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Qishr
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Qishr (Arabic: قشر geshir, gishr, kishr) is a Yemeni traditional hot drink made of spiced coffee husks,[1] ginger,[2] and sometimes cinnamon.[3] In Yemen, it is usually drunk as an alternative to coffee because it doesn't need to be roasted.

History

[edit]
Main article: Coffee § History

Coffee arrived in Yemen from across the Red Sea into the Arabian Peninsula into the region that is now Yemen, where Muslim dervishes began cultivating the shrub in their gardens. At first, Yemenis made wine from the pulp of the fermented coffee berries. This beverage was known as qishr and was used during religious ceremonies.[4]

"Ginger coffee is the universal drink and the cup is always filled, a guest being given two cups at once... Qishr, an infusion made from the husks of coffee berries, is also drunk, particularly in the Tihamat al 'Asir."[5]

Concerning qishr, "Great hospitality was shown to us on entering their houses; we were always pressed to stay, and never allowed to go without taking a cup of coffee or rather an infusion of coffee husk called 'keshr'; for, strange to say, though in the heart of the coffee country, coffee is never taken as a beverage."[6]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]

Grokipedia

Qishr

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Qishr is a traditional Yemeni hot beverage prepared by simmering the dried husks of coffee cherries, known as cascara, often infused with spices such as ginger and cinnamon to create a lightly caffeinated, tea-like drink with a subtly sweet and aromatic flavor.[1][2] This infusion, distinct from coffee made from roasted beans, utilizes a by-product of coffee processing and has been a staple in Yemeni culture for centuries, valued for its warming qualities and mild stimulant effects.[3][4] Originating in Yemen, widely regarded as the birthplace of coffee cultivation around the 15th century, qishr reflects the region's ancient brewing traditions and resourcefulness in using coffee cherry remnants after bean extraction. It gained prominence as an everyday drink, particularly from mid-morning onward, when Yemenis shift from morning tea to this infusion, fostering social gatherings and hospitality rituals.[2][5] In Yemeni society, qishr is typically served in small finjaan cups, sometimes sweetened with sugar or honey, and is associated with communal settings like homes, coffee houses, or during traditional events.[6][1] Preparation involves boiling the sun-dried coffee husks—sourced from Yemeni varieties like those from Haraz or Sana’a regions—for several minutes, with additions of fresh ginger slices for digestive benefits and cinnamon sticks for added warmth, yielding a reddish infusion that is strained and enjoyed hot.[7][8] Variations may include cardamom, cloves, or raisins, adapting to local preferences or availability, while its low acidity and herbal notes make it a gentler alternative to robust coffee.[5][9] Beyond its cultural role, qishr is noted for medicinal properties, acting as an antibacterial and digestive aid due to the natural compounds in the husks and spices.[9][10]

Description

Ingredients

The primary ingredient in qishr is the dried husk, known as cascara, derived from the fruit of Coffea arabica coffee cherries, which serves as a byproduct of traditional coffee processing and imparts a fruity, tea-like flavor to the beverage.[11] These husks consist of the outer skin (exocarp), pulp (mesocarp), mucilage, parchment (endocarp), and a portion of the silver skin, providing the foundational base for the infusion.[11] Essential spices include fresh or dried ginger root, which adds warmth and aids digestion, often grated or sliced for infusion. Cinnamon, in the form of sticks or ground powder, contributes an aromatic sweetness that complements the husks' natural tartness.[12] Optional variations incorporate cardamom pods or cloves to enhance complexity in certain Yemeni recipes.[12] Sweeteners such as sugar, honey, or chopped dates are typically added to balance the spice profile, with sugar being the most common for its quick dissolution during brewing.[13] Coffee husks for qishr are primarily sourced from Yemeni coffee farms in northern regions like Haraz and Sana'a, where they are harvested as organic, unroasted byproducts to preserve their quality for local and export use.[14]

Preparation Methods

The traditional preparation of qishr involves boiling coffee husks with ginger and optional spices to extract their flavors into a hot infusion. To make a standard batch serving 2-3 people, combine 1-2 tablespoons of dried coffee husks, 1-2 teaspoons of sliced or grated fresh ginger (or ½-1 teaspoon ground ginger), and optionally a small piece of cinnamon stick or ¼ teaspoon ground cinnamon in 2-3 cups of water in a pot. Bring the mixture to a boil over medium heat, then reduce to a simmer for 10-15 minutes to allow the husks and spices to infuse fully, stirring occasionally. After simmering, strain the liquid through a fine mesh sieve to remove the solids, and sweeten with sugar or honey to taste while still hot.[13] Qishr is typically served hot in small finjaan cups, which are espresso-sized (about 2-3 ounces), allowing for concentrated sips that highlight its spiced, tea-like profile. In Yemeni custom, it is often offered to guests as a sign of hospitality.[13][15] Variations in technique allow for adjustments in intensity and temperature. For a milder flavor, the mixture can be steeped in a covered pot over low heat for 5-7 minutes after an initial boil, rather than a prolonged simmer, resulting in a subtler ginger infusion. Modern adaptations include iced versions, served over ice for a refreshing take, often with added sweetness to balance the tart notes.[16] Preparation requires minimal equipment, distinguishing qishr from coffee brewing as no grinding or roasting of the husks is necessary. A traditional Yemeni dallah pot or jebena (a long-handled clay or metal vessel) is ideal for even heating and pouring, though any small saucepan or ibrik suffices for home use, followed by straining with a sieve or cloth.[13][17][8]

History

Origins in Yemen

Coffee arrived in Yemen around the 15th century, introduced via trade routes across the Red Sea from Ethiopia, where wild coffee plants originated.[18] Initially, the plants were cultivated in the arid highlands, particularly in monastic settings by Sufi Muslims who recognized the berries' stimulating properties.[19] These early cultivators experimented with the coffee cherry, leading to the development of qishr as a traditional beverage derived from the fruit's husk, predating the widespread roasting and brewing of coffee beans.[20] Qishr originated as an infusion from the dried husks of coffee cherries, used by Sufi practitioners in religious ceremonies to enhance focus and stamina during extended prayers and meditations.[21] This form provided a milder, tea-like alternative to more intense bean-based preparations, leveraging the husk's natural flavors and caffeine content for spiritual stimulation. The term "qishr" derives from the Arabic word meaning "husk" or "shell," directly referencing its primary ingredient, the outer layer of the coffee fruit.[22] Historical records from Yemeni Sufi circles in the 15th century document its use, marking one of the earliest mentions of coffee-derived beverages in the region.[21] By the 16th century, as Yemen emerged as the world's primary coffee exporter through ports like Mocha, qishr evolved into a non-alcoholic hot infusion, aligning with Islamic prohibitions on fermented drinks while capitalizing on the booming trade in coffee cherries.[19] This shift supported domestic consumption of the abundant husks left after bean processing, making qishr an economical staple amid the global demand for Yemeni coffee, which monopolized the market for nearly two centuries.[23]

Evolution and Regional Use

During the 17th to 19th centuries, qishr evolved from its early ceremonial roots as a fermented pulp wine used in religious rituals—primarily in the 15th century— to a more accessible hot infusion prepared from dried coffee cherry husks by the 16th century, reflecting broader shifts in Yemeni coffee consumption under Ottoman administration. Ottoman control over Yemen from 1538 to 1635 facilitated the expansion of coffee exports from ports like al-Mukha, leaving abundant husks as a byproduct that locals repurposed into an affordable daily beverage. This period also saw increased incorporation of warming spices such as ginger, cinnamon, and cardamom, drawn from enhanced trade networks, transforming qishr into a flavorful alternative to full bean coffee for everyday use.[2][24] Qishr gained particular prominence in Yemen's Tihama coastal plain and the mountainous Al-Asir region, where its preparation from readily available husks made it preferable to expensive roasted beans, especially among farmers and lower-income communities. Its affordability and subtle caffeine content positioned it as a practical staple in regions with limited access to imported luxuries. The beverage's influence extended beyond Yemen through historic coffee trade caravans, reaching Ethiopia—where it is known as hashara—and other parts of the Arabian Peninsula by the early 20th century. Traveler accounts from the 1940s highlight how these routes disseminated qishr-making techniques, adapting to local preferences like darker roasts in Ethiopia.[25] In the 20th century, qishr retained its status as a resilient staple amid Yemen's civil unrest, including the conflicts of the 1960s and the ongoing war since 2014, due to its low production costs and use of abundant husks without relying on scarce beans. Even during blockades and economic strain, Yemen exported around 1,200 tonnes of qishr in 2019, valued at approximately USD 2.5 million, underscoring its enduring role as an economical source of mild stimulation for households facing hardship.[26][27]

Cultural Significance

Role in Yemeni Traditions

Qishr holds a central place in Yemeni daily life, where it is commonly enjoyed as a light, spiced infusion providing a mild energizing effect during morning routines or afternoon breaks. In many households, a pot of qishr simmers continuously from early morning through late afternoon, making it a constant presence in living spaces and an integral part of everyday social interactions. This routine consumption underscores its role as an accessible alternative to stronger beverages, aligning with Yemen's longstanding coffee traditions while adapting to local preferences for milder flavors.[28][29] As a symbol of hospitality, qishr is routinely offered to guests upon entering a Yemeni home, embodying warmth, generosity, and cultural welcome. This practice extends to informal visits and social exchanges, where serving qishr fosters connection and reflects Yemen's emphasis on communal bonds rooted in its coffee heritage. Historically, such offerings trace back to ceremonial uses in Yemen since at least the 16th century, when infusions of coffee husks were favored over bean brews for their accessibility.[30][11][31] Qishr also embodies Yemeni resourcefulness, transforming coffee husks—typically a byproduct of bean processing—into a valued beverage that honors the nation's pivotal role in coffee's global history without generating waste.[32][33] During festivals and events such as weddings and religious gatherings, qishr is prominently featured, evoking a sense of shared warmth and unity among participants. In Hadramawt region ceremonies, for instance, it symbolizes vitality and hospitality, reinforcing community ties through its ritualistic serving. These occasions highlight qishr's enduring significance in marking life's milestones and collective celebrations.[5][34]

Social and Ceremonial Practices

In Yemeni culture, qishr plays a central role in hospitality protocols, where it is customarily served to guests as a gesture of welcome and generosity, often in small cups during social visits. Hosts typically offer at least two cups per guest, a practice rooted in historical accounts of Yemeni customs that emphasize the beverage's role in demonstrating respect and abundance. Refusing the offering is considered impolite, akin to broader Arab traditions of accepting shared drinks to affirm communal bonds. The drink is presented using the right hand, aligning with regional etiquette that views the right hand as a symbol of purity and honor in service.[22][15][35] Qishr holds ceremonial significance in Sufi zikr rituals and tribal gatherings, where it serves as a mild stimulant to maintain alertness during extended spiritual recitations or dispute resolutions. In Hadramawt, for instance, it features in Sufi practices and tribal ceremonies as a symbol of vitality and continuity, helping participants endure long sessions of communal reflection or mediation. These contexts underscore qishr's function in fostering endurance and social cohesion without the intensity of full coffee.[15][34] Variations in qishr preparation adapt to occasions, with additions like cinnamon or cardamom enhancing its warmth for formal settings, often paired with dates to complement its spiced profile during weddings or gatherings. In winter assemblies, recipes may incorporate more ginger for added heat and digestive comfort, reflecting seasonal needs in Yemen's highlands.[34][36] Contemporary etiquette shows subtle shifts, as qishr appears in urban Yemeni cafes alongside modern brews, yet the traditional two-cup serving persists in rural areas to uphold authentic hospitality norms. This blend maintains qishr's ceremonial essence amid evolving social spaces.[5][37]

Modern Context

Global Recognition as Cascara

In the 2010s, qishr underwent a significant rebranding internationally, becoming widely known as "cascara," the Spanish term for husk or skin, reflecting its origin as the dried pulp and skin of coffee cherries. This shift was driven by specialty coffee importers and roasters in the United States and Europe, who marketed it as a novel, fruit-forward infusion to appeal to consumers seeking alternatives to traditional coffee or tea.[38][39] The drink's global popularity surged alongside the broader sustainable coffee movement in the post-2000s era, positioning cascara as an eco-friendly byproduct that reduces waste from coffee processing. By the mid-2010s, it appeared on menus in urban cafes across the US and Europe, praised for its vibrant flavors of hibiscus, cherry, and ginger—often reminiscent of its spiced Yemeni preparation—while aligning with trends in low-caffeine, antioxidant-rich beverages. A key milestone came in 2015 with the inaugural Cascara Competition organized by the New Orleans Barista Social Club, which highlighted its potential in the specialty coffee scene and drew attention from industry leaders like the Specialty Coffee Association.[40][41][39] Further regulatory advancements bolstered its international adoption, including the European Union's novel food authorization in 2022, which classified dried coffee husks as safe for consumption and paved the way for commercial sales across member states. By 2020, Switzerland followed suit, explicitly permitting cascara beverages based on EU standards, facilitating broader European market entry. This period also saw increased exports of Yemeni-sourced cascara to diverse global markets, supporting its growth as a sustainable export. In 2024, Nestlé launched an upcycled cascara beverage line in China, emphasizing a 'coffee meets tea' experience and further boosting its commercial appeal.[42][43][44] Yemeni diaspora communities have played a pivotal role in promoting cascara abroad, introducing it to expatriate networks in North America, Europe, and beyond as a link to their cultural heritage. Through home brewing, community events, and advocacy with local roasters, these groups have helped sustain demand and educate consumers on qishr's traditional roots, even amid Yemen's ongoing challenges.[45][46]

Commercial Production and Availability

Commercial production of qishr, known internationally as cascara, involves sourcing dried coffee cherry husks primarily from Yemeni cooperatives and smallholder farmers, where the husks are a byproduct of coffee processing. In Yemen, approximately 90-95% of qishr is sold through cooperatives, with the cherries sun-dried before milling to separate the husks from the beans.[14] Brands such as Al Mokha source from entities like the Haraaz Cooperative in the eastern Haraaz Mountains and the Rayyan Mill in the Hajjah region, packaging the flaked or half-husk qishr in 1 oz or 5 oz bags for export.[47] Similarly, Rihla procures Yemeni husks and packages them in approximately 7 oz portions, often pre-mixed with spices like ginger and cinnamon.[9] In 2019, Yemen exported around 1,200 tonnes of qishr valued at USD 2.5 million, highlighting its growing role in the coffee value chain.[48] The global market for cascara products has expanded significantly, driven by interest in sustainable coffee byproducts and specialty beverages. Available primarily online through platforms like Amazon and specialty retailers such as Al Mokha's website, qishr typically retails for $10-20 per bag, with 7 oz packages of Rihla's blend priced around $15.[10] The overall cascara market is projected to grow from USD 610.3 million in 2024 to USD 1.59 billion by 2034, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10%.[49] Cascara-based drinks are expected to reach USD 1.2 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 10.2%, fueled by demand in North America and Europe.[50] Sustainability is a key selling point for commercial qishr, as it repurposes coffee cherry husks that would otherwise decompose and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions on farms.[51] Producers promote it as a zero-waste solution, enhancing economic value for Yemeni farmers amid challenging conditions. However, Yemen's ongoing conflict disrupts supply chains, exacerbating environmental issues like water scarcity and hindering consistent production and exports.[52][53] Qishr is offered in various forms to suit modern consumers, including loose dried husks for home brewing, pre-spiced blends incorporating ginger and cinnamon as in Rihla's product, and emerging ready-to-drink beverages in select markets.[9][49] These options cater to both traditional infusion methods and convenient, on-the-go consumption.

Nutritional Profile

Composition and Nutrients

Qishr, a traditional Yemeni beverage prepared from dried coffee husks (cascara) combined with ginger and cinnamon, derives its primary nutritional profile from these ingredients, resulting in a low-calorie infusion rich in bioactive compounds. The coffee husks contribute significant antioxidants, including polyphenols such as chlorogenic acids (0.42–0.73 mg/g) and flavonoids, which provide anti-inflammatory and free radical-scavenging properties. Nutrient content can vary by coffee variety and region.[11] Ginger adds gingerols, phenolic compounds known for their anti-inflammatory effects, while cinnamon introduces trace elements like iron (around 0.6 mg per serving of spice).[54][55] In terms of macronutrients, an unsweetened cup of qishr (approximately 240 ml) typically contains 5–15 calories, with minimal protein (less than 1 g) and fat (under 0.5 g), owing to the plant-based, husk-dominant composition. The beverage is notably high in dietary fiber from the coffee husks, contributing 32–38% on a dry weight basis, which supports digestive health without adding substantial caloric density. Trace caffeine is present at 20–30 mg per cup, significantly less than brewed coffee (around 95 mg), primarily from the husks.[13][11][56] Micronutrients in qishr are modest but include vitamin C (from ginger, approximately 5 mg per 100 g fresh root equivalent in infusion) and magnesium (4–12 mg per cup, sourced from both ginger and husks), alongside potential iron contributions from cinnamon. The overall nutrient profile resembles that of an herbal tea, enhanced by coffee-derived flavonoids and chlorogenic acids, which elevate its antioxidant capacity. Studies on cascara-based beverages indicate polyphenol levels exceeding those in green tea, suggesting superior antioxidant potential in assays like DPPH and FRAP.[57][56][11]

Health Benefits and Considerations

Qishr, prepared from dried coffee husks and spiced with ginger and cinnamon, offers several potential health benefits primarily derived from its key ingredients. The inclusion of ginger aids digestion by promoting gastric motility and alleviating symptoms of dyspepsia and nausea, as evidenced by clinical trials showing its prokinetic effects on the gastrointestinal tract.[58] Antioxidants such as polyphenols and chlorogenic acids in the coffee husks may support heart health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, though human studies remain preliminary.[59] With approximately 25-30% of the caffeine content found in brewed coffee—typically 30-110 mg per liter—qishr provides a milder stimulant effect suitable for caffeine-sensitive individuals, potentially enhancing alertness without the associated jitters.[60] As a low-calorie, unsweetened beverage, it serves as a hydrating alternative to sugary drinks, contributing to daily fluid intake without excess calories. Despite these benefits, certain considerations apply to qishr consumption. The husks' dietary fiber content may exert a mild laxative effect, supporting bowel regularity but potentially causing loose stools if overconsumed.[61] Natural compounds like tannins in the coffee husks can lead to stomach upset or digestive discomfort in excess amounts, acting as anti-nutritional factors that inhibit nutrient absorption.[62] In some countries, including the United States, qishr as a coffee husk beverage is not specifically regulated by the FDA as a novel food, though related coffee fruit extracts have been granted GRAS status; consumers should source from reputable producers to ensure quality.[31] Research on qishr's health impacts is limited, with studies on cascara (the global term for coffee cherry husks) indicating anti-oxidative properties from phenolic compounds, but larger clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy and long-term effects.[59] It is generally considered safe in moderation, with recommendations of 1-2 cups daily to avoid potential caffeine accumulation or gastrointestinal irritation. Cinnamon in qishr may enhance blood-thinning effects, increasing anticoagulation risk when combined with medications like warfarin, while ginger's emmenagogue properties warrant caution during pregnancy—consult a healthcare provider, as doses below 1,000 mg daily appear safe but may stimulate uterine activity.[63][64]

References

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  2. Yemen's Well-Traveled Bean - Saudi Aramco World
  3. Yemen Coffee Overview
  4. https://hamdancoffee.com/blogs/the-oldest-coffee-brewing-methods-from-yemen-a-taste-of-history/the-oldest-coffee-brewing-methods-from-yemen-a-taste-of-history
  5. https://octavecoffee.com/blogs/lessons-weve-learned/the-rich-history-of-mocha
  6. What is Qishr? Exploring this Unique Yemeni Spiced Beverage
  7. Qishr - Yemeni Ginger Coffee Recipe - Food.com
  8. Qishr Yemen: Exploring the Warm Spiced Drink from Coffee Cherry ...
  9. https://thecoffeepearls.com/blogs/news/traditional-yemeni-coffee-recipes-you-can-try-at-home
  10. Coffee Husks (Qishr) - Rihla Shop
  11. Amazon.com : Rihla's Premium Yemeni Qishr (Coffee Shells
  12. Safety of dried coffee husk (cascara) from Coffea arabica L. as a ...
  13. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7085
  14. birth customs in zabid (yemen) - jstor
  15. [PDF] Coffee value chain in Yemen - FAO Knowledge Repository
  16. Qishr Recipe: Make Traditional Yemeni Ginger Coffee At Home
  17. Qishr (Yemeni Ginger Tea) - Pomegranates and Zaatar
  18. Qishr Dish | Yemeni - World Food Guide
  19. Qishr Yemeni Ginger Coffee Recipe - SnapCalorie
  20. Qishr - Sweet Maria's Coffee Library
  21. Dearborn, MI - Iced Sheeba - Qamaria Coffee
  22. YEMEN: COFFEE'S FORGOTTEN BEGINNINGS - Tribes of Mokha
  23. Origins: Yemen - Blue Bottle Coffee Lab
  24. The History of Mocha Coffee & Yemeni Coffee Culture
  25. Spread through Yemen and Sufi coffeehouses | Coffee Basics Pro
  26. Qishr: Yemen's Ginger Coffee Alternative
  27. A Review of Coffee By-Products Including Leaf, Flower, Cherry ...
  28. https://oxfordre.com/foodstudies/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780197762530.001.0001/acrefore-9780197762530-e-25
  29. A Different Kind of Coffee - The Atlantic
  30. Assessment Report: Coffee value chain in Yemen - Export potential ...
  31. Revitalizing Yemeni Coffee - Atmos.earth
  32. There's More To Coffee Than Just The Bean. Meet The Coffee Fruit.
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  34. Qishr | Local Herbal Infusion From Yemen - TasteAtlas
  35. [PDF] GRAS Notice 868, Coffee fruit extract - FDA
  36. Yemen - Love 2 Drink Coffee
  37. A Traditional Yemeni Wedding - Zawaj.com
  38. (PDF) Honey, coffee, and tea in cultural practices of Hadramawt
  39. Arabic coffee custom and etiquette serving to guests
  40. https://www.aurocoffee.com/blogs/auro-blog/how-to-pair-arabic-coffee-with-dates-and-sweets-like-a-local
  41. Let's talk about the coffee culture in Yemen Coffee is a daily morning ...
  42. Cascara Fruit Tea - Is it Coffee...Tea...Food?
  43. Cascara 'Tea': A Tasty Infusion Made From Coffee Waste - NPR
  44. Cascara Tea: Legality, Brewing, and Market Insights for Coffee Pros
  45. Meet Cascara, the Coffee Plant's Other Drink | Eater
  46. Technical Report on the notification of cherry pulp from <i>Coffea ...
  47. Cascara coffee drink allowed in Switzerland according to EU Novel ...
  48. Yemen's coffee culture flourishes amid conflict | Daily Sabah
  49. Yemen speciality coffee 'wave' sweeps war-hit capital - RFI
  50. Qishr (coffee cherry tea)
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  52. Global Cascara Product Market is Estimated at US$ 1.59
  53. Cascara Based Drinks Market Size Report, 2024 - 2030 - IndustryARC
  54. Why Cascara Is Good For the Planet, Coffee Farmers, & You
  55. Yemen's Environmental Crisis: The Forgotten Fallout of an Enduring ...
  56. How conflict, climate change and the environment intersect in Yemen
  57. Nutritional and antioxidant profiling reveals coffee cherry tea as a ...
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  60. Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Mineral Composition of Cascara ...
  61. Ginger Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits - Verywell Fit
  62. Ginger in gastrointestinal disorders: A systematic review of clinical ...
  63. Coffee by-products as the source of antioxidants: a systematic review
  64. Cascara and caffeine - Square Mile Coffee Roasters
  65. Evaluation of the Effects of Instant Cascara Beverage on the Brain ...
  66. Risk Assessment of Coffee Cherry (Cascara) Fruit Products for Flour ...
  67. 14 natural blood thinners for heart health - Medical News Today
  68. Herbal Medicines—Are They Effective and Safe during Pregnancy?
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