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Presidential call button
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four objects on the Resolute desk including the Presidential call button
The Presidential call button on the Resolute desk alongside the HMS Gannet pen holder, a "Hard things are hard" plaque given to President Obama by David Axelrod, and a Petoskey stone given to Obama by Pete Souza's wife for his 50th birthday.[1][2]

An approximately 9 by 3 in (20 by 8 cm) wooden box housing a call button is present on the Oval Office desk in the Oval Office of the White House. This call button, also referred to as a valet button, is used to call aides to the President for various reasons. The modern version of the call button has been present since at least the George W. Bush presidency. Earlier versions of presidential call bells and buzzers have existed since the early 1800s.

History

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Past call buttons and buzzers

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External image
image icon The Working White House: Electric Call-button Box A c.1930 White House electric call button

Before the mid 1800s, a series of call bells was installed in the White House and used as a form of staff communication. This system was followed by a battery operated device, used by the President, that could be used to call on staff. The White House was wired for electricity in 1891 allowing for simple wired call-buttons.[3]

An 1881 letter written by White House disbursing agent William H. Crook refers to an electric bell attached to president James Garfield's desk.[4]

Betty C. Monkman notes in The White House: Its Historic Furnishings & First Families that the Treaty table, also known as the Grant Cabinet table, has the remains of a call button system still attached to it, but does not state when this system was used.[5]

In the 1889 Publication Historic Homes in Washington; its noted men and women by Mary S. Lockwood a story is told about Benjamin Harrison's grandson pushing a call button on the President's desk. She wrote:

Did not little Benjamin, when alone one day in his grandfather's office, climb to his table, and by a touch here and there with his baby hand, set the whole force of secretaries, clerks and messengers on a chase to do his majesty's bidding?[6][7]

Lyndon Johnson had a series of buttons, or keys, to summon different drinks to the Oval Office, Cabinet Room, and "Little Lounge" (a room just next to the Oval Office). In the Oval Office the keys were on the table behind the president's desk. The four keys were for coffee, tea, Coca-Cola and Fresca; when pressed, a butler would fulfill the president's drink request.[8]

During Johnson's presidency he was known for having extramarital affairs, with what Robert Dallek in his book Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times called a harem of women.[9] Ronald Kessler in his book Inside the Whitehouse describes multiple sexual encounters between Johnson and his secretaries in the Oval Office including one where his wife, Ladybird Johnson, walked in on Johnson and a secretary in the midst of having sex, leading to the installation of a buzzer system to warn him if Ladybird was on her way.[10]

Several presidents had buttons or switches installed in their desk in the Oval Office to start recording devices attached to microphones in the room. This includes Dwight Eisenhower,[11] John F. Kennedy[12] and Richard Nixon.[13]

Modern call button

[edit]
Barack Obama pointign at the call button on the Resolute desk while four children look on.
Barack Obama pointing out the call button to Washington, D.C. area students.

The modern call button sits in an approximately 9 by 3 in (20 by 8 cm) wooden box marked with a golden presidential seal[14][15] and has been on the Resolute desk since at least the George W. Bush presidency.[16] According to Richard Branson, President Obama repurposed it to order tea for his White House guests.[17]

During Donald Trump's presidencies, when the button was pressed, a signal summoned a valet who brought a Diet Coke on a silver platter.[18] At one time in Trump's first term, Walt Nauta had this job.[19] In his first term, Trump reportedly also used the button to request lunch, and to pull a "recurring bit" on new visitors to the White House.[14][20][21] In 2017, Trump stated to one reporter that "everyone thinks it is [the nuclear button]"[22] and that people "get a little nervous when I press that button."[16] Trump further conflated this button with the nuclear button with a tweet in January 2018:

Rachel Plotnick notes in her book Power Button that the "sexual one-upmanship" in this tweet was quickly undercut by news outlets noting the only button on Trump's desk "summons the White House steward with a Coca-Cola (really)."[24]

In the first few days of Joe Biden's presidency, it was reported that he had the button removed;[25][26] however, it appeared to return a few weeks later when a White House official told Politico that the button was back on the desk with an unspecified purpose.[16][27] James Corden has said that Joe Biden had an "ice cream button" on his desk.[28] The button reportedly remained for the rest of Biden's term. Following Trump's second inauguration, The Wall Street Journal reported that the button was repurposed to again order Diet Coke.[18]

  • George W. Bush at the Resolute desk during 9/11, with the call button on the desk, to his left
    George W. Bush at the Resolute desk during 9/11, with the call button on the desk, to his left
  • The call button in a wooden box next to Donald Trump's telephone on the Resolute desk in March 2017
    The call button in a wooden box next to Donald Trump's telephone on the Resolute desk in March 2017
  • The button on the desk, during early months of Joe Biden's presidency, in 2021
    The button on the desk, during early months of Joe Biden's presidency, in 2021
  • Button visible during Trump's 2nd presidency on 25 February 2025
    Button visible during Trump's 2nd presidency on 25 February 2025

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Presidential call button

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The presidential call button is a compact wooden box, approximately 9 by 3 inches, bearing the presidential seal and housing a red push-button mechanism, affixed to the in the Oval Office of the to enable the president to summon aides, personnel, or other staff for prompt assistance with routine or urgent needs. Its core function supports executive efficiency by providing a direct, low-tech signaling device independent of systems, facilitating requests such as document delivery, refreshments, or immediate consultations without interrupting ongoing secure communications. The device's lineage traces to the White House's earliest staff communication systems, which began with manual call bells and progressed to battery-operated electric summons in the mid-19th century, before the installation of building-wide electricity enabled wired call-button boxes around for reliable presidential alerts. This evolution reflects practical adaptations to technological advancements, prioritizing causal reliability in summoning personnel over more complex alternatives, with the modern iteration—standardized since at least the administration—also appearing on adjacent side tables and in the Oval Office dining area for extended accessibility. Despite its mundane utility, the button has occasionally fueled misconceptions, such as unfounded associations with nuclear command authority, which stem from humorous pranks or media rather than empirical design intent; in reality, nuclear protocols rely on separate, highly secured absent any desktop push-button shortcut. Presidents across administrations have employed it for prosaic tasks underscoring its role in daily operations, though source accounts of specific uses warrant scrutiny given institutional tendencies toward narrative embellishment over verifiable detail.

Functionality and Design

Purpose and Mechanism

The presidential call button, located on the in the Oval Office, enables the President to summon staff for immediate assistance. Its primary purpose is to facilitate quick requests for aides, ushers, or butlers to attend to needs such as delivering refreshments, documents, or other items without the President needing to use a or leave the desk. This function supports efficient executive workflow by providing direct access to support personnel coordinated through the White House Usher's Office. Mechanically, the device consists of a small housing an electric , typically red, measuring approximately 9 by 3 inches. When pressed, it activates an electrical circuit that signals a or bell in the Usher's Office or adjacent areas, alerting the Chief Usher or designated staff to respond promptly to the Oval Office. The system, a modernization of earlier call bells dating to the , relies on wired connections within the infrastructure for reliable, low-tech operation, ensuring functionality independent of broader communication networks. This setup allows for discreet and rapid service, with the usher dispatching appropriate personnel based on the context of the request.

Technical Specifications and Variations

The presidential call button functions as a basic electrical push-button switch designed to alert staff when activated. Housed in a small wooden enclosure affixed with the presidential seal and positioned on the , pressing the button completes a circuit that triggers a visual or audible signal—typically a light or buzzer—in adjacent areas such as the Oval Office anteroom or valet quarters, prompting immediate response from aides or . This low-tech wired system prioritizes reliability over complexity, ensuring discreet and rapid summoning without reliance on voice or digital interfaces. The modern iteration, featuring a button within the enclosure, has been standard since the administration in 2001, allowing for repositioning on the desk to suit presidential preferences. During Trump's first term from 2017 to 2021, the device gained attention for its use in requesting deliveries via the summoned butler, with the setup reinstalled upon his return to office in January 2025. While the core mechanism remains unchanged across recent administrations, informal adaptations in usage—such as specific item requests—highlight its flexibility, though no structural modifications to the signaling system have been publicly documented.

Historical Development

Pre-Electric Era Systems

In the early years of the Executive Mansion, presidents relied on mechanical call bell systems to summon household staff, consisting of cords or pulls connected by wires and pulleys to bells located in or kitchens. These systems, common in affluent 19th-century American homes, enabled discreet signaling without requiring the president to leave their workspace or raise their voice, facilitating efficient management of daily operations amid limited formal staffing. A series of such call bells was installed in the prior to the mid-1800s, serving as the initial dedicated communication method for staff coordination. By the late antebellum period, architects had reinstalled an advanced tubed-wire variant, encasing wires in protective tubing to reduce friction and noise, which was operational during Abraham Lincoln's (1861–1865). Contemporary accounts from Lincoln's administration reference these bells, underscoring their role in alerting aides or domestics to immediate needs, such as delivering documents or refreshments. These manual mechanisms varied in complexity; simpler setups used single-pull bells for general alerts, while more elaborate ones incorporated multiple cords tied to distinct bell tones or locations to specify the required service or room. Though effective for their era, the systems demanded physical maintenance—wires could tangle or break—and relied on staff attentiveness in designated areas, limitations that persisted until the adoption of battery-powered or wired electric alternatives in the latter 19th century. No evidence indicates presidential use of alternative pre-electric devices like speaking tubes for routine staff summons during this period, as bells remained the primary tool for such purposes.

Introduction of Electric Buttons

The installation of electricity in the during President Benjamin Harrison's administration in 1891 enabled the development of wired electric call-button systems, transitioning from earlier mechanical call bells and levers that relied on manual pulls or springs. These pre-electric mechanisms, in use since the mid-19th century, connected presidential workspaces to servants' areas but were prone to mechanical failure and limited range. The new electric infrastructure allowed for more precise and instantaneous signaling via simple push buttons, initially integrated into desk-mounted or wall fixtures to summon aides, butlers, or secretaries without physical exertion. By the early 20th century, coinciding with the creation of the Oval Office in 1909 under President , electric call buttons became standard features in executive spaces, leveraging the White House's growing for reliable staff notification. A representative example is the battery-operated electric call-button box, dated circa 1930, which housed compact push mechanisms designed specifically for presidential use to alert domestic staff efficiently during meetings or private work. This device, typically wooden and measuring several inches, improved upon wired systems by offering portability and reduced dependence on central power, reflecting practical adaptations to the demands of a modernized . The adoption of electric buttons enhanced operational efficiency in the , reducing response times for routine requests such as refreshments or documents, though initial implementations were basic compared to later intercoms or telephones. Harrison's reluctance to directly engage with —having aides operate switches due to safety fears—did not hinder the broader rollout, as engineers and staff familiarized the household with these innovations. Over the subsequent decades, variations in button design and placement proliferated, setting the stage for the desk-integrated call systems seen in mid-20th-century Offices.

Post-World War II Modernization

The Truman administration's reconstruction of the , initiated in 1948 and completed in 1952, represented a pivotal post- overhaul of the executive residence's infrastructure, driven by discoveries of severe structural decay including sagging floors and crumbling interior supports. This project entailed a near-total gutting of the building's interior while preserving the exterior walls, enabling the installation of contemporary , HVAC systems, and communication conduits throughout, including in the Oval Office. Such upgrades ensured the reliability of existing electric call-button mechanisms, which had evolved from 19th-century bells to battery-operated boxes by , by integrating them into a robust, code-compliant electrical framework capable of handling heightened post-war operational demands. These enhancements aligned with broader mid-20th-century advancements in building electrification, minimizing downtime from outdated or faulty summons systems amid expanded presidential duties during the early . The call button on the Oval Office desk—typically a compact wooden or boxed device connected to alert staff via buzzers or lights in adjacent areas—continued to function primarily for requesting aides, beverages, or documents, without documented shifts to more complex intercoms at this stage. Reliability improvements stemmed from the renovation's emphasis on steel framing and modern conduits, which reduced interference and supported consistent performance, as evidenced by the absence of reported failures in executive operations during the ensuing Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. By the , the system retained its simple push-button design but operated within a modernized environment that facilitated seamless staff coordination, underscoring a pragmatic evolution toward efficiency rather than radical redesign. This period marked the transition from pre-war ad-hoc wiring to standardized setups, prioritizing durability for high-stakes spaces.

Usage by U.S. Presidents

Early and Mid-20th Century Presidents

The electrification of the in 1891 enabled the installation of simple electric call-button boxes, allowing presidents to summon staff members more efficiently than with prior mechanical bell systems. These battery-operated devices signaled the originating room to attendants, marking a key advancement in internal communication infrastructure used throughout the , including during the early era beginning with in 1909. Presidents from Taft through relied on these systems alongside emerging telephones—Hoover installed the first phone on March 27, 1929—to request aides for routine tasks, document handling, or urgent needs, though specific desk-integrated buttons in are sparsely documented prior to . , constrained by poliomyelitis since 1921, likely utilized such call mechanisms extensively for mobility-limited operations in the redesigned under his administration in 1934, integrating them with expanded staffing to support initiatives and wartime preparations. Postwar, became the first to position the in the Oval Office upon its return from in 1945, where electric call systems continued to facilitate aide summons amid reconstruction efforts and the onset of the . , using the same desk from 1953 to 1961, employed call-button infrastructure to coordinate military and policy staff, reflecting mid-century modernization but predating the more publicized valet-style buttons associated with later administrations. Overall, these tools emphasized practical efficiency over frivolity, enabling presidents to maintain workflow in an era of growing executive demands without detailed public records of individual button presses.

Late 20th Century and Beyond

During 's presidency from 2009 to 2017, the call button on the was employed to request refreshments, including tea, as observed by visitors like . In April 2010, showcased the valet button to a group of -area students during an tour, explaining its function in summoning aides. Under from 2001 to 2009 and earlier late 20th-century presidents like (1993–2001), (1981–1989), and (1989–1993), the button served its standard role in alerting the usher for assistance or deliveries, though specific personal uses were not publicly highlighted in contemporary reports. The button drew widespread attention during Donald Trump's first term (2017–2021), where it was pressed to request , prompting a steward to deliver a can along with 11 others stored in a locked drawer for . Housed in a wooden box approximately 9 by 3 inches with a seal, it remained positioned near the desk's phones. Trump reinstalled this button in the Oval Office upon returning in January 2025, reaffirming its association with orders. Joseph Biden, serving from 2021 to 2025, initially relocated the button from its prominent desk position upon entering office but later restored it for general summons of the usher, distinct from Trump's beverage-specific routine. This reflects the button's core utility as a tool for efficient presidential workflow rather than a customized fixture.

Donald Trump's Usage

![Resolute Desk during a cabinet meeting in the Oval Office on March 13, 2017]float-right During his first presidency from January 2017 to January 2021, frequently used the presidential call button on the to summon staff, particularly to deliver cans of . The red button, housed in a wooden box approximately the size of a tissue package and positioned near the desk's telephones, alerted butlers or aides to attend promptly. Trump reportedly pressed the button up to 12 times per day, aligning with his stated daily consumption of 12 Diet Cokes. Staff instructions ensured that activation of the button resulted in the delivery of a chilled can of on a silver , often accompanied by a and if requested. This usage personalized the traditional call system, which historically served to request general assistance rather than a specific item. A from a , 2017, cabinet meeting captured the button visible next to Trump's on the desk. Upon Trump's return to the presidency in January 2025, the button was reinstalled on the , as confirmed by observations following his inauguration. This reinstatement maintained continuity with his prior practices, with JD Vance later recounting personal experiences involving the button's function. The button's presence underscored Trump's consistent reliance on it for efficient access to his preferred beverage amid a demanding schedule.

Public Reception and Controversies

Media Portrayals and Public Fascination

Media coverage of the presidential call button has often focused on presidential interactions with the device during public or semi-public moments. On February 5, 2010, President showcased the button—referred to as the valet button—to Washington, D.C.-area students featured in , explaining its function to summon aides, as documented in official photographs released to . This educational portrayal emphasized the button's practical role in daily operations rather than dramatic significance. The button received widespread attention during Donald Trump's first term, particularly for its use in ordering , which Trump reportedly consumed at a rate of up to 12 cans per day. Outlets like described the red button on the as a tool for summoning White House staff to deliver the beverage on silver trays, framing it as a symbol of personal convenience amid critiques of excess. Trump later demonstrated the button publicly, such as in a 2018 interview with , where pressing it prompted a delivery, amplifying its visibility in conservative media. Public fascination with the button stems partly from misconceptions linking it to nuclear launch authority, fueled by its red color and placement. In January 2018, following Trump's tweet challenging North Korean leader Kim Jong-un's claim of possessing a "nuclear button," and clarified that the desk's red button serves only to call a valet for refreshments, not to authorize strikes, countering public assumptions of a simplistic "big red button" for . This confusion persisted in anecdotes, such as JD Vance recounting in June 2025 his early-term alarm when Trump pressed the button during a meeting, mistaking it for a nuclear trigger until reassured. Upon Trump's inauguration in January 2025, multiple outlets reported the button's reinstallation on the specifically to facilitate requests, reigniting discussions of its role in presidential routine and sparking social media commentary on continuity in executive habits. Such portrayals, varying from bemused to critical in mainstream sources, underscore the button's transformation into a cultural touchstone for accessibility, often detached from its utilitarian purpose of expediting staff summons.

Criticisms of Perceived Frivolity

Some observers have critiqued the presidential call button as emblematic of executive excess, arguing that its function to summon staff for routine needs underscores a detachment from ordinary American life and evokes monarchical privileges rather than democratic restraint. This perception gained traction during Trump's first term, when reports emerged of the button being used to request Diet Cokes, prompting commentary that such conveniences highlighted the perks of unchecked power amid broader fiscal debates. For instance, media analyses described the practice as a "symbol of excess," contrasting the button's summons of beverages with public concerns over and , though defenders noted its longstanding role in facilitating presidential duties without implying waste. Critics, often from left-leaning outlets prone to amplifying narratives of entitlement, further portrayed the button's routine use as fostering laziness or imperial habits, with late-night hosts like lampooning it as indicative of personal indulgence over substantive governance. These views, while anecdotal and amplified by partisan media, reflect a broader toward amenities, yet of tangible frivolity remains limited, as the button primarily supports workflow in a high-stakes environment where time constraints demand rapid assistance. No peer-reviewed studies quantify its "frivolity," and historical precedents under presidents like —who pioneered its electric iteration—faced no similar widespread rebuke, suggesting criticisms may stem more from contemporary than inherent inefficiency.

Defenses Emphasizing Practical Utility

Supporters argue that the enhances in the Oval Office by allowing the president to summon valets instantaneously for a variety of support functions, minimizing disruptions to high-priority tasks. Valets perform critical roles as personal assistants, including delivering refreshments, managing documents, and handling logistical needs, which enable the president to maintain focus on executive responsibilities amid a demanding schedule. These duties have historically included assisting with presidential attire, serving meals, and coordinating errands, as exemplified by valets like Irvin McDuffie for , who managed the president's needs during wartime leadership. The button's utility is particularly evident in supporting presidents with physical limitations, where valets provided indispensable aid—such as helping Roosevelt with leg braces or John Moaney assisting with daily routines—ensuring that health and personal requirements did not impede official duties. This immediate access to trusted aides fosters a streamlined in the secure confines of the Oval Office, where alternative communication methods like telephones could introduce delays or security vulnerabilities during sensitive discussions. By facilitating discreet and rapid assistance, the device underscores a pragmatic to the presidency's intense demands, countering perceptions of excess with evidence of its role in sustaining productivity.

Recent Developments and Legacy

Installations in Recent Administrations

The modern presidential call button, a device housed in a on the used to summon staff for assistance such as refreshments, has been standardly installed in the Oval Office since the administration beginning in 2001. This setup persisted through subsequent administrations, with photographic evidence confirming its presence on the desk during official events. In the administration (2009–2017), the call button was visibly installed alongside items like the HMS Gannet pen holder, as shown in a White House photograph from June 10, 2009._(cropped).jpg) demonstrated its function to Washington, D.C.-area students in 2010, explaining it as a button for summoning aides. The device remained a fixture for requesting services, consistent with its utility in prior setups. During Donald Trump's first term (2017–2021), the call button was employed primarily to order , delivered by staff on a silver platter upon activation, distinguishing its use from more general summons in earlier administrations. Upon his return in January 2025, Trump reinstalled the button in its traditional wooden box position on the , resuming its role for personal requests including his preferred beverage. In the Joe Biden administration (2021–2025), the call button continued to be installed on the , appearing in official photographs such as one from July 27, 2021, during a signing event..jpg) Reports indicate Biden used it for items like in promotional contexts, maintaining its practical role without noted modifications to the installation. These consistent placements underscore the button's integration into the Oval Office workflow across administrations, with variations primarily in usage rather than hardware changes.

Impact on Presidential Workflow

The presidential call button, embedded in a wooden box on the , enables the summoning of valets or aides for immediate needs such as beverages, documents, or personal adjustments, integrating support directly into the Oval Office routine. This mechanism reduces the need for phone calls, shouts, or physical movement, allowing presidents to maintain focus during meetings or solitary work without logistical interruptions. By facilitating frequent, on-demand interactions—often multiple times daily—the button supports valets in handling ancillary tasks like refreshments or wardrobe maintenance, thereby preserving the president's attention for core . For example, during Barack Obama's tenure, the portable button was placed adjacent to him in meetings, enabling discreet aide responses. Similarly, valets assisted with mobility aids and with frequent outfit changes (up to four daily for ), ensuring operational continuity amid demanding schedules. In Donald Trump's first term (2017–2021), the button was employed to request , a routine need that exemplified its role in streamlining personal logistics without derailing productivity. Its reinstallation in January 2025 underscores ongoing utility in sustaining workflow momentum, as valets manage such requests to avoid minor disruptions that could compound in high-pressure environments. Overall, this tool enhances causal efficiency in presidential operations by delegating routine errands to trained staff, freeing cognitive resources for policy deliberation and decision-making.

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