007, serves as a key hub for maritime law enforcement, enabling patrols across Singapore's . From this base, the PCG conducts routine operations to maintain security in the surrounding straits, including surveillance and rapid response capabilities. Residential presence on Pulau Brani remains highly limited, with no permanent civilian recorded as of recent assessments; the island's primary occupants are transient workers and PCG personnel who may utilize on-site accommodations during shifts. This sparse settlement reflects the island's evolution into an industrial and security-focused zone since the mid-20th century, when around 500 Malay and Chinese families resided in kampong-style stilt houses before relocations for military development. Any is strictly functional, supporting operational needs rather than community living. Few community facilities from earlier eras persist on the island, with historical structures like the Pulau Brani Community Centre (established in 1961) and a former serving as remnants of past settlement, though most have been repurposed or abandoned amid industrial expansion. No active schools or dedicated places of worship operate today, as the island's layout prioritizes and infrastructure over communal amenities. For the small number of workers and personnel on Pulau Brani, daily life centers on shift-based routines tied to operations and patrols, with access to mainland services facilitated by regular ferry connections from , a 10-minute journey to central . These ferries provide essential links for groceries, healthcare, and other needs, as the island lacks comprehensive retail or medical facilities. Security measures from the PCG base extend to proactive defenses against and , including joint patrols with the Immigration & Checkpoints Authority to intercept unauthorized vessels in the , where incidents of sea robbery have been noted but contained through vigilant monitoring.

Future Developments

Redevelopment Projects

Pulau Brani is set to undergo significant redevelopment as part of the Greater Southern Waterfront initiative, following the relocation of its container terminal operations to the Mega Port by 2027. This shift will free up the island's land, previously dominated by port facilities, for integration with under the Greater Sentosa Master Plan (formerly known as the Sentosa-Brani Master Plan), transforming it into a premier leisure and hub. The plan, led by the Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC) in collaboration with the (URA), aims to leverage the island's natural ridge-to-reef features to create interconnected green spaces and experiential zones. The Draft Master Plan 2025 designates the land use for Pulau Brani as "Sports and ." The redevelopment envisions Pulau Brani as a vibrant extension of , divided into five distinct zones: Vibrant Cluster, Island Heart, Waterfront, Ridgeline, and Beachfront. Key attractions include a major theme park similar in scale to , family-oriented leisure parks such as the proposed Discovery Park, and the NTUC Downtown South resort offering hotels, conference spaces, dining, and retail facilities. Additional features encompass rejuvenated beaches, water shows, fairgrounds, and expanded nature and heritage trails connecting to and Sentosa's existing offerings, emphasizing and sustainable design. The project is phased over two to three decades, with initial developments on Pulau Brani commencing in the late 2020s post-relocation, building on early milestones like the Sensoryscape, which opened in 2024. Full integration with and the broader waterfront is projected for the 2040s, aligning with the progressive vacation of nearby terminals like by the 2040s, to foster a cohesive 30-kilometer coastal corridor for and .

Environmental and Urban Planning

The redevelopment of Pulau Brani emphasizes through the integration of green corridors, waterfront promenades, and restoration efforts as part of the Greater Master Plan. The ridgeline zone will connect existing green spaces from to Mount Imbiah via nature and heritage trails, fostering ecological connectivity across the islands. Waterfront promenades, including the Sensoryscape—a 30,000 square meter linking key attractions to beaches—will enhance public access to coastal areas while promoting environmental sensitivity. restoration initiatives focus on naturalizing the former industrial landscape of Pulau Brani, reconnecting ridgelines, and rehabilitating habitats such as wetlands and coastal ecosystems to support native flora and fauna. Urban planning goals for Pulau Brani prioritize expanding public green spaces within the five-character-zone framework—vibrant cluster, island heart, waterfront, ridgeline, and beachfront—to create a balanced environment that integrates with development. These zones aim to preserve and enhance natural areas, ensuring that green and blue elements form a core component of the island's transformation into a hub. Given its coastal position, planning incorporates measures to mitigate sea-level rise, including the construction of coastal barriers linking mainland to Pulau Brani and Pulau Brani to Sentosa's northwest coast. In August 2025, the Public Utilities Board () recommended coastal barriers among measures to protect the Greater Southern Waterfront from rising sea levels and storm surges. These structures will shield against extreme sea levels and storm surges, aligning with broader adaptations for 's adaptable coastline. The (URA) has incorporated community consultation processes into the planning, conducting public engagement exercises as part of the Long-Term Plan Review to ensure inclusive development that reflects stakeholder input. These efforts support by aligning with Singapore's initiatives, leveraging technology for eco-friendly visitor experiences and resource management.

Cultural Significance

Heritage and Community Memory

The Pulau Brani Project, a community-led initiative founded by Amira Karim, serves as a living archive dedicated to preserving the cultural legacy of the island through the collection of oral histories from former residents known as Orang Pulau. Inspired by personal family narratives, the project gathers first-hand accounts, archival objects, and to document the island's evolving story, fostering via public programs, workshops, and exhibitions. Central to the project is the documentation of kinship ties, fluid identities, and daily life in the 1950s-1970s villages, capturing elements such as family recipes, communal celebrations, and kampong routines like playing on football fields or attending open-air cinemas. These narratives highlight the close-knit social fabric of Pulau Brani's coastal communities, emphasizing intergenerational connections and the island's role as a distinct cultural space amid Singapore's rapid urbanization. The island's name, Pulau Brani ("Island of the Brave" in Malay), derives from local , including legends of Malay warriors defending against invaders. One tale recounts a brave Malay swimmer who set fire to an invading Chinese junk at night, preventing its boarding and earning the island its name. Such stories underscore the island's seafaring heritage and resilience. In plans for the Greater Southern Waterfront, authorities are studying historical port-related structures in the area, including those on Pulau Brani, to potentially retain elements that evoke the island's and integrate them into future designs as a tourist destination. This includes potential retention of wharves and auxiliary structures to inform the area's character. Pulau Brani occupies a key place in Singapore's maritime heritage narrative as a former hub for naval bases, ship repairs, and operations, with preservation efforts underscoring its contributions to the nation's seafaring identity. The island's stories, preserved through initiatives like the Pulau Brani Project, reinforce this legacy by linking personal histories to broader themes of trade, migration, and coastal resilience. Interviews with former residents, featured in media produced by the Pulau Brani Project, vividly recount childhood adventures amid the island's natural scenery, such as exploring beaches and forests with a sense of unbridled freedom away from the mainland. Siblings Azman and Mardiana, for instance, describe escapades that embodied the thrill and challenges of island life, evoking the lush, untamed environment that shaped their early years. In 2025, cultural activities continued through events like the Heritage Fest program "Pulau Brani: A Maritime Legacy Through Taste," exploring gastronomic heritage, and a screening of the Pulau Brani: Isle of the Brave during Hari Orang Pulau on June 14.

Representation in Media

Pulau Brani has been depicted in video games as a setting for intense, futuristic conflicts. In the 2021 first-person shooter , the island serves as the backdrop for the multiplayer map "Manifest," a large-scale dockyard environment in featuring shipping containers, cranes, and tropical storms that facilitate naval and ground battles between factions. The map draws on the island's real-world , reimagining it as a strategic hotspot amid global climate crises and geopolitical tensions, as described in the game's entries. Documentaries and short films have captured the personal narratives of Pulau Brani's residents, highlighting its transition from a vibrant community to a modern port. The 2019 Straits Times video "Life on Pulau Brani" explores daily routines of workers and families amid impending , emphasizing the island's role in Singapore's maritime and the emotional ties of its inhabitants. Similarly, the 2024 Viddsee series "Singapore's Long Lost Island, Pulau Brani, Isle of the Brave" consists of episodes featuring former residents like Azman Abu Bakar and Mardiana, who recount childhood adventures, communal life, and the island's heritage through interviews and archival footage. In and , Pulau Brani appears in works tied to 's southern islands and colonial port legacy. The 1967 French spy thriller Five Ashore in Singapore (original title: Cinq gars pour Singapour) includes scenes set in Telok Saga on the island, portraying it as a rugged outpost for amid 1960s maritime intrigue. Literary mentions, such as in the 2019 compilation Brani: Memories of an Island by Muhammad Nadjad bin Abdul Rahim, weave oral histories and photographs into narratives of the island's multicultural past, evoking its "isle of the brave" folklore. Promotional media for underscores Pulau Brani's integration with as a future leisure hub. The Sentosa Development Corporation's 2019 "Sentosa-Brani Master Plan" video showcases conceptual designs for cable cars, beachfront resorts, and eco-adventures linking the islands, positioning Brani as an extension of Sentosa's attractions to draw global visitors by 2030. Online communities further amplify these representations through visual preservation; the group "Memories of Pulau Brani" hosts user-shared photos, videos, and stories from the , fostering digital nostalgia among descendants.

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  55. https://www.atelierten.com/projects/sentosa-brani-masterplan/
  56. https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/sentosa-brani-master-plan-an-island-playground-in-a-global-city/
  57. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/coastal-barriers-to-debut-in-spore-how-do-they-shield-shores-from-extreme-sea-levels
  58. https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/08/Coastal-Barriers
  59. https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning/Long-Term-Plan-Review/Space-for-Our-Dreams-Exhibition/Sustain/Climate-Resilient-Infrastructure
  60. https://www.ura.gov.sg/-/media/Corporate/Planning/LTPR21/Annex_C_publicfeedbackresponses.pdf
  61. https://www.sentosa.gov.sg/eia-reports/
  62. https://www.thepulaubraniproject.org/about
  63. https://alchetron.com/Pulau-Brani
  64. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/singapore/heritage-city-ports-structures-under-study-ahead-greater-southern-waterfront-development
  65. https://www.thepulaubraniproject.org/post/isle-of-the-brave-ep-2-our-pulau-playground
  66. https://www.instagram.com/reel/DKhLKf_vOCl/
  67. https://www.facebook.com/sgheritage/posts/if-you-missed-our-singapore-heritage-fest-shf-programme-about-pulau-brani-dont-w/1121427370019019/
  68. https://www.ea.com/en/games/battlefield/battlefield-2042/maps-hub/manifest
  69. https://battlefield.fandom.com/wiki/Manifest_%28Codex%29
  70. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIT9F1Fr6mI
  71. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTUsK75GWHXZsUGjiOKdiLvZgCqrINvzw
  72. https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-14/issue-3/oct-dec-2018/five-ashore-in-sg/
  73. https://wecamefromthesea.wordpress.com/2019/09/06/brani-memories-of-an-island/
  74. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LrH9OjRrok
  75. https://www.facebook.com/memoriesofpulaubrani/
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