Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin (Russian: Родион Константинович Щедрин, IPA: [rədʲɪˈon kənstɐnʲˈtʲinəvʲɪtɕ ɕːɪˈdrʲin]; 16 December 1932 – 29 August 2025) was a Soviet and Russian composer, pianist, and music teacher. He wrote in a wide range of genres, including operas such as Lolita and The Left-Hander, and ballets such as the Carmen Suite, created for his wife, the ballerina Maya Plisetskaya of the Bolshoi Theatre. His orchestral works includes five concertos for orchestra and six piano concertos, in which he often appeared as soloist. He also composed vocal works such as The Sealed Angel, as well as chamber music and film scores, including Anna Karenina. His works have been widely performed and commissioned internationally, particularly in the United States and Western Europe. Shchedrin is regarded as one of the leading composers of the late Soviet period and an important figure in Russian contemporary music in the decades that followed.

Shchedrin was born in Moscow on 16 December 1932, into a musical family: his father was a composer and teacher of music theory, and his grandfather was an Orthodox priest. He was exposed to spiritual independence and critical awareness at an early age. He studied at the Moscow Choral School and Moscow Conservatory, where he studied composition with Yuri Shaporin and piano with Yakov Flier, graduating in 1955.

Shchedrin's early works are tonal and colourfully orchestrated, often incorporating elements of folk music, while some of his later compositions employed aleatoric and serial techniques. An accomplished pianist and organist, he performed the solo part of his First Piano Concerto in 1954, while still a student, with Gennady Rozhdestvensky conducting. The concerto draws on Russian folklore, combining empathy with ironic detachment. Although a capable performer, he decided early to focus primarily on composition. Among his early works was the ballet The Little Humpbacked Horse, premiered in 1955.

In 1958 Shchedrin married the ballerina Maya Plisetskaya, who later became prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Theatre, and they remained together until her death in 2015. Many of his ballets were written with her in mind, including Carmen Suite (1967), Anna Karenina (1971, based on Tolstoy's novel), and Lady with a Lapdog (1985, after Chekhov's short story). The couple were prominent figures in the cultural life of the Soviet Union, although both were closely monitored by the KGB.

Shchedrin composed his First Symphony in 1958, characterized by "movements in the wrong order" and a tone of "wildness and aggression". His Second Symphony, written between 1962 and 1965, is structured as 25 overlapping preludes, including a double fugue and canon. In 1963 he completed his first Concerto for Orchestra, a single-movement work in which monothematic material is combined with other motifs and variations. Subtitled Naughty Limericks (Osorniye chastushki), the piece achieved success with both audiences and critics, and was later choreographed by George Balanchine. Between 1964 and 1970 Shchedrin composed a cycle of 24 Preludes and Fugues after he heard those of Dmitri Shostakovich, in turn inspired by those of J. S. Bach. He followed this with the Polyphonic Notebook, a collection of 25 piano preludes written in 1972 as homages to earlier music.

Shchedrin taught at the Moscow Conservatory from 1965 to 1969. In his Second Piano Concerto he experimented with Twelve-tone techniques and incorporated elements of jazz. In 1967 he toured Europe with the Leningrad Philharmonic under Yevgeny Mravinsky, performing the work. The following year Leonard Bernstein commissioned his Second Concerto for Orchestra, subtitled Zvony (The Chimes), for the 125th anniversary of the New York Philharmonic. The music evokes the sounds of traditional Russian bells, though without nostalgic intent.

In 1968 Shchedrin refused to sign an open letter approving the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact. He became president of the Union of Russian Composers in 1973, succeeding Shostakovich who had suggested him for the post. Shchedrin's third Concerto for Orchestra is based on music of Russian provincial circuses. It was premiered in 1989 by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra conducted by Lorin Maazel. The fourth, Khorovody (Round Dances), was written in 1989, and the fifth, Four Russian Songs, was composed in 1998. He used the "phenomenon of notated aleatorics" in his Third Piano Concerto, in 33 variations with a theme at the end. He premiered it on 5 May 1974, playing his earlier concertos the same night, which caused a sensation. The performance with the USSR Symphony Orchestra conducted by Yevgeny Svetlanov was recorded and released on LP and later on CD. Shchedrin wrote his Fourth Piano Concerto in 1991, commissioned by Steinway for the centenary of the company's founding. It is subtitled "sharp keys", and the composer used only sharp keys as his "kind of musical minimalism" but with "timbral effects and thematic variety", as the musicologist Sigrid Neef noted.

Shchedrin was made a member of the Berlin Academy of Arts in 1989. He worked towards the transformation of the Soviet Union as a member of the Inter-regional Deputies Group, an opposition party inspired by Andrei Sakharov. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Shchedrin took advantage of the new opportunities for international travel and musical collaboration, and largely divided his time between Munich and Moscow. He was also a citizen of Lithuania and Spain. He was regarded as one of the leaders of Russian new music during the following decades, while also building a significant reputation in the United States and Western Europe.