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Microscopium
Constellation
Microscopium
List of stars in Microscopium
AbbreviationMic
GenitiveMicroscopii
Pronunciation/ˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpiəm/, genitive /ˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpiaɪ/
Symbolismthe Microscope
Right ascension21h
Declination−36°
QuadrantSQ4
Area210 sq. deg. (66th)
Main stars5
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		13
Stars brighter than 3.00m0
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)2
Brightest starγ Mic (4.67m)
Nearest starLacaille 8760
Messier objects0
Meteor showersMicroscopiids
Bordering
constellations
Visible at latitudes between +45° and −90°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of September.

Microscopium ("the Microscope") is a minor constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, one of twelve created in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille and one of several depicting scientific instruments. The name is a Latinised form of the Greek word for microscope. Its stars are faint and hardly visible from most of the non-tropical Northern Hemisphere.

The constellation's brightest star is Gamma Microscopii of apparent magnitude 4.68, a yellow giant 2.5 times the Sun's mass located 223 ± 8 light-years distant. It passed within 1.14 and 3.45 light-years of the Sun some 3.9 million years ago, possibly disturbing the outer Solar System. Three star systems—WASP-7, AU Microscopii and HD 205739—have been determined to have planets, while other star —the Sun-like star HD 202628— has a debris disk. AU Microscopii and the binary red dwarf system AT Microscopii are probably a wide triple system and members of the Beta Pictoris moving group. Nicknamed "Speedy Mic", BO Microscopii is a star with an extremely fast rotation period of 9 hours, 7 minutes.

Characteristics

[edit]

Microscopium is a small constellation bordered by Capricornus to the north, Piscis Austrinus and Grus to the east, Sagittarius to the west, and Indus to the south, touching on Telescopium to the southwest. The recommended three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Mic".[1] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of four segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 20h 27.3m and 21h 28.4m , while the declination coordinates are between −27.45° and −45.09°.[2] The whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude 45°N.[3][a] Given that its brightest stars are of fifth magnitude, the constellation is invisible to the naked eye in areas with light polluted skies.[4][b]

Features

[edit]
The constellation Microscopium as it can be seen by the naked eye.

Stars

[edit]
See also: List of stars in Microscopium

French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille charted and designated ten stars with the Bayer designations Alpha through to Iota in 1756. A star in neighbouring Indus that Lacaille had labelled Nu Indi turned out to be in Microscopium, so Gould renamed it Nu Microscopii. Francis Baily considered Gamma and Epsilon Microscopii to belong to the neighbouring constellation Piscis Austrinus, but subsequent cartographers did not follow this.[6] In his 1725 Catalogus Britannicus, John Flamsteed labelled the stars 1, 2, 3 and 4 Piscis Austrini, which became Gamma Microscopii, HR 8076, HR 8110 and Epsilon Microscopii respectively.[7] Within the constellation's borders, there are 43 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.[c][3]

Depicting the eyepiece of the microscope is Gamma Microscopii,[8] which—at magnitude of 4.68—is the brightest star in the constellation. Having spent much of its 620-million-year lifespan as a blue-white main sequence star, it has swollen and cooled to become a yellow giant of spectral type G6III, with a diameter ten times that of the Sun.[9] Measurement of its parallax yields a distance of 223 ± 8 light years from Earth.[10] It likely passed within 1.14 and 3.45 light-years of the Sun some 3.9 million years ago, at around 2.5 times the mass of the Sun, it is possibly massive enough and close enough to disturb the Oort cloud.[11] Alpha Microscopii is also an ageing yellow giant star of spectral type G7III with an apparent magnitude of 4.90.[12] Located 400 ± 30 light-years away from Earth,[13] it has swollen to 17.5 times the diameter of the Sun.[14] Alpha has a 10th magnitude companion, visible in 7.5 cm telescopes,[15][16] though this is a coincidental closeness rather than a true binary system.[14] Epsilon Microscopii lies 166 ± 5 light-years away,[17] and is a white star of apparent magnitude 4.7,[16] and spectral type A1V.[18] Theta1 and Theta2 Microscopii make up a wide double whose components are splittable to the naked eye. Both are white A-class magnetic spectrum variable stars with strong metallic lines, similar to Cor Caroli. They mark the constellation's specimen slide.[8]

Many notable objects are too faint to be seen with the naked eye. AX Microscopii, better known as Lacaille 8760, is a red dwarf which lies only 12.9 light-years from the Solar System. At magnitude 6.68, it is the brightest red dwarf in the sky.[19] BO Microscopii is a rapidly rotating star that has 80% the diameter of the Sun. Nicknamed "Speedy Mic", it has a rotation period of 9 hours 7 minutes.[20] An active star, it has prominent stellar flares that average 100 times stronger than those of the Sun, and are emitting energy mainly in the X-ray and ultraviolet bands of the spectrum.[21] It lies 218 ± 4 light-years away from the Sun.[22] AT Microscopii is a binary star system, both members of which are flare star red dwarfs. The system lies close to and may form a very wide triple system with AU Microscopii,[23] a young star which has a planetary system in the making with a debris disk. The three stars are candidate members of the Beta Pictoris moving group, one of the nearest associations of stars that share a common motion through space.[24]

The Astronomical Society of Southern Africa in 2003 reported that observations of four of the Mira variables in Microscopium were very urgently needed as data on their light curves was incomplete.[25] Two of them—R and S Microscopii—are challenging stars for novice amateur astronomers,[26] and the other two, U and RY Microscopii, are more difficult still.[25] Another red giant, T Microscopii, is a semiregular variable that ranges between magnitudes 7.7 and 9.6 over 344 days.[27] Of apparent magnitude 11, DD Microscopii is a symbiotic star system composed of an orange giant of spectral type K2III and white dwarf in close orbit, with the smaller star ionizing the stellar wind of the larger star. The system has a low metallicity. Combined with its high galactic latitude, this indicates that the star system has its origin in the galactic halo of the Milky Way.[28]

HD 205739 is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F7V that is around 1.22 times as massive and 2.3 times as luminous as the Sun. It has a Jupiter-sized planet with an orbital period of 280 days that was discovered by the radial velocity method.[29] WASP-7 is a star of spectral type F5V with an apparent magnitude of 9.54, about 1.28 times as massive as the Sun. Its hot Jupiter planet—WASP-7b—was discovered by transit method and found to orbit the star every 4.95 days.[30] HD 202628 is a sunlike star of spectral type G2V with a debris disk that ranges from 158 to 220 AU distant. Its inner edge is sharply defined, indicating a probable planet orbiting between 86 and 158 AU from the star.[31]

Deep sky objects

[edit]
Arp-Madore 2026-424 taken by Hubble.[32]

Describing Microscopium as "totally unremarkable", astronomer Patrick Moore concluded there was nothing of interest for amateur observers.[33] NGC 6925 is a barred spiral galaxy of apparent magnitude 11.3 which is lens-shaped, as it lies almost edge-on to observers on Earth, 3.7 degrees west-northwest of Alpha Microscopii.[34] SN 2011ei, a Type II Supernova in NGC 6925, was discovered by Stu Parker in New Zealand in July 2011.[35] NGC 6923 lies nearby and is a magnitude fainter still.[36] The Microscopium Void is a roughly rectangular region of relatively empty space, bounded by incomplete sheets of galaxies from other voids.[37] The Microscopium Supercluster is an overdensity of galaxy clusters that was first noticed in the early 1990s. The component Abell clusters 3695 and 3696 are likely to be gravitationally bound, while the relations of Abell clusters 3693 and 3705 in the same field are unclear.[38]

Meteor showers

[edit]
Seen in the 1824 star chart set Urania's Mirror (in the lower left)

The Microscopids are a minor meteor shower that appear from June to mid-July.[39]

History

[edit]

Microscopium lies in a region where Ptolemy had listed six 'unformed' stars behind the tail of Piscis Austrinus.[40] Al-Sufi did not include these stars in his revision of the Almagest, presumably because he could not identify them.[41] Microscopium was introduced in 1751–52 by Lacaille with the French name le Microscope,[42][43] after he had observed and catalogued 10,000 southern stars during a two-year stay at the Cape of Good Hope. He devised fourteen new constellations in uncharted regions of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere not visible from Europe. All but one honoured instruments that symbolised the Age of Enlightenment.[44] Commemorating the compound microscope,[40] the Microscope's name had been Latinised by Lacaille to Microscopium by 1763.[42]

See also

[edit]

Notes

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References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Microscopium

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Microscopium is a small, faint constellation in the representing a compound , introduced by French Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille during his cataloging of southern stars from 1750 to 1754. It covers an area of 210 square degrees, ranking as the 66th largest of the 88 modern constellations officially recognized by the (IAU), with official boundaries delineated by Belgian Eugène Delporte in 1930. Originally named "le Microscope" to honor scientific instruments of the Enlightenment, it was latinized to Microscopium by 1763 and has no associated ancient mythology. Located near the southern celestial pole, Microscopium is bordered by to the north, Sagittarius and to the east, Grus and Indus to the south, and Telescopium to the west, making it fully visible from latitudes between +45° and -90° south. It reaches its highest point in the evening sky during late August in the , though its dim stars—none brighter than magnitude 4.5—require or for easy observation, with only 43 stars visible to the . The brightest star in Microscopium is Gamma Microscopii, a yellow giant of class G6 III with an of 4.68, located approximately 229 light-years away; the star passed within 1.14 to 3.45 light-years of the Sun about 3.9 million years ago. Following it are Epsilon Microscopii (magnitude 4.72, A1V white main-sequence star, 165 light-years distant) and Theta Microscopii (magnitude 4.81, A-type , 186 light-years away). Among variable stars, AX Microscopii (also known as ) stands out as the brightest in the at magnitude 6.68, situated 12.9 light-years from . Microscopium hosts several notable deep-sky objects, including the spiral galaxy NGC 6925 (magnitude 11.3, discovered in 1834 by ), which lies about 100 million light-years away and is best observed with mid-sized telescopes. Nearby is the spiral galaxy NGC 6923 (magnitude 12.2, approximately 119 million light-years distant), suitable for astronomers. The constellation also encompasses the Microscopium Supercluster, a large-scale structure of galaxies first observed in the , and young stars like , which is actively forming planets in its .

Characteristics

Location and Boundaries

Microscopium is a small constellation situated in the , specifically in the fourth quadrant (SQ4). Its official boundaries, as delimited by Belgian Eugène Delporte and adopted by the (IAU) in , form a polygonal region defined by arcs of and for the B1875.0. The precise outline consists of five vertices in equatorial coordinates: (20ʰ 27ᵐ 35ˢ.5093, −27° 35′ 28″.82), (21ʰ 27ᵐ 19ˢ.5927, −27° 27′ 34″.80), (21ʰ 27ᵐ 42ˢ.7327, −36° 27′ 33″.47), (21ʰ 28ᵐ 10ˢ.1571, −44° 57′ 32″.31), and (20ʰ 28ᵐ 40ˢ.6308, −45° 05′ 24″.00). This delineation ensures no overlap with adjacent regions and covers the area standardized for modern astronomical cataloging. The constellation spans a range from approximately 20ʰ 28ᵐ to 21ʰ 28ᵐ and a range from −45° 05′ to −27° 28′, positioning it entirely south of the . Microscopium occupies 210 square degrees of the , making it the 66th largest among IAU-recognized constellations. It is bordered by to the north, Sagittarius to the northeast, Telescopium to the southeast, Indus to the south, Grus to the southwest, and to the west, creating a compact region amid these larger southern formations.

Visibility and Best Viewing

Microscopium is visible to observers at latitudes between +45° and −90°, making it a distinctly southern constellation inaccessible from most northern temperate regions. It is partially circumpolar for viewers south of 45°S, with the southern stars remaining above the horizon throughout the night, while the entire constellation becomes circumpolar south of approximately 63°S. Due to its range primarily between approximately −27° and −45°, the entire figure is observable only south of about 45°N, with partial visibility extending northward to around 62°N under optimal conditions. The constellation reaches its highest point in the evening sky during , corresponding to spring in the , when it culminates near midnight local time for mid-southern observers. At this time, Microscopium stands prominently in the southern , offering the best opportunity for extended viewing before it descends toward the western horizon by late evening. For locations around 35°S, such as the , the average stars peak well above 80° altitude, providing clear lines of sight away from atmospheric distortion near the horizon. Optimal viewing requires dark skies far from urban light pollution, as Microscopium's stars are generally faint, often necessitating to resolve its subtler features against the backdrop. To locate it, start from the brighter stars of neighboring Grus to the southwest or the prominent asterism of Sagittarius to the east, tracing southward into the dimmer region between them during clear, moonless nights. Historically, Microscopium was first systematically observed from southern latitudes during Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille's expedition to the from 1751 to 1752, where he cataloged thousands of southern stars under similar dark conditions.

Features

Prominent Stars

The brightest star in Microscopium is Gamma Microscopii (γ Mic), an evolved yellow giant of spectral type G6 III with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.68. Located at a distance of 223 ± 8 light-years ( DR3), it has a surface temperature of approximately 5100 K, a 64 times that of the Sun, and a radius about 10 times solar, indicating it is in the giant branch stage of with an estimated mass of 2.5 solar masses. Other notable stars include Alpha Microscopii (α Mic), an orange giant of spectral type K3 III with magnitude 4.87 at a distance of 270 light-years; Beta Microscopii (β Mic), a white main-sequence star of type A5 V with magnitude 4.89 located 158 light-years away ( DR3); and Delta Microscopii (δ Mic), a with magnitude 5.07 consisting of an evolved K-type giant primary and a companion, orbiting with a period of 4.4 years and eccentricity of 0.2. Among the variable stars, RY Microscopii is a Mira-type long-period variable with a pulsation period of approximately 198 days and a showing an amplitude exceeding 4 magnitudes in V-band (ranging from about 9.7 to 13.8), characterized by deep minima and asymmetric rises typical of ; recent observations through 2020 confirm its behavior with possible period variations. Microscopium contains a total of 43 stars brighter than magnitude 6.5. The top five brightest stars, by Bayer designation and apparent magnitude, are Gamma (4.68), Epsilon (4.71), Theta¹ (4.82), Alpha (4.90), and Iota (5.11); their proper motions from Gaia DR3 data are as follows:
StarProper Motion RA (mas/yr)Proper Motion Dec (mas/yr)
γ Microscopii-12.100-13.131
ε Microscopii+54.36-23.29
θ¹ Microscopii-28.50+12.30
α Microscopii15.057-23.524
ι Microscopii-45.20-18.70

Deep-Sky Objects

Microscopium hosts a variety of faint deep-sky objects, including galaxies and emission-line structures, but contains no Messier catalog entries, making it a challenging target for amateur astronomers. Most objects in the constellation have apparent magnitudes exceeding 11, necessitating telescopes with apertures of at least 8 inches under for effective observation. One prominent is NGC 6925, a spiral emission-line with an apparent visual magnitude of 11.3, located approximately 114 million light-years away. Classified morphologically as type SAbc with a Hubble class of 3.7, it exhibits spiral arms and is visible as a small, edge-on lens-shaped structure in larger telescopes. imagery has revealed detailed structural features, including dust lanes and star-forming regions. IC 5101 is a faint emission-line galaxy, often noted for its nebular-like appearance due to ionized gas emissions, with an apparent B magnitude of 14.0. It lies at a distance of about 240 million light-years, based on its of 5140 km/s. Discovered in the late and cataloged in the Index Catalogue, its spectroscopic properties include prominent emission lines indicative of active , observed through optical spectra showing z ≈ 0.017. The constellation features several notable exoplanet systems orbiting stars within its boundaries. The AU Microscopii system centers on a young M1 Ve star approximately 32 light-years away, hosting a and two transiting Neptune-sized planets discovered via NASA's (TESS). AU Mic b, detected in 2020, has an of 8.46 days, semi-major axis of 0.065 AU, and radius of about 4 radii, with an equilibrium temperature of 600 K rendering it inhospitable for liquid water. AU Mic c, confirmed in 2022, orbits every 18.86 days at 0.111 AU with a radius of 2.5 radii and temperature of 459 K; dynamical simulations suggest potential challenges due to high eccentricity evolution and stellar activity, though its outer position offers marginally better prospects for future assessments. WASP-7 b is a orbiting a G8 V star, detected through the transit method in 2008 as part of the survey. With a of 0.96 masses and of 4.95 days at 0.062 AU, it exhibits atmospheric features probed by transmission spectroscopy, including detection, confirming its classification as a typical inflated with dayside temperatures exceeding 1500 K. On larger scales, the Microscopium Void represents one of the largest underdense regions in the nearby universe, spanning approximately 200 million light-years across and characterized by a scarcity of galaxies in its core. Mapped as part of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, it exemplifies the cosmic web's void structures, with its boundaries defined by surrounding filaments and contributing to studies of large-scale cosmic evolution. The Microscopium Supercluster forms a filamentary overdensity of galaxy clusters, primarily comprising Abell 3695 and 3696, with possible extensions to Abell 3693 and 3705. First identified in the early 1990s through cluster catalogs, it extends over roughly 100 Mpc, serving as a key example of hierarchical structure formation in the southern sky.

Meteor Showers

The Microscopium constellation is home to the minor Microscopids meteor shower, which is active from late June to mid-July. The radiant lies at right ascension 21h 00m and declination −33°, positioned near the star Beta Microscopii. This shower exhibits low intensity, with a zenithal hourly rate (ZHR) of approximately 2–5 meteors per hour under ideal conditions, and meteors enter Earth's atmosphere at a relatively slow velocity of about 25 km/s. The parent body is believed to be a long-period comet, though none has been definitively identified; viewing is optimal from the southern hemisphere due to the radiant's southern location. Historical observations of the Microscopids were first noted in the , with limited data collected owing to the shower's weak activity; no significant outbursts have been documented as of 2025. Optimal occurs post-midnight in from dark-sky locations south of the equator, where the radiant rises higher and light pollution is minimal.

History

Creation and

The constellation Microscopium was created by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope from 1750 to 1754, as part of his effort to map the southern skies and introduce 14 new constellations representing scientific instruments. Lacaille arrived at the Cape on April 19, 1751, after departing France on November 20, 1750, aboard the ship Le Glorieux, under the auspices of the Académie des Sciences. This expedition addressed the significant gap in detailed astronomical surveys of the southern hemisphere, where prior maps, such as Edmond Halley's 1678 catalog from the same location, were limited in scope and accuracy. Initial observations of Microscopium occurred between 1751 and 1752, with Lacaille surveying the region using a six-foot zenith sector telescope to determine star positions through meridian transits, a method essential for precision given the absence of comprehensive prior charts. The constellation was delineated to represent an early compound microscope, comprising a tube atop a square base, drawing from contemporary scientific tools to fill gaps in the southern celestial atlas. These meridian-based observations were critical in overcoming the challenges of the era, including rudimentary instrumentation and the need to establish reliable positional data without northern hemisphere references for cross-verification. Lacaille first cataloged Microscopium in his 1756 publication as "le Microscope," including positional data for its boundaries and principal stars, as part of a broader effort that yielded approximately 10,000 southern star positions. This initial listing marked the constellation's formal introduction, though its faint stars—mostly below fourth magnitude—posed difficulties in distinguishing its pattern during early surveys. The expedition's success in cataloging such a vast number of stars laid the groundwork for modern southern astronomy, despite logistical hurdles like constructing an observatory from local materials and enduring harsh conditions at the .

Naming and Recognition

The constellation was initially designated "le Microscope" by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in his 1756 , honoring the as a of scientific advancement during the Enlightenment era. This French name reflected Lacaille's emphasis on modern instruments rather than , distinguishing it from ancient constellations. The name was Latinized to Microscopium in the posthumous 1763 edition of his catalog, Coelum Australe Stelliferum. The three-letter abbreviation "Mic" was formally adopted by the (IAU) in 1922 as part of its standardization of constellation identifiers for global use in astronomy. A symbolic representation of a has been used in astronomical charts, with a proposal for its inclusion in (provisionally as U+2E2E) submitted in 2024 to facilitate digital astronomical notation. Microscopium appeared in Johann Elert Bode's influential Uranographia star atlas of 1801, where it was depicted with a slide carrier to evoke microscopic specimens, aiding its dissemination among European astronomers. In 1930, the IAU officially delimited the boundaries of all 88 modern constellations, including Microscopium, based on lines of right ascension and declination proposed by Eugène Delporte; this placed Microscopium as the 66th largest by area, spanning 210 square degrees. As one of Lacaille's southern inventions, it lacks any ties to ancient mythology, instead embodying the era's scientific ethos. Up to 2025, Microscopium has featured in educational resources on astronomical history and instrumentation, such as outreach materials from observatories, to illustrate the evolution of constellation naming.

References

  1. https://noirlab.edu/public/education/constellations/microscopium/
  2. https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/microscopium-constellation/
  3. https://www.go-astronomy.com/constellations.php?Name=Microscopium
  4. https://iauarchive.eso.org/static/public/constellations/txt/mic.txt
  5. https://astropixels.com/constellations/charts/Mic.html
  6. https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/1036AS67IH81/
  7. https://www.deepskyphotography.co.uk/microscopium.html
  8. https://www.seasky.org/constellations/constellation-microscopium.html
  9. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lacaille/
  10. https://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/gammamic.html
  11. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2015/03/aa25221-14/aa25221-14.html
  12. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Gamma+Microscopii
  13. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Alpha+Microscopii
  14. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Beta+Microscopii
  15. https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Delta_Microscopii
  16. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Delta+Microscopii
  17. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992ApJS...79..105J
  18. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=RY+Microscopii
  19. https://theskylive.com/sky/constellations/microscopium-bright-stars
  20. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dr3
  21. https://theskylive.com/sky/constellations/microscopium-deepsky-objects
  22. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+6925
  23. https://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ic51.htm
  24. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.582..497P/abstract
  25. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021A&A...649A.177M/abstract
  26. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ac366b
  27. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2022/12/aa43955-22/aa43955-22.html
  28. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994ASPC...67...21F
  29. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...520..491B/abstract
  30. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4475&context=etd
  31. https://theplanets.org/constellations/microscopium-constellation/
  32. https://www.astronomytrek.com/constellations/microscopium/
  33. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2009/EPSC2009-747.pdf
  34. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1899MmRAS..53..203D
  35. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolas-Louis-de-Lacaille
  36. http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/microscopium.html
  37. https://academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/43/2/2.25/281196
  38. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24235-constellation-symbols.pdf
  39. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Microscopium_Bode.jpg
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