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Rebeca Grynspan
Rebeca Grynspan
Rebeca Grynspan
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Rebeca Grynspan Mayufis[a] (born 14 December 1955) is a Costa Rican economist who has been serving as Secretary-General of UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) since 13 September 2021.

Key Information

Grynspan previously served as Ibero-American Secretary General (2014–2021) and as a UN Under-Secretary-General[1] and the Associate Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (2010–2014). She previously served as Director of UNDP's Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, appointed to the position by United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in December 2005.[2] She was the Vice President of Costa Rica from 1994 to 1998.

Early life and education

[edit]

Grynspan is the daughter of Manuel Grynspan Burstin and Sara Mayufis Schapiro, immigrants from Poland of Jewish ancestry. Grynspan obtained a Bachelor of Science degree with a major in economics from the University of Costa Rica and later on a Master of Arts in economics from Sussex University.

Early career

[edit]

Early in her career, Grynspan was a professor and researcher at the Economic Science Research Institute at the University of Costa Rica.

Political career

[edit]

Career in national politics

[edit]

Grynspan has held various official functions in her country such as Vice-President of Costa Rica from 1994 to 1998 and concurrently as Housing Minister from 1996 to 1998, Coordinating Minister of Economy from 1995 to 1996, Coordinating Minister of Social Affairs from 1994 to 1998 and Vice-Minister of Finance from 1986 to 1988.

Career with the United Nations

[edit]

Grynspan was appointed by UN Secretary-General António Guterres to be the eighth secretary-general of UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) on 13 September 2021. She is the first woman to hold this position in the history of the organization.[3]

Grynspan served as Director of the Subregional Headquarters in Mexico of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) from 2001 to 2006, where she also served as Co-Chair of the International Food Policy Research Institute's Executive Board.[4] She was also a member of the UN Millennium Project's Task Force on Poverty and Economic Development and of the UN High-Level Panel on Financing for Development.

Grynspan served as an Assistant Secretary-General and Regional Director for Latin America and the Caribbean at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) from 2006 to 2010.[5] In 2010, she was appointed by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to the position of UN Under-Secretary-General and the Associate Administrator, serving under the leadership of Helen Clark.

UN Trade and Development Secretary-General Rebeca Grynspan during the opening of the UNCTAD60 Global Leaders Forum. UN Secretary-General António Guterres also appears in the photo. (12 June 2024)

Grynspan is a member of the Program for the Support of Women's Leadership and Representation (PROLEAD) of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and she is former vice president of the board of directors of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) based in Washington, D.C.

SEGIB

[edit]

Grynspan was unanimously elected Secretary General of the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), at a special meeting of the bloc's foreign ministers on 24 February 2014 in Mexico City, in which representatives of all 22 member countries were present. She succeeded in the office Enrique V. Iglesias, who had held the position since the establishment of SEGIB in 2005.[6][7][8]

In September 2016, Grynspan was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to serve as a member of the Lead Group of the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement.[9]

In early 2021, Grynspan was appointed by the G20 to the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response, co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers.[10]

Return to the United Nations

[edit]

In June 2021, following consultations with member states, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres proposed Grynspan as the next Secretary-General of the UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in Geneva.[11]

In 2021, Grynspan became a member of the G20 High-Level Independent Panel on Financing the Global Commons for Pandemic Preparedness and Response. That same year, the president of Argentina, Alberto Fernández, named her as special international advisor to the Economic and Social Council of Argentina.

On 8 October 2025, Grynspan was nominated by Costa Rican president Rodrigo Chaves to contend in the 2026 United Nations Secretary-General selection upon the end of António Guterres's tenure.[12]

Recognition

[edit]

In 2014 and 2015, Grynspan was recognized as one of the 50 leading intellectuals of Latin America and, in 2017, she received a Forbes Excellence Award[13] and was granted the Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X The Wise[14] by the Spanish Government. In recognition of her professional achievements, the University of Extremadura[15] and the European University conferred her an honorary doctorate.[16]

Other activities

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Rebeca Grynspan

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Rebeca Grynspan Mayufis (born 14 December 1955) is a economist serving as Secretary-General of the (UNCTAD) since September 2021, the first woman to hold the position in the organization's 60-year history. She previously served as Vice President of from 1994 to 1998 under President , concurrently as Minister of Housing, and held roles including Deputy Minister of Finance and Minister Coordinator of Economic and Social Affairs. Earlier in her career, Grynspan worked at the (UNDP) as Regional Director for from 2006 to 2010 and as Under-Secretary-General and Associate Administrator. From 2014 to 2021, she led the Ibero-American Conference as Secretary-General, focusing on cooperation among 23 Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries. Her tenure at UNCTAD has emphasized addressing global trade imbalances, inequality reduction, and crisis response; notable achievements include co-chairing the UN Global Crisis Response Group on food, energy, and finance, and facilitating the , which enabled the export of 32 million tons of grain and contributed to a 22 percent decline in global food prices. Grynspan holds a degree in from the and a in from the . Her appointment to UNCTAD was controversial, as UN Secretary-General nominated her without prior consultation with the developing countries and , prompting criticism over procedural norms and potential misalignment with UNCTAD's traditional focus on Global South interests. In October 2025, nominated her as a candidate for UN Secretary-General.

Personal Background

Early Life and Family

Rebeca Grynspan was born in 1955 in , to Polish Jewish parents Manuel Grynspan Burstin and Sara Mayufis Schapiro, who emigrated from Europe following . Her parents, having fled amid wartime upheaval, settled in and prioritized providing their children with a stable environment, quality , and a nurturing upbringing. Grynspan was raised in a Jewish immigrant family that valued opportunity in their adopted homeland, though specific details of her childhood experiences remain limited in public records.

Education

Rebeca Grynspan earned a in from the . She subsequently obtained a in from the in the . In addition to her earned degrees, Grynspan has received honorary doctorates from several European universities, recognizing her contributions to economics and .

National Career in Costa Rica

Early Professional Roles

Grynspan entered Costa Rican public service as Viceministra de Hacienda (Deputy Minister of Finance) from 1986 to 1988, during the administration of President Sánchez. This position marked her initial high-level government role, focusing on fiscal management amid 's post-1980s recovery, where the country implemented structural adjustments including debt renegotiations and expenditure controls. Prior to this appointment, Grynspan, an economist trained at the , had engaged in technical advisory work, including contributions to discussions through affiliations like Acción Técnica Democrática, though specific details on pre-1986 professional activities remain limited in official records. Her tenure as deputy minister positioned her as a key figure in the , supporting efforts to stabilize public finances and promote export-led growth in a context of high and external debt servicing. These early experiences laid the groundwork for her subsequent ascent in national politics.

Vice Presidency and Ministerial Positions

Grynspan served as of from May 8, 1994, to May 8, 1998, under President Olsen, following her election as the running mate on the National Liberation Party ticket. During this period, she concurrently held the position of Minister of Housing, focusing on policies to address urban development and challenges in the country. Prior to her vice presidency, Grynspan occupied several key ministerial roles in the Costa Rican government under President Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier (1990–1994). These included serving as Deputy Minister of Finance, where she contributed to formulation and economic stabilization efforts amid the early 1990s regional . She also acted as Minister Coordinator of Economic and Social Affairs, overseeing inter-agency coordination on and social welfare programs. Additionally, she managed the Ministry of Housing in an earlier capacity, implementing initiatives to expand access to and in underserved areas. These positions established Grynspan as a prominent figure in Costa Rica's economic policymaking during a time of neoliberal reforms, including and , though specific outcomes of her tenure, such as measurable impacts on affordability or fiscal deficits, are documented primarily in archives rather than contemporaneous international reports. Her roles emphasized technocratic approaches to development, aligning with the party's emphasis on market-oriented growth while addressing social inequities.

International Career

Leadership at SEGIB

Rebeca Grynspan was unanimously elected Secretary General of the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB) on February 24, 2014, at an extraordinary meeting of foreign ministers from the organization's 22 member states, comprising , , , and 19 Latin American countries. She assumed office on April 1, 2014, becoming the first woman to lead the institution, which serves as the permanent executive body supporting Ibero-American cooperation and the biennial summits of heads of state and government. Her initial four-year mandate was renewed in 2018, extending through 2021, during which she coordinated the preparation and execution of four key summits: the 24th in , (2014), focused on education and youth; the 25th in (2016); the 26th in , (2018); and contributions to the 27th summit amid the . Under Grynspan's leadership, SEGIB prioritized human development, emphasizing , , and to address high rates in the region, estimated at over 10% in many Ibero-American countries during her tenure. A flagship initiative involved promoting student mobility, with a target of facilitating exchanges for 200,000 Ibero-American students by 2020 through enhanced scholarships and institutional partnerships, building on pre-existing programs to foster cross-border academic collaboration. She also advanced efforts to combat inequality by integrating into Ibero-American policy dialogues, recognizing indices like the as tools for targeted interventions beyond income-based measures. Grynspan's agenda extended to social inclusion, advocating for reduced discrimination against indigenous populations, Afro-descendants, women, and youth, as highlighted in summit declarations that called for equitable access to opportunities and development potential. SEGIB under her stewardship produced annual reports on South-South cooperation, documenting over 1,000 collaborative projects in areas like education for youth and adults, which supported progress toward Millennium Development Goals equivalents in basic education access. Additional focus areas included urban culture initiatives for social cohesion in Latin American cities and empowering women and youth in sustainable urban planning, aligning with broader regional goals for inclusive growth. These efforts contributed to a renewal process for SEGIB that had begun in 2012, strengthening its role in multilateral dialogue amid evolving global economic challenges.

Roles in the United Nations System

Grynspan entered the in 2001, serving as Director of the Subregional Headquarters in for the Economic Commission for (ECLAC) until 2006. In this capacity, she oversaw regional economic analysis and policy coordination for , , and parts of the . From 2006 to 2010, she held the position of Assistant Secretary-General and Regional Director for at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), managing development initiatives across the region amid challenges such as and post-crisis recovery. In February 2010, Grynspan was appointed Associate Administrator of the UNDP, a role equivalent to Under-Secretary-General rank, which she maintained until 2014. This senior position involved global oversight of UNDP's programmatic and operational strategies, including coordination on and resource mobilization totaling billions in annual funding.

Secretary-General of UNCTAD

Rebeca Grynspan was appointed Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) on 13 September 2021, succeeding Mukhisa Kituyi of Kenya after confirmation by the UN General Assembly on 11 June 2021. Nominated by UN Secretary-General António Guterres, Grynspan became the first woman and the first Central American to lead the organization, which focuses on trade, development, and economic policies for developing countries. Her four-year term emphasizes integrating trade with sustainable development goals amid global economic challenges. Under Grynspan's leadership, UNCTAD has prioritized reforming the international financial architecture to enhance representation for developing nations and address debt vulnerabilities, particularly in the context of and . She has advocated for policies to counter trade fragmentation and policy uncertainty, which threaten development progress, as outlined in her remarks at high-level forums. In October 2024, Grynspan presented the UNCTAD Trade and Development Report 2024, calling for a fundamental rethink of development strategies in response to stagnant global growth and rising inequalities. Key initiatives during her tenure include forging cooperation agreements, such as the September 2025 pact with the (CARICOM) to bolster regional resilience through and development support. Grynspan has positioned UNCTAD as a platform for low- and middle-income countries to leverage , , and for equitable growth, emphasizing fairer global systems that leave no one behind. Her efforts have focused on human development , building on UNCTAD's historical role in steering economic policies toward reduced inequality and sustainable progress. As of October 2025, Grynspan continues to lead UNCTAD amid ongoing global economic reforms, including preparations for events like UNCTAD XVI.

Policy Positions and Views

Economic and Development Policies

As Secretary-General of UNCTAD since September 2021, Rebeca Grynspan has advocated for a fundamental rethink of development policies amid global economic challenges, including trade fragmentation and uncertainty that threaten progress in developing nations. She emphasizes deliberate actions, institutions, and investments to foster development that serves people and delivers justice, particularly for the Global South, arguing that development requires more than automatic market processes. Grynspan contends that alone is insufficient to address inequality, insisting that policies must explicitly promote equality alongside expansion to ensure broad-based benefits. In this vein, she has called for inclusive reforms to rectify imbalances creating winners and losers, urging adjustments to global rules that exacerbate inequalities between nations. She highlights the necessity of shielding vulnerable economies from protectionist measures, such as tariffs, which disproportionately harm developing countries reliant on open markets for growth. On sustainable development, Grynspan promotes reimagining as a tool for resilient and inclusive outcomes, especially for small states where is essential for development absent viable alternatives. She advocates strengthening regional ties and addressing unsustainable debt burdens to enable investment in productive capacities, while critiquing fragmented global agendas that undermine collective progress. These positions reflect her focus on indigenous industrial development and export-oriented strategies tailored to developing contexts, prioritizing and gender equity in economic frameworks.

Views on Global Trade and Inequality

Grynspan has advocated for reforms in global policies to address structural inequalities, emphasizing that inclusive frameworks are essential to prevent the exacerbation of disparities between developed and developing nations. In a September 2024 statement at the WTO Public Forum, she called for adjustments to rules that mitigate imbalances creating "winners and losers," arguing that current systems fail to equitably distribute benefits from global commerce. She has highlighted how digital and technologies, if unregulated, risk widening inequality gaps unless integrated into development-oriented strategies, as noted in her October 2025 remarks ahead of UNCTAD16. On tariffs and protectionism, Grynspan has consistently warned of their adverse impacts on emerging economies, stating in April 2025 that they inflict "massive disruption" and should spare developing countries to avoid diverting investment and job losses. She described policy uncertainty from such measures as potentially more damaging than the tariffs themselves, capable of eroding in vulnerable regions, during an October 2025 UN News interview. In October 2025, at the UNCTAD16 ministerial roundtable, she acknowledged growth in global goods at 5-6% annually under WTO rules—covering 72% of trade flows—but urged reimagining pathways to foster broader development beyond mere volume increases. Grynspan links dynamics to inequality persistence, asserting in a February 2022 statement that global gaps had widened dramatically due to uneven access to resources and markets, necessitating multilateral to achieve shared . She has critiqued the interplay of high inequality and diminishing , as expressed in 2023 G24 remarks, advocating for enhanced South-South and to break cycles trapping middle-income countries in underdevelopment. These positions reflect UNCTAD's institutional focus on development advocacy, though empirical critiques note that protectionist reversals have sometimes boosted domestic industries in targeted economies, contrasting her emphasis on open .

Positions on Geopolitics and Conflicts

Grynspan has consistently framed and conflicts through their disruptions to global trade, supply chains, and development prospects, particularly for vulnerable economies in the Global South. She has described trade as an increasingly geopolitical instrument, urging that be shielded from retaliatory measures like tariffs amid escalating rivalries. In a multipolar world, she advocates rebuilding trust via dialogue and policies to counter fragmentation, noting that 70% of future growth will stem from southern economies where south-south trade now matches north-north volumes. On the Russia-Ukraine war, Grynspan coordinated UN efforts under the Global Crisis Response Group, serving as a principal broker for the , which enabled over 30 million tons of Ukrainian and Russian grain exports to alleviate global food shortages despite the invasion's onset on , . In a , statement, she expressed solidarity with Ukraine's displaced populations and echoed UN calls for an immediate to address humanitarian fallout, while shuttling between and to sustain grain and fertilizer flows. She warned that the conflict's ripple effects—spiking food and energy prices—would exacerbate vulnerabilities in developing nations, independent of the war's victor. Regarding the Israel-Hamas conflict, Grynspan condemned the , 2023 attacks and subsequent Gaza escalation, stating horror at civilian deaths on both sides and insisting all non-combatants be protected while pursuing regional peace. She linked the violence to broader economic strains, highlighting its role in straining global supply chains, such as shipping reroutes that inflated maritime costs by up to 40% and added emissions equivalent to millions of tons of CO2. In addressing US-China frictions, Grynspan praised May 2025 dialogues as constructive for stabilizing global growth, but criticized escalations for imposing undue burdens on poorer states through higher input costs and reduced market access. She characterized the rivalry as driving a "tectonic shift" in regimes, where competition necessitates coordinated rules to prevent deglobalization's developmental toll.

Criticisms and Controversies

Critiques of Policy Approaches

Critics of Grynspan's policy approaches, particularly within UNCTAD, have primarily emanated from non-governmental organizations and diplomats aligned with interests, who argue that her leadership has moderated the agency's historically sharp critiques of neoliberal economic frameworks. Diplomats interviewed in 2021 expressed concern that Grynspan's appointment as UNCTAD Secretary-General represented a deliberate effort by major powers to temper the organization's vocal opposition to market-driven policies, potentially prioritizing pragmatic compromises over transformative challenges to global trade inequities. Non-governmental organizations have faulted UNCTAD's evolving strategies under Grynspan for adopting a pro-business that aligns too closely with corporate interests, sidelining broader developmental imperatives such as equitable resource distribution and state-led interventions. A European NGO representative highlighted this shift as promoting ideologies that favor business agendas in an international context dominated by pressures. Agricultural advocacy groups like La Vía Campesina have specifically critiqued UNCTAD's trade policy orientations, warning against entrenchment in neoliberal paradigms of and market-led development, which they contend exacerbate corporate control and undermine in vulnerable economies. In a 2024 statement, the group called on UNCTAD to pivot toward frameworks prioritizing local production and over export-oriented models Grynspan has implicitly supported through calls for reformed but still globalist rules. These critiques underscore a perceived dilution of UNCTAD's radical edge, with observers noting that Grynspan's emphasis on , exemptions for developing nations, and systemic reforms—while addressing immediate crises—fails to sufficiently confront domestic failures or over-reliance on international financing as causal drivers of persistent .

Responses to Global Events

In response to the beginning in February 2022, Grynspan co-led the UN Global Crisis Response Group's task forces on food, energy, and finance, issuing briefs that warned of the war's exacerbation of global vulnerabilities, including tightened monetary policies and disrupted supply chains. She stressed the necessity of restoring access to both Ukrainian agricultural exports and Russian food and s to avert widespread , participating in direct negotiations that facilitated the and proposals for shipments via . These engagements included "constructive" discussions in in June 2022 aimed at expediting Russian fertilizer exports amid sanctions. Russia's later complaints about persistent barriers to its own exports contributed to implementation challenges and the initiative's eventual collapse in 2023. Amid the , Grynspan coordinated Ibero-American responses emphasizing international solidarity to counter economic fallout, particularly in developing regions, and later outlined a UNCTAD vision for an inclusive post-crisis recovery that addressed inequality through reformed state-market balances and enhanced global financing for preparedness. In a 2021 commentary, she framed the crisis as an opportunity to recalibrate power dynamics between governments and markets to prioritize human development over unchecked . Following the October 7, 2023, attacks on and subsequent Gaza conflict, Grynspan publicly condemned the tragic civilian losses on both sides, calling for the protection of all civilians and renewed efforts toward regional peace. Her statements aligned with UNCTAD's broader focus on mitigating economic disruptions in conflict zones, including earlier concerns raised in agency meetings about downside risks to the Palestinian economy from ongoing tensions.

Recognition and Legacy

Awards and Honors

In recognition of her contributions to international cooperation and development, Rebeca Grynspan has been awarded honorary doctorates (doctor honoris causa) by the , the University of Extremadura, and the . In 2014, she received the Premio Internacional FEDEPE, honoring her in promoting and professional advancement for women in . In 2017, Grynspan was granted the Forbes Award for Excellence for her impact on and multilateral engagement, alongside the Gran Cruz de la Orden Civil de Alfonso X El Sabio, Spain's highest civilian honor for contributions to , , and . In 2024, she was awarded the Best Negotiator of the Year by the Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) for spearheading diplomatic efforts to restore Black Sea grain export routes during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, facilitating global . In 2025, the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented Grynspan with the Isabel Oyarzábal Award, recognizing her advocacy for , , and in and beyond.

Ongoing Influence and Nominations

Since her appointment as Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in September 2021, Rebeca Grynspan has continued to shape international discourse on , trade, and investment flows to developing nations. In this role, she has overseen annual reports such as the 2025 editions on global debt, progress, and technology's economic impacts, emphasizing data-driven strategies to address declining in developing countries, which fell amid geopolitical tensions and concentrated in a few sectors. Her has prioritized reforming global cooperation for , as highlighted during the 16th UNCTAD Conference in October 2025, where she advocated reimagining trade systems to enhance resilience against uncertainties like and disruptions. Grynspan's influence extends to high-level forums, including contributions to discussions on artificial intelligence's role in reshaping economies while mitigating risks of inequality, as noted in UNCTAD's 2025 analyses and her participation in events like the AI for Good Global Summit. In recognition of her diplomatic efforts, she received the 2024 Doha Best Negotiator of the Year award on May 31, 2025, for advancing international agreements on amid global challenges. On October 8, 2025, Costa Rican President Rodrigo Chaves nominated Grynspan for the position of United Nations Secretary-General, positioning her as a candidate to succeed António Guterres whose term ends in 2026. The nomination underscores her expertise in multilateral diplomacy, particularly in integrating trade policies with climate adaptation and technological equity for vulnerable economies. As of October 2025, she remains actively engaged in UNCTAD's agenda-setting, including calls to reignite investment for the Sustainable Development Goals through consensus-building among member states.

References

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  66. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2022-07-13/secretary-generals-remarks-the-press-ukraine-grain-talks-update
  67. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/un-proposed-ammonia-deal-ukraine-would-stabilise-grain-deal-diplomat-2022-09-13/
  68. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/un-aid-chief-had-frank-constructive-talks-moscow-ukraine-grain-exports-2022-06-03/
  69. https://www.reuters.com/world/un-working-expand-extend-year-ukraine-black-sea-grain-export-deal-2022-10-07/
  70. https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/presidente/news/Documents/2020/Statement%25202020_06_24%28EN%29.pdf
  71. https://unctad.org/news/unctad-chief-offers-vision-ensuring-stronger-and-more-inclusive-recovery-covid-19
  72. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/covid19-crisis-second-chance-for-global-development-by-rebeca-grynspan-2021-10
  73. https://unctad.org/news/delegations-unctad-board-meeting-concerned-palestinian-economy-downside-risks
  74. https://www.segib.org/rebeca-grynspan-premio-internacional-fedepe-2014/
  75. https://www.euroamerica.org/rebeca-grynspan-english
  76. https://unctad.org/news/un-trade-and-development-chief-rebeca-grynspan-named-negotiator-year
  77. https://unitar.org/about/news-stories/news/doha-best-negotiator-year-2024-award-ceremony
  78. https://www.exteriores.gob.es/en/Comunicacion/NotasPrensa/Paginas/2025_NOTAS_P/Ministerio-Asuntos-Exteriores-UE-y-Cooperacion-concede-el-Galardon-Isabel-Oyarzabal-a-Rebeca-Grynspan.aspx
  79. https://unctad.org/
  80. https://aiforgood.itu.int/speaker/rebeca-grynspan/
  81. https://apnews.com/article/costa-rica-un-grynspan-guterres-secretarygeneral-7761e9507000502db4cd003878d8b9df
  82. https://unctad.org/news/reignite-global-investment-sustainable-development-unctad16-urges
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