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Paris Eugene Singer (20 February 1867 – 24 June 1932) was an early resident of Palm Beach, Florida. Singer was an American real estate developer and philanthropist and he was noted as being a "man of luxury".[1]: 18 

Key Information

Personal life

[edit]

He was 22nd of the 24 children of inventor and industrialist Isaac Singer of Singer Sewing Machine Company fame, from whom he inherited money; and the fourth child of Isabella Eugénie Boyer's six.[citation needed]

Born in Paris, Singer was raised at Oldway Mansion in Paignton, Devon, England, and educated at Newton Abbot Proprietary College alongside fellow students Arthur Quiller-Couch, Percy Harrison Fawcett and Bertram Fletcher Robinson.[2] In 1885 he matriculated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, but like his elder brother Mortimer left without taking a degree.[3]

Singer married Australian-born Cecilia Henrietta Augusta ("Lillie") Graham (1867–1951), who bore him five children.[4]: 153  He had a tempestuous romance with famous dancer Isadora Duncan, whose career he helped, and with whom he had another son, Patrick (born 1910, drowned 1913). Singer Island, Florida, is named for him.

The Palm Beach projects

[edit]

In 1917 Singer met the future Palm Beach architect Addison Mizner; they became "inseparable."[4]: 157  It was through Singer's influence that Mizner arrived in Palm Beach on January 5, 1918, in part for his health; he was Singer's house guest (at 123 Peruvian Avenue).[5]: xix–xx [4]: 155  Mizner's first Florida project was transforming Singer's unimpressive "villa" into the Chinese Villa, in which Singer lived until the Everglades Club was completed in 1919.[4]: 156 

Mizner said of Singer in 1917:

[He was] the cause of my existence for the next ten years. He was the finest-looking man I ever saw; six feet, three or four, straight as a die, with a fine figure. At this time, he was fifty and looked forty.

He wrote later:

Paris was a strange, silent man, who loved to look on but hard to talk to unless you got him on his own subjects. At this time it was hospital work.[5]: xix 

Singer had built a string of hospitals in England and France "for the war-wounded" (in the First World War). At the urging of Lady Randolph Churchill, he donated the use of his house at Oldway in Paignton to be used by the American Women's War Relief Fund as a military hospital.[6][7] Deciding to build one in Palm Beach, after consulting with Mizner, he bought a large parcel of land on which the "Touchstone Convalescent Club"[8] was to be built. He hired Mizner to build it, and Mizner moved to Palm Beach.[4]: 158  Mizner purchased from him the "virtually inoperable pottery factory, 'Las Manos' ['The Hands']".[9]

Paris Singer was the president of the Everglades Club, as the convalescent home soon became (the war had ended), and lived there in an apartment constructed for him.[4]: 160  He planned on what became Singer Island a hotel, the Blue Heron, designed by Mizner, to be the most luxurious ever built, as part of a large new resort.[4]: 215  An "aerial ferry" would connect it to the mainland, with 12 cable cars 136 feet above the water,[1]: 45  since West Palm Beach refused to permit a bridge.[8]: 167  It was the largest building Mizner ever designed.[8]: 167  Because of the Florida real estate collapse of 1926 and its effects on Singer, the hotel was not completed. It was known as "Singer's Folly" until razed in 1940.[8]: 167  This also contributed to the end of Singer's close friendship with Mizner, which ended in 1927.[4]: 232 

Financial decline and death

[edit]

The real estate collapse forced the Everglades Club into receivership, as Singer was unable to service the loans for which the club was collateral. He was arrested in April 1928 at the club, on charges of real estate fraud.[4]: 232–233  A judge dismissed the charges three weeks later,[8]: 168  but Singer, having been publicly humiliated, left Palm Beach immediately and never lived there again.[4]: 233 

The stock market crash of 1929 further depleted his funds, and he spent his final years quietly with his wife and former nurse Joan Balsh in his Moorish house (since demolished) in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, France.[4]: 234–235  He died in London.

References

[edit]
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Paris Singer

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Paris Eugene Singer (November 20, 1867 – June 24, 1932) was an Anglo-American heir to the Singer sewing machine fortune, philanthropist, and real estate developer renowned for his pivotal role in shaping early 20th-century , through partnerships with architect and ambitious resort projects on what became . Born in , , as the fourth child and third son of sewing machine inventor Isaac Merritt Singer and his second wife, , was one of approximately 24 siblings in a notoriously large and fractious family. Following his father's death in 1875, which left a vast estate divided among the heirs, inherited substantial wealth, enabling a life of luxury and patronage. Educated at , and in , he trained as an electrical engineer and architect, later naturalizing as a in 1900. In , Singer distinguished himself as an early automotive enthusiast and innovator, adapting a Dawson for motor cars in 1896, becoming the first owner of a Rolls-Royce in 1903, and heading the City and Suburban Electric Carriage Company, where he promoted electric vehicles and donated to the Automobile Club of and . He lavishly remodeled the family estate, in , , into a French Renaissance-style chateau, reflecting his architectural interests and social prominence. From 1909 to 1917, he maintained a significant romantic and financial relationship with American dancer , supporting her career and fathering a son, Patrick, born in 1910, who tragically drowned in 1913 at age three during a family outing. Relocating to in the early , Singer became a key figure in Palm Beach's transformation into an elite resort destination, acquiring vast landholdings including present-day , named in his honor. He collaborated closely with Mizner starting around 1918, co-founding the exclusive in 1919—initially envisioned as a clubhouse but evolving into a social landmark for the wealthy—and commissioning Mediterranean Revival-style buildings that defined the area's aesthetic. Their partnership soured amid financial disputes, notably over the club's management, contributing to the club's 1927 receivership, Singer's arrest in 1928 on dismissed charges, and Mizner's professional decline. Singer's grand vision for included the $4 million Paris Singer Hotel and Blue Heron Hotel projects in the 1920s, featuring a 36-hole golf course, but these were derailed by the 1926 hurricane and 1929 , with the incomplete Blue Heron razed in 1940. Married twice—first to Cecilia Henrietta Augusta Graham in 1887, with whom he had five children before divorcing around 1919, and later to Anne Charlotte Bates—he spent his final years in Europe, dying in at age 64.

Early Life and Background

Birth and Family Origins

Paris Eugene Singer was born on November 20, 1867, in Paris, France, to Isaac Merritt Singer and Isabella Eugénie Boyer. Isaac Merritt Singer, an American inventor and entrepreneur, founded the Singer Sewing Machine Company in 1851, revolutionizing garment production through mass-manufactured sewing machines that made stitching accessible to households worldwide. Isabella Eugénie Boyer, a Frenchwoman born in Paris in 1841, worked as a model before her 1863 marriage to Isaac; she came from a modest background as the daughter of Louis Noël Boyer, an African-born French confectioner, and his English-born wife, Pamela Lockwood. As the third son and fourth child of and Isabella's union, Paris was one of Isaac's 24 acknowledged children across five relationships, a sprawling family that reflected the inventor's tumultuous amid his business empire. Isaac's death on July 23, 1875, at age 63 in , , left an estate valued at approximately $13 million—equivalent to over $350 million in today's terms—derived primarily from the company's global success. Paris, then just seven years old, inherited a substantial portion of this fortune as one of the six surviving children from his parents' , granting him early and the resources to pursue interests without economic constraints. This inheritance positioned him within the privileged Singer dynasty, where family wealth funded lavish estates and international lifestyles. His early childhood unfolded across , divided between , where he was born amid his father's business expansions, and , following the family's relocation to in 1865 to escape potential unrest in and oversee Singer operations. These moves reflected Isaac's strategy to safeguard his family and assets during geopolitical tensions, including the , while maintaining proximity to the company's markets.

Education and Early Influences

Paris Singer, the third son of the wealthy sewing machine magnate Isaac Merritt Singer, pursued his higher education at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University, where he enrolled in 1885 to study arts and architecture. Influenced by his family's European roots and resources, he also received training in France, honing his technical skills in engineering and design. Although he departed Cambridge without earning a degree around 1887, this period laid the groundwork for his lifelong fascination with architectural aesthetics and luxurious interiors. Leveraging the vast wealth inherited from his father, Singer embarked on extensive travels throughout in his youth, immersing himself in the continent's cultural landmarks and opulent environments from to . These journeys, facilitated by the Singer family's prominent residences and social standing, deepened his appreciation for fine design and historical grandeur, shaping his vision for future endeavors. Through familial ties to elite circles in and Parisian high society, he gained early exposure to , observing the Singer foundation's charitable initiatives and networking with influential figures in arts and humanitarian efforts. Singer's formative years also nurtured personal passions for and antique collecting, evident in his early acquisitions of period furnishings and that reflected European elegance. These interests, cultivated amid his privileged upbringing and continental explorations, would later define his approach to creating lavish, historically inspired spaces.

Personal Life

Marriage and Family

Paris Eugene Singer married Cecilia Henrietta Augusta Graham, known as "Lillie," on 24 October 1887 in , , . Born in 1866 to William Henry Graham and Emma Christina McKail, Lillie was an Australian socialite whose family had ties to colonial society. The union connected Singer to a network of international elites, enhancing his own position within transatlantic high society. The couple had five children: Herbert Montrose Singer, born 22 June 1888 in , , ; Cecil Mortimer Singer, born 16 July 1889 in , ; Etheleen Winnaretta Singer, born 16 December 1890 in ; Paris Graham Singer, born 1 October 1892 in Staines, ; and George Farquhar Singer, born in 1894. The family primarily resided at in , , a lavish estate originally built by Singer's father, Isaac Merritt Singer, and extensively remodeled under Paris's direction to evoke the Palace of Versailles. Supported by Paris's substantial inheritance from the Singer sewing machine fortune, they maintained a transatlantic lifestyle, with the family based in while Paris frequently traveled to the for business and social engagements. Lillie played a prominent role in the family's social life, hosting elaborate events at , including theatrical tableau vivants and balls that drew prominent figures from European aristocracy and circles. Her activities in social hosting complemented Paris's passions for , , and , fostering an environment that blended opulence with cultural . The couple's family dynamics reflected their privileged status, though tensions arose from Paris's growing absences and interests abroad. The marriage ended in separation around 1912, when Paris began an open relationship with Joan Bates (also known as Anne Charlotte Bates), with whom he lived in , and Palm Beach. This led to divorce proceedings, finalized on December 11, 1918. Paris remarried Joan Bates shortly thereafter. Lillie retained the Singer name and attended his funeral in 1932.

Relationship with Isadora Duncan

Paris Singer met in in early 1909 following one of her performances at the Théâtre de la Gaieté-Lyrique, where he expressed admiration for her innovative approach to dance and offered immediate financial assistance for her educational endeavors. Their connection deepened rapidly through shared passions for the arts, as a form of expression, and progressive ideas in , with Singer—despite his prior to Lillie Graham—becoming Duncan's devoted companion and patron. Duncan later affectionately referred to him as "" in her writings, reflecting the romantic and idealistic bond they formed amid the vibrant cultural scene of pre-war . From 1910, Singer provided substantial financial backing for Duncan's ambitious school project near , initially funding retreats and facilities that allowed her and her pupils to develop new works, and later acquiring the Bellevue hotel to establish a dedicated focused on holistic artistic training. Their relationship culminated in the birth of their son, Patrick , on May 1, 1910, in , , an event that filled Duncan with joy and reinforced their vision for a utopian blending art, , and . Inspired by these ideals, the couple envisioned a self-sustaining artistic haven, including a theater at Bellevue where children could thrive in an environment of creative freedom and classical inspiration, with Singer committing resources to realize this dream. Tragedy struck on April 19, 1913, when three-year-old Patrick drowned in the River near during a family outing; the car's had left the unattended with the engine running, causing it to roll into the water, claiming the lives of Patrick, Duncan's daughter from a previous relationship, and their . The loss devastated both parents, prompting Duncan to attempt by throwing herself into the shortly after and later documenting her profound grief in her My Life, where she described the unbearable void and her twelve years of ensuing tears. Singer, equally shattered, withdrew from the utopian project and their intimate partnership, marking a pivotal personal rupture for him as he retreated from the emotional turmoil, though he provided limited ongoing financial aid to Duncan in the years that followed.

Real Estate Career

Initial Developments

After his education at , and training as an electrical engineer and in , Paris Singer entered the real estate profession in the , drawing on the immense family fortune amassed through the Singer Manufacturing Company's empire to finance property investments across and . His background in directly informed his approach to development, emphasizing aesthetic and functional enhancements to existing estates. Singer's initial real estate projects centered on leveraging inherited properties for luxurious transformations, most notably the renovation of the family estate, , in , , , beginning around 1904. He oversaw its conversion into an opulent residence inspired by the Palace of Versailles, incorporating European design elements such as grand formal gardens designed by French landscape architect Achille Duchêne, intricate antique furnishings, and lavish interiors that blended French neoclassical motifs with traditions. This project exemplified his early experiments with villa renovations, prioritizing scale, ornamentation, and integration of historical European styles to create elite residential spaces. Concurrently, his philanthropic efforts emerged, including financial support for cultural and educational initiatives in , such as contributions to the Automobile Club of and , where he funded the rent for their headquarters at 119 and sponsored key publications like the club's Blue Book. These activities helped establish his social networks within circles, including connections to royalty through engineering commissions like the electrical installation at King Edward VII's Sandringham estate, laying the groundwork for broader collaborations in property and patronage.

Palm Beach Collaborations

Paris Singer first visited , in 1917, establishing himself as an early resident by renting a known as the Chinese Villa on Peruvian Avenue overlooking the ocean. That same year, he purchased land on what would later become , envisioning it as an extension of Palm Beach's luxury developments. In early 1918, Singer invited his friend, architect , to Palm Beach, marking the beginning of a pivotal collaboration that introduced Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival styles to the region's . Their partnership emphasized opulent designs adapted to Florida's subtropical climate, featuring walls, red-tiled roofs, arched loggias, and lush courtyards inspired by historic European precedents. Under Mizner's guidance, Singer transformed his rented Chinese Villa that year into a more elaborate residence, incorporating imported Asian artifacts such as ornate screens, lacquered furniture, and pagoda-style elements, complemented by manicured gardens with exotic plantings and water features. This project showcased Singer's eclectic tastes and set the stage for larger ventures blending global influences with local innovation. Singer's most enduring Palm Beach collaboration with Mizner was the founding of the Everglades Club in 1919, where he served as the inaugural president. Originally conceived in 1918 as a convalescent home for World War I veterans—dubbed the Touchstone Convalescents' Club—the project evolved into an exclusive private social club due to wartime material restrictions, opening to Palm Beach's elite in February 1919. Financed primarily by Singer, the club's Mediterranean Revival design included a Spanish mission-style church facade, a prominent bell tower, medieval-inspired street elevations, expansive ballrooms, serene cloisters, and open patios adorned with custom hand-painted tiles produced by Mizner Industries. Singer personally contributed antiques from his European collection, including wrought-iron gates and tapestries, enhancing the interiors' old-world ambiance; the club quickly became a social hub for the area's affluent residents, with additions like tennis courts, a yacht basin, and an initial nine-hole golf course (later expanded). By 1925, Singer and Mizner announced plans for the Blue Heron Hotel on , intended as a grand luxury to anchor the area's development. Singer's broader vision for the island included the more luxurious Paris Singer Hotel at the south end and the Blue Heron at the north end, connected by a 36-hole golf course, with the overall project estimated at $4 million. Situated on the island's north end amid pristine dunes and overlooking the , the seven-story Blue Heron structure was designed in Mizner's signature style, featuring terracotta roofs, arched colonnades, and expansive verandas to capture ocean breezes, with amenities planned to include private villas, a casino, and waterfront gardens. The hotel's service wing was partially completed, but construction halted amid the emerging economic downturn, leaving the project as an unbuilt vision of Singer's ambitious empire.

Financial Challenges and Death

The Real Estate Collapse

The Florida real estate boom of the 1920s, fueled by rampant speculation and easy credit, collapsed dramatically between 1925 and 1926, exacerbated by a Category 4 hurricane on September 18, 1926, that struck with sustained winds of 131 mph, destroying thousands of homes and killing 372 people. Overvaluation and investor panic led to widespread contract cancellations and a sharp decline in demand, triggering bank failures and bankruptcies across the state, including three in Palm Beach County by early 1927. This economic downturn severely impacted Paris Singer's ambitious developments in Palm Beach, where over-leveraged projects could no longer secure financing. Singer's flagship project, the , which he had founded and served as president, entered in 1927 after he failed to service mounting debts collateralized against the property. Despite his central role in its creation and operations, Singer lost control of the club amid the , marking a profound personal and professional reversal. The collapse similarly derailed Singer's Blue Heron Hotel project on what became , a grand resort envisioned in collaboration with architect ; construction halted in 1926 due to funding shortages triggered by the hurricane, leaving the structure abandoned and incomplete. The stock market further exacerbated the financial woes. The unfinished shell stood as a symbol of the bust for 14 years until its demolition in 1940. Legal repercussions compounded Singer's woes when he was arrested in April 1928 at the on fraud charges related to the club's finances. The charges were dismissed three weeks later, but the public inflicted lasting reputational damage. In the aftermath, Singer sold his personal Palm Beach properties at significant losses, effectively concluding his era of in as the bust eroded his fortune.

Final Years and Passing

Following the collapse of his ambitious real estate projects in and the dismissal of fraud charges against him in , Paris Singer left Palm Beach permanently. He relocated to on the , accompanied by his second wife, Anne Charlotte "Joan" Bates, a former nurse whom he had married around 1927-1928. This move marked a return to , where Singer had spent the majority of his life across , the , and , allowing him to withdraw from the public eye amid the financial and social fallout from his American ventures. In the late 1920s, Singer maintained a low-profile existence in , dividing his time between and while focusing on personal recovery from the stresses of his failed developments. Though he had long been a patron of the arts—most notably supporting dancer earlier in his life—his involvement in such activities diminished during this period, limited to private interests. By 1932, he had established residence in , where advancing age and accumulated strain began to affect his health; he sought consultation from a heart specialist in the months leading up to his death. Paris Eugene Singer died suddenly of heart failure on June 24, 1932, at the age of 64, while staying in a London hotel. His remains were interred in the Singer family vault at Torquay Cemetery in Devon, England. The settlement of his estate, valued at approximately £200,000, involved the division of remaining assets among his family, with his will specifying that the Paignton Urban District Council be given first refusal to purchase Oldway Mansion and its grounds in Paignton, a property he had inherited and extensively remodeled earlier in life. The proceedings drew minimal public notice, consistent with the diminished profile of his later years following earlier controversies.

Legacy

Enduring Projects

The , founded by Paris Singer in collaboration with architect , has endured as one of Palm Beach's most prestigious social institutions since its opening in 1919. Originally conceived as a convalescent hospital for veterans to circumvent building restrictions, it was repurposed into a private club after the , spanning 90 acres with an 18-hole and facilities including a dining room, ballroom, and . Despite financial in the early following the real estate bust, the club was reorganized under new ownership and has remained operational continuously, maintaining a membership of around 1,000 and serving as a venue for elite social events among families like the Vanderbilts and Pulitzers. Elements of Singer's Chinese Villa, his early Palm Beach residence transformed by Mizner in 1918 into an eclectic structure blending Spanish and Asian motifs, have influenced subsequent local through preserved design features like ornate tile work and layouts. Although Singer departed the property by 1920, its stylistic diversity—featuring wrought-iron details and facades—contributed to the varied aesthetic palette that shaped Palm Beach's residential developments in the and beyond. The unbuilt Blue Heron Hotel, envisioned by Singer as a grand 36-hole on Singer Island's north end with plans drawn by Mizner in the mid-1920s, left a conceptual legacy documented in local historical records and planning archives, inspiring later coastal designs despite its abandonment half-complete in 1929. Its skeletal remains stood until in 1940, but the project's scale underscored ambitious visions that informed post-war zoning and development guidelines for barrier islands in Palm Beach County. Following Singer's death in 1932, his extensive land acquisitions on what became in the 1920s evolved into a thriving residential and resort community, with key infrastructure like the 1949 replacement bridge and 1976 Blue Heron Bridge enabling suburban growth. By the , the area saw the rise of condominiums, marinas, and hotels such as the Inlet Court (later Marriott’s Ocean Pointe Resort), transforming the once-wild into a destination with a of approximately 30,500 as of 2023. Singer's funding of Mizner's projects played a pivotal role in popularizing the Mediterranean Revival style across , exemplified by enduring structures like the Everglades Club's Spanish mission-inspired facade with tile roofs, arches, and parapets, which set precedents for stucco-walled estates and public buildings in Palm Beach and Boca Raton throughout the . This influence extended to later commissions, such as the nearby Casa Mizner complex, where similar wrought-iron balconies and courtyard geometries persist in preserved historic districts.

Recognition and Influence

In the 1920s, the barrier island off the coast of , where he had owned extensive property and pursued development projects, was named in his honor. This naming reflected his significant contributions to the region's early 20th-century growth, and the designation became widely recognized in local and geographic records during the 1930s. In Palm Beach historical lore, Singer is celebrated as a pioneering developer who helped transform the area from a seasonal retreat into a sophisticated destination. Local histories portray him as a key figure in introducing luxurious social and architectural standards, often collaborating with influential architects to elevate the community's prestige. He features prominently in biographies of , his longtime associate, where their partnership is credited with defining Palm Beach's Mediterranean Revival aesthetic and social exclusivity during the land boom. Scholarly assessments position Singer as a bridge between the Gilded Age's elite estates and the Jazz Age's speculative fervor, emphasizing his role in scaling up development through ambitious, high-society ventures in . While praised for fostering cultural and architectural innovation, some analyses critique his aggressive investment approach as emblematic of the era's overleveraged boom, which prioritized rapid expansion over sustainable planning. Singer's legacy extends to inspiring the Singer family's ongoing tradition of philanthropy and arts patronage, with his own support for influencing subsequent generations in funding cultural initiatives. Modern echoes include the Fondation Singer-Polignac, which continues to promote and from the family's endowment. In , his contributions are commemorated through mentions in historical societies, such as the Palm Beach County Historical Society's archives on the land boom era, though as of 2025, no dedicated physical markers at former project sites have been installed.

References

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