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Pyxis
Constellation
Pyxis
List of stars in Pyxis
AbbreviationPyx
GenitivePyxidis
Pronunciation/ˈpɪksɪs/, genitive /ˈpɪksɪdɪs/
SymbolismThe compass box
Right ascension9h
Declination−30°
QuadrantSQ2
Area221 sq. deg. (65th)
Main stars3
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		10
Stars brighter than 3.00m0
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)1
Brightest starα Pyx (3.68m)
Nearest starGliese 318
Messier objects0
Bordering
constellations		Hydra
Puppis
Vela
Antlia
Visible at latitudes between +50° and −90°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of March.

Pyxis[a] is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky. Abbreviated from Pyxis Nautica, its name is Latin for a mariner's compass (contrasting with Circinus, which represents a draftsman's compasses). Pyxis was introduced by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century, and is counted among the 88 modern constellations.

The plane of the Milky Way passes through Pyxis. A faint constellation, its three brightest stars—Alpha, Beta and Gamma Pyxidis—are in a rough line. At magnitude 3.68, Alpha is the constellation's brightest star. It is a blue-white star approximately 880 light-years (270 parsecs) distant and around 22,000 times as luminous as the Sun.

Pyxis is located close to the stars that formed the old constellation Argo Navis, the ship of Jason and the Argonauts. Parts of Argo Navis were the Carina (the keel or hull), the Puppis (the stern), and the Vela (the sails). These eventually became their own constellations. In the 19th century, John Herschel suggested renaming Pyxis to Malus (meaning the mast) but the suggestion was not followed.

T Pyxidis, located about 4 degrees northeast of Alpha Pyxidis, is a recurrent nova that has flared up to magnitude 7 every few decades. Also, three star systems in Pyxis have confirmed exoplanets. The Pyxis globular cluster is situated about 130,000 light-years away in the galactic halo. This region was not thought to contain globular clusters. The possibility has been raised that this object might have escaped from the Large Magellanic Cloud.[3]

History

[edit]
Pyxis is positioned just south of the star Alphard in the constellation Hydra midway between Virgo and Cancer. Although it is completely visible from latitudes south of 53 degrees north, its best evening-sky visibility is during February and March in the southern hemisphere.

In ancient Chinese astronomy, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Pyxidis formed part of Tianmiao, a celestial temple honouring the ancestors of the emperor, along with stars from neighbouring Antlia.[4]

The French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille first described the constellation in French as la Boussole (the Marine Compass) in 1752,[5][6] after he had observed and catalogued almost 10,000 southern stars during a two-year stay at the Cape of Good Hope. He devised fourteen new constellations in uncharted regions of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere not visible from Europe. All but one honoured instruments that symbolised the Age of Enlightenment.[b] Lacaille Latinised the name to Pixis [sic] Nautica on his 1763 chart.[7] The Ancient Greeks identified the four main stars of Pyxis as the mast of the mythological Jason's ship, Argo Navis.[8]

German astronomer Johann Bode defined the constellation Lochium Funis, the Log and Line—a nautical device once used for measuring speed and distance travelled at sea—around Pyxis in his 1801 star atlas, but the depiction did not survive.[9] In 1844 John Herschel attempted to resurrect the classical configuration of Argo Navis by renaming it Malus the Mast, a suggestion followed by Francis Baily, but Benjamin Gould restored Lacaille's nomenclature.[7] For instance, Alpha Pyxidis is referenced as α Mali in an old catalog of the United States Naval Observatory (star 3766, page 97).[10]

Characteristics

[edit]
The constellation of Pyxis, the compass, as it can be seen by the naked eye

Covering 220.8 square degrees and hence 0.535% of the sky, Pyxis ranks 65th of the 88 modern constellations by area.[11] Its position in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 52°N.[11][c] It is most visible in the evening sky in February and March.[12] A small constellation, it is bordered by Hydra to the north, Puppis to the west, Vela to the south, and Antlia to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Pyx".[13] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of eight sides (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 8h 27.7m and 9h 27.6m , while the declination coordinates are between −17.41° and −37.29°.[14]

Features

[edit]

Stars

[edit]
See also: List of stars in Pyxis
A 19th century coloured engraving of a group of constellations in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere in this plate from Urania's Mirror (1824).
Pyxis can be seen overlying the mast of Argo Navis

Lacaille gave Bayer designations to ten stars now named Alpha to Lambda Pyxidis, skipping the Greek letters iota and kappa. Although a nautical element, the constellation was not an integral part of the old Argo Navis and hence did not share in the original Bayer designations of that constellation, which were split between Carina, Vela and Puppis.[7] Pyxis is a faint constellation, its three brightest stars—Alpha, Beta and Gamma Pyxidis—forming a rough line.[15] Overall, there are 41 stars within the constellation's borders with apparent magnitudes brighter than or equal to 6.5.[d][11]

With an apparent magnitude of 3.68, Alpha Pyxidis is the brightest star in the constellation.[17] Located 880 ± 30 light-years distant from Earth,[18] it is a blue-white giant star of spectral type B1.5III that is around 22,000 times as luminous as the Sun and has 9.4 ± 0.7 times its diameter. It began life with a mass 12.1 ± 0.6 times that of the Sun, almost 15 million years ago.[19] Its light is dimmed by 30% due to interstellar dust, so would have a brighter magnitude of 3.31 if not for this.[17] The second brightest star at magnitude 3.97 is Beta Pyxidis, a yellow bright giant or supergiant of spectral type G7Ib-II that is around 435 times as luminous as the Sun,[20] lying 420 ± 10 light-years distant away from Earth.[18] It has a companion star of magnitude 12.5 separated by 9 arcseconds.[21] Gamma Pyxidis is a star of magnitude 4.02 that lies 207 ± 2 light-years distant.[18] It is an orange giant of spectral type K3III that has cooled and swollen to 3.7 times the diameter of the Sun after exhausting its core hydrogen.[22]

Kappa Pyxidis was catalogued but not given a Bayer designation by Lacaille, but Gould felt the star was bright enough to warrant a letter.[7] Kappa has a magnitude of 4.62 and is 560 ± 50 light-years distant.[18] An orange giant of spectral type K4/K5III,[23] Kappa has a luminosity approximately 965 times that of the Sun.[20] It is separated by 2.1 arcseconds from a magnitude 10 star.[24] Theta Pyxidis is a red giant of spectral type M1III and semi-regular variable with two measured periods of 13 and 98.3 days, and an average magnitude of 4.71,[25] and is 500 ± 30 light-years distant from Earth.[18] It has expanded to approximately 54 times the diameter of the Sun.[22]

An image of a central white object surrounded by white and pale blue markers signifying material in a shell-like pattern around it
Hubble Space Telescope picture of T Pyxidis, showing ejected material from past eruptions

Located around 4 degrees northeast of Alpha is T Pyxidis,[26] a binary star system composed of a white dwarf with around 0.8 times the Sun's mass and a red dwarf that orbit each other every 1.8 hours. This system is located around 15,500 light-years away from Earth.[27] A recurrent nova, it has brightened to the 7th magnitude in the years 1890, 1902, 1920, 1944, 1966 and 2011 from a baseline of around 14th magnitude. These outbursts are thought to be due to the white dwarf accreting material from its companion and ejecting periodically.[28]

TY Pyxidis is an eclipsing binary star whose apparent magnitude ranges from 6.85 to 7.5 over 3.2 days.[29] The two components are both of spectral type G5IV with a diameter 2.2 times,[30] and mass 1.2 times that of the Sun, and revolve around each other every 3.2 days.[31] The system is classified as a RS Canum Venaticorum variable, a binary system with prominent starspot activity,[29] and lies 184 ± 5 light-years away.[18] The system emits X-rays, and analysing the emission curve over time led researchers to conclude that there was a loop of material arcing between the two stars.[32] RZ Pyxidis is another eclipsing binary system, made up of two young stars less than 200,000 years old. Both are hot blue-white stars of spectral type B7V and are around 2.5 times the size of the Sun. One is around five times as luminous as the Sun and the other around four times as luminous.[33] The system is classified as a Beta Lyrae variable, the apparent magnitude varying from 8.83 to 9.72 over 0.66 days.[34] XX Pyxidis is one of the more-studied members of a class of stars known as Delta Scuti variables[35]—short period (six hours at most) pulsating stars that have been used as standard candles and as subjects to study astroseismology.[36] Astronomers made more sense of its pulsations when it became clear that it is also a binary star system. The main star is a white main sequence star of spectral type A4V that is around 1.85 ± 0.05 times as massive as the Sun. Its companion is most likely a red dwarf of spectral type M3V, around 0.3 times as massive as the Sun. The two are very close—possibly only 3 times the diameter of the Sun between them—and orbit each other every 1.15 days. The brighter star is deformed into an egg shape.[35]

AK Pyxidis is a red giant of spectral type M5III and semi-regular variable that varies between magnitudes 6.09 and 6.51.[37] Its pulsations take place over multiple periods simultaneously of 55.5, 57.9, 86.7, 162.9 and 232.6 days.[25] UZ Pyxidis is another semi-regular variable red giant, this time a carbon star, that is around 3560 times as luminous as the Sun with a surface temperature of 3482 K, located 2116 light-years away from Earth.[20] It varies between magnitudes 6.99 and 7.83 over 159 days.[38] VY Pyxidis is a BL Herculis variable (type II Cepheid), ranging between apparent magnitudes 7.13 and 7.40 over a period of 1.24 days.[39] Located around 650 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 45 times that of the Sun.[20]

The closest star to Earth in the constellation is Gliese 318, a white dwarf of spectral class DA5 and magnitude 11.85.[40] Its distance has been calculated to be 26 light-years,[41] or 28.7 ± 0.5 light-years distant from Earth. It has around 45% of the Sun's mass, yet only 0.15% of its luminosity.[42] WISEPC J083641.12-185947.2 is a brown dwarf of spectral type T8p located around 72 light-years from Earth. Discovered by infrared astronomy in 2011, it has a magnitude of 18.79.[43]

Planetary systems

[edit]

Pyxis is home to three stars with confirmed planetary systems—all discovered by Doppler spectroscopy. A hot Jupiter, HD 73256 b, that orbits HD 73256 every 2.55 days, was discovered using the CORALIE spectrograph in 2003. The host star is a yellow star of spectral type G9V that has 69% of our Sun's luminosity, 89% of its diameter and 105% of its mass. Around 119 light-years away, it shines with an apparent magnitude of 8.08 and is around a billion years old.[44] HD 73267 b was discovered with the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) in 2008. It orbits HD 73267 every 1260 days, a 7 billion-year-old star of spectral type G5V that is around 89% as massive as the Sun.[45] A red dwarf of spectral type M2.5V that has around 42% the Sun's mass, Gliese 317 is orbited by two gas giant planets. Around 50 light-years distant from Earth, it is a good candidate for future searches for more terrestrial rocky planets.[46]

Deep sky objects

[edit]
A coloured oval cloud of material against a dark background
The planetary nebula NGC 2818, imaged by the Hubble telescope

Pyxis lies in the plane of the Milky Way, although part of the eastern edge is dark, with material obscuring our galaxy arm there. NGC 2818 is a planetary nebula that lies within a dim open cluster of magnitude 8.2.[47] NGC 2818A is an open cluster that lies on line of sight with it.[48] K 1-2 is a planetary nebula whose central star is a spectroscopic binary composed of two stars in close orbit with jets emanating from the system. The surface temperature of one component has been estimated at as high as 85,000 K.[49] NGC 2627 is an open cluster of magnitude 8.4 that is visible in binoculars.[48]

Discovered in 1995,[3] the Pyxis globular cluster is a 13.3 ± 1.3 billion year-old globular cluster situated around 130,000 light-years distant from Earth and around 133,000 light-years distant from the centre of the Milky Way—a region not previously thought to contain globular clusters.[50] Located in the galactic halo, it was noted to lie on the same plane as the Large Magellanic Cloud and the possibility has been raised that it might be an escaped object from that galaxy.[3]

NGC 2613 is a spiral galaxy of magnitude 10.5 which appears spindle-shaped as it is almost edge-on to observers on Earth.[51] Henize 2-10 is a dwarf galaxy which lies 30 million light-years away. It has a black hole of around a million solar masses at its centre. Known as a starburst galaxy due to very high rates of star formation, it has a bluish colour due to the huge numbers of young stars within it.[52]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Pyxis

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Pyxis is a small and faint constellation in the , representing a mariner's used for . Introduced by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille during his 1751–1752 survey of the southern skies from the , it was originally named Pixis Nautica before being shortened to Pyxis in Latin. The constellation honors the Age of Enlightenment's emphasis on scientific exploration and cartography, lacking any ancient mythological associations as one of the 14 modern constellations created by Lacaille. Pyxis occupies 221 square degrees of the sky, ranking as the 65th largest among the 88 officially recognized constellations by the . It lies in the second quadrant of the (SQ2), with approximate central coordinates of 9 hours and -30° , making it best visible from latitudes between +50° and -90° during evenings. Bordered by the constellations , Hydra, , and Vela, Pyxis was once part of the ancient but was separated during 19th-century revisions to reduce the size of oversized constellations. Its stars are relatively dim, with none exceeding fourth magnitude, rendering it inconspicuous to the under light-polluted conditions and requiring or for appreciation. The brightest star in Pyxis is Alpha Pyxidis, a of spectral type B1.5III with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.68, located approximately 880 light-years from . This variable star, classified as a Beta Cephei type, exhibits pulsations that cause slight brightness fluctuations. Other notable stars include Beta Pyxidis (magnitude 4.03, an orange giant) and Gamma Pyxidis (magnitude 4.01, an orange giant star), but the constellation hosts few bright objects overall. Deep-sky highlights include the NGC 2818 visible with small telescopes under dark skies.

History

Origin

Pyxis originated as a modern constellation during the Enlightenment-era efforts to map the southern celestial hemisphere, reflecting the period's emphasis on systematic scientific observation over mythological traditions. French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille introduced it as one of 14 new constellations while conducting an extensive survey of southern stars from the between 1751 and 1752. This expedition, sponsored by the , aimed to catalog approximately 10,000 stars invisible from northern latitudes, filling a critical gap in astronomical knowledge. Unlike ancient constellations rooted in Greek or indigenous lore, Pyxis has no such mythological or cultural associations, underscoring its purely instrumental origin in 18th-century astronomy. De Lacaille designated the constellation Pyxis Nautica, Latin for "mariner's ," drawing from stars previously considered part of the ancient to represent navigational equipment on the mythical ship. He first depicted it on a published in 1756 under the la Boussole (the ), which was later Latinized to align with classical nomenclature conventions. This creation complemented the subdivision of the unwieldy into smaller, thematically related constellations like (stern) and Carina (keel), promoting clearer celestial charting for southern observers. The formal documentation of Pyxis appeared posthumously in de Lacaille's seminal work Coelum Australe Stelliferum, published in 1763, which detailed his observations and included engravings of the new constellations. De Lacaille, who died in 1762 from overwork-related illness, left a legacy of precision that influenced subsequent astronomical catalogs, though Pyxis itself remains a modest, scientifically motivated addition without the grandeur of older stellar figures.

Naming and Recognition

The name Pyxis derives from the Latin term for a mariner's , originally introduced by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille as Pyxis Nautica in his 1763 celestial atlas to represent a nautical instrument. This full designation was shortened to simply Pyxis in subsequent astronomical usage during the for brevity and standardization, as proposed in various catalogs while retaining its association with tools. In 1922, the (IAU) formally recognized Pyxis as one of the 88 modern constellations during its inaugural in , establishing a standardized list covering the entire . The IAU also approved the three-letter "Pyx" for Pyxis at this time, facilitating consistent notation in astronomical literature. Boundaries for all constellations, including Pyxis, were precisely defined by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte and officially adopted by the IAU in 1928, with publication in 1930. The genitive form of Pyxis is Pyxidis, which is employed in standard for stars within the constellation, such as in Bayer designations (e.g., Alpha Pyxidis). The system was introduced by in 1603 and extended by Lacaille, who assigned Greek letters to the brighter stars of Pyxis during his survey. These systems append Greek letters or numerical identifiers to the to catalog stars unambiguously.

Characteristics

Location and Visibility

Pyxis is positioned near the in the , spanning values around 9 hours and declinations from approximately -20° to -40°, which allows it to be visible from latitudes between +50° and -90° on . This proximity to the equator enables observation from both hemispheres, though it appears low on the northern horizon and is more prominently placed for southern observers. The constellation borders to the north, Vela to the south, to the east, and Hydra to the west. For observers in the , Pyxis reaches its highest point in the evening sky during and , when it culminates south of the and remains visible for several hours after sunset in southerly locations. In the , the constellation is observable year-round, particularly south of 40°S where it remains above the horizon throughout the night for much of the year, though its optimal viewing occurs from late summer to autumn ( to ). Pyxis is inherently faint, with no stars brighter than magnitude 3.68 (Alpha Pyxidis), making it challenging to spot without . significantly hinders visibility, as urban glow obscures its dim stars even on clear nights; observers are advised to seek remote sites for better contrast against the background .

Extent and Boundaries

The boundaries of the constellation Pyxis were defined by the (IAU) in 1930, following the delineations proposed by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte, who drew them along lines of constant and for the epoch of 1875.0. These boundaries encompass a region in the southern celestial sky with ranging from 08ʰ 26ᵐ 43ˢ to 09ʰ 27ᵐ 37ˢ and from −37° 17′ 31″ to −17° 24′ 41″ (J2000.0 ). Pyxis occupies an area of 221 square degrees, positioning it as the 65th largest among the 88 officially recognized constellations. The constellation's position intersects the plane of the . This geometric definition distinguishes Pyxis as a compact southern constellation, best observed from latitudes south of 50° N.

Features

Stars

Pyxis contains a modest number of notable stars, with its three brightest—, and Gamma Pyxidis—aligning roughly in a straight line that outlines the constellation's form. These stars, designated using the system introduced by in 1603, are visible to the from the and provide the primary asterism for Pyxis. Additional stars bear Flamsteed designations from John Flamsteed's 1725 catalog, such as 27 Pyxidis for Gamma Pyxidis, though names predominate for brighter members. Alpha Pyxidis, the brightest star in the constellation at an apparent visual magnitude of 3.68, is a blue-white giant of spectral type B1.5III located approximately 850 light-years away. With a surface of about 22,900 K and a luminosity roughly 18,000 times that of the Sun, it exhibits characteristics of a possible Beta Cephei variable, showing multi-periodic pulsations, though confirmation remains tentative. Its mass is estimated at 11 solar masses, and it is dimmed by about 30% due to interstellar dust in the line of sight. Beta Pyxidis ranks as the second-brightest at magnitude 3.95 and is a comprising a yellow giant primary of spectral type G5II/III, situated about 385 light-years distant. The primary has a around 100 times solar and a radius about 15 times larger than the Sun's, with the companion contributing to the combined light; the system's is not well-constrained but indicates a visual double. data show it approaching the Solar System at 13 km/s. Gamma Pyxidis, at magnitude 4.01, completes the trio as an orange giant of spectral type K2.5III, lying roughly 210 light-years away and classified as a star on the of its evolutionary path. It is also a , with the primary having a of about 50 times the Sun and significant of -133 mas/yr in , indicating high velocity relative to nearby stars. Among variable stars, T Pyxidis stands out as a recurrent nova in a cataclysmic , consisting of a Sun-like star and a companion, located about 11,400 light-years (3.5 kpc) distant. In quiescence, it maintains a visual magnitude near 15.5, but it has undergone eruptions reaching magnitude 6.3, with the most recent in 2011 following previous outbursts in 1890, 1902, 1920, 1944, 1966, and 1967; models predict potential future events due to mass accumulation on the . Fainter notable stars include Lambda Pyxidis, a yellow giant of type G8.5III at magnitude 4.68 and about 191 light-years away, with a 49 times solar and underabundance of iron relative to the Sun. Other systems, such as potential multiples like Mu Pyxidis, contribute to the constellation's but remain less studied due to their dimness.

Planetary Systems

Pyxis hosts a few confirmed exoplanetary systems. The most notable is HD 77338 b, a hot Uranus-mass (approximately 16 masses) orbiting the super metal-rich K0V star HD 77338 every 5.7 days at 0.06 AU. Discovered in 2012 via , the system lies about 434 light-years away. Another recent addition is TOI-6695 b, a (0.21 masses, 0.85 Jupiter radii) with an 80-day orbit, detected by TESS in 2024.

Deep-Sky Objects

Pyxis hosts several notable deep-sky objects, primarily faint nebulae, open clusters, and distant galaxies that require telescopic observation for detailed viewing due to their low and the constellation's position near the plane, where interstellar dust can obscure fainter features. The NGC 2818 stands out as a particularly striking example, situated approximately 10,400 light-years from in Pyxis. With an apparent visual magnitude of 10.4, it appears as a small, glowing shell surrounding a hot central star, the remnant core of a Sun-like progenitor that expelled its outer layers during its phase. This nebula exhibits a complex bipolar structure with prominent lobes extending from the central region, formed by asymmetric mass ejection, and is uniquely nested within the open cluster NGC 2818A, with which it is physically associated at similar distances. Its intricate shell and filamentary details are best resolved with medium-sized telescopes under , revealing the dynamic evolution of late-stage stellar death. Another significant object is the NGC 2627, located about 6,500 light-years away and visible at an integrated magnitude of 8.4, making it one of the brighter clusters in Pyxis. Spanning roughly 9 to 12 arcminutes across the sky, it contains dozens of member , primarily of 11th to 13th magnitude, arranged in a loosely concentrated, irregularly shaped group that resembles a flattened X in larger telescopes. Recent data analyses identify over 400 probable members, including evolved indicative of an intermediate age around 100 million years, highlighting its role in studying galactic disk populations. Observers often note its detachment from the surrounding star field, though it requires at least or a small for resolution beyond a hazy patch. The NGC 2613, classified as SBc type, represents Pyxis's most prominent extragalactic feature, lying approximately 60 million light-years distant with an of 10.9. Viewed nearly edge-on, its elongated bar and spiral arms give it a distinctive, streamlined appearance reminiscent of the , earning it the nickname "Silverado Galaxy" for its silvery, dust-laced disk in long-exposure images. This massive system, with a dynamic mass exceeding 10^11 solar masses, hosts an active nucleus obscured by gas and dust, and is accompanied by a smaller companion galaxy that influences its structure. Telescopes of 8-inch or larger reveal its barred core and faint extensions, providing a glimpse into evolution in the local . Among fainter objects, the Ruprecht 46 offers a challenging target for advanced observers, appearing as a sparse grouping of low-mass stars near the Pyxis-Puppis border, though its cluster nature has been debated in some studies as potentially a field star enhancement rather than a bound . Additionally, dimmer galaxies such as those in the NGC 2613 group populate the region, requiring large apertures for detection due to their low magnitudes around 13 or fainter. The Pyxis globular cluster (Pyxis 1), a faint halo globular cluster with 15.7, lies approximately 130,000 light-years away and requires large telescopes for observation. Overall, Pyxis's deep-sky catalog emphasizes quality over quantity, with these objects best appreciated through dedicated amateur setups emphasizing contrast and minimization.

References

  1. https://noirlab.edu/public/education/constellations/pyxis/
  2. http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/pyxis.html
  3. https://www.go-astronomy.com/constellations.php?Name=Pyxis
  4. http://www.seasky.org/constellations/constellation-pyxis.html
  5. http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/alphapyx.html
  6. https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pyxis-constellation/
  7. https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/nestled-within/
  8. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lacaille/
  9. https://www.space.com/19919-southern-night-sky-constellations-lacaille.html
  10. http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lacaille.html
  11. https://iauarchive.eso.org/public/themes/constellations/
  12. http://www.ianridpath.com/iaulist1.html
  13. https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/constellation-names-and-abbreviations/
  14. https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/uo79Ly54Ou16/
  15. https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/
  16. https://www.deepskycorner.ch/con/pyxis.en.php
  17. https://theplanets.org/constellations/pyxis-constellation/
  18. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alpha+Pyxidis
  19. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Beta+Pyxidis
  20. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Gamma+Pyxidis
  21. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=T+Pyxidis
  22. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/06/aa48875-23/aa48875-23.html
  23. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Lambda+Pyxidis
  24. https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/TOI-6695
  25. https://science.nasa.gov/asset/hubble/compass-and-scale-image-of-ngc-2818/
  26. https://esahubble.org/images/ann0901a/
  27. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/751/2/116
  28. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2025/04/aa53031-24/aa53031-24.html
  29. https://in-the-sky.org/data/object.php?id=NGC2627
  30. https://www.deepskycorner.ch/obj/ngc2627.en.php
  31. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ad5a96
  32. https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso-2613/
  33. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MNRAS.276..563C/abstract
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