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Cello concerto
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A cello concerto (sometimes called a violoncello concerto) is a concerto for solo cello with orchestra or, very occasionally, smaller groups of instruments.
These pieces have been written since the Baroque era if not earlier. However, unlike instruments such as the violin, the cello had to face harsh competition from the older, well-established viola da gamba. As a result, few important cello concertos were written before the 19th century – with the notable exceptions of those by Vivaldi, C.P.E. Bach, Haydn and Boccherini. Its full recognition as a solo instrument came during the Romantic era with the concertos of Schumann, Saint-Saëns, Lalo and Dvořák. From then on, cello concertos have become more and more frequent. Twentieth-century composers have made the cello a standard concerto instrument, along with the already-rooted piano and violin concertos; among the most notable concertos of the first half of the century are those of Elgar, Prokofiev, Barber and Hindemith. Many post-World War II composers (Shostakovich, Walton, Ligeti, Britten, Dutilleux, Lutoslawski and Penderecki among others) have written at least one.
One special consideration composers must take with the cello (as well as all instruments with a low range) is with the issue of projection. Unlike instruments like the violin, whose high range projects fairly easily above the orchestra, the cello's lower notes can be easily lost when the cello is not playing a solo or near solo. Because of this, composers have had to deliberately pare down the orchestral component of cello concertos while the cello is playing in the lower registers.
Selected list of cello concertos
[edit]Cello concertos near the center of the "repertoire". The original list of cello concertos has been moved to List of compositions for cello and orchestra.
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Selected list of other concertante works
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See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Rummel, Martin; Leonovich, Yuriy. "Cello Concerto in C Major". David Popper. Martin Rummel. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ Rummel, Martin; Leonovich, Yuriy. "Works". David Popper. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
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Cello concerto
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Overview
Definition and characteristics
A cello concerto is a musical composition for solo cello and orchestra, typically structured in three movements that highlight the soloist's technical prowess and interpretive depth through contrast with the accompanying ensemble. This genre emphasizes a dynamic interplay between the solo instrument and the orchestra, where the cello often initiates thematic material, engages in call-and-response exchanges, or weaves intricate passages amid orchestral textures.[13] Key characteristics include virtuosic writing for the solo cello, demanding advanced techniques such as rapid scalar passages, double stops, and extended registers to showcase agility and control. The form fosters a dialogue that underscores the cello's expressive capabilities, ranging from intimate lyrical melodies to bold, dramatic outbursts, allowing the soloist to convey profound emotional nuance. This interaction not only amplifies the cello's melodic role but also exploits textural contrasts to create dramatic tension and resolution within the orchestral framework.[13] The genre emerged in the 18th century, evolving from the Baroque concerto grosso tradition, where a small group of soloists contrasted with the larger ensemble, adapted to feature a single string instrument like the cello in a more prominent solo capacity. This shift marked a transition toward the Classical solo concerto, prioritizing individual virtuosity over collective interplay.[13] The cello's unique timbral qualities enhance its suitability for the concerto form, with its warm, resonant lower register—particularly on the C and G strings—providing a rich, full-bodied foundation that evokes depth and introspection, while the upper registers on the A and D strings offer brilliant projection and poignant intensity capable of cutting through orchestral accompaniment. These attributes enable the cello to sustain lyrical lines and articulate crisp rhythms, balancing vulnerability with power in soloistic contexts.[14]Distinction from other concerto types
Cello concertos differ from violin concertos primarily in the technical and acoustic demands imposed by the cello's larger size, lower pitch range, and seated playing position, which contrast with the violin's portability, higher tessitura, and standing posture. While violinists can execute rapid, agile passages in the upper register with relative ease due to the instrument's compact design and brighter timbre, cellists must employ broader bowing strokes and endpin adjustments for stability, often resulting in less nimble high-register execution but enabling deeper, richer harmonic overtones that contribute to the cello's warm, resonant sound.[15] These differences necessitate specialized techniques, such as slower, weightier bow usage near the bridge to maximize projection, as the cello's lower frequencies travel less efficiently than the violin's piercing highs in orchestral settings.[16] For instance, in violin concertos, soloists can more readily cut through dense orchestration with staccato articulation, whereas cello soloists rely on sustained legato lines supported by careful dynamic balancing from the conductor.[17] In comparison to piano concertos, cello works emphasize prolonged, singing tones and seamless phrasing over the piano's inherent percussive attacks and chordal clarity, requiring the cello soloist to cultivate a vocal-like expressivity while depending heavily on orchestral textures for sonic amplification. The piano's hammered mechanism allows for immediate volume and rhythmic punch that can dominate an ensemble without adjustment, but the cello's bowed sustain demands resonant hall acoustics and orchestral restraint to prevent the solo line from being overshadowed, particularly in pianissimo passages where even renowned cellists like Mstislav Rostropovich insisted on conductors reducing ensemble volume to near silence.[17] This reliance on accompaniment highlights the cello's vulnerability to masking by lower strings or winds, unlike the piano's ability to project independently through its brighter overtones and fixed dynamic range.[15] Cello concertos also relate to double and chamber concertos through shared soloistic pairings, yet single-cello variants demand meticulous orchestration to maintain equilibrium without a complementary instrument like the violin to share exposure. In double concertos such as Brahms's Op. 102, the cello's fuller timbre often requires the violin to yield in duets to avoid imbalance, a challenge exacerbated by the cello's acoustic heft in joint passages.[15] For solo cello focus, composers balance this by thinning textures or using divisi strings, ensuring the solo line remains prominent without overpowering it.[15] Unique acoustic hurdles for the cello include the need for venues with strong low-frequency response, as its fundamental tones dissipate quickly in dry spaces.[15]History
Origins in the Baroque era
The cello concerto emerged during the Baroque era as an extension of the concerto grosso form, which contrasted a small group of soloists (concertino) with the larger orchestra (ripieno). Arcangelo Corelli's Op. 6 Concerti Grossi, published in 1714, played a pivotal role in establishing this structure, where the cello typically functioned as part of the continuo or ripieno sections rather than as a solo instrument.[18] This form, rooted in Italian orchestral practices, emphasized dialogue between instrumental groups, laying the groundwork for later soloistic developments.[19] Antonio Vivaldi advanced the genre in the 1720s by composing some of the earliest concertos featuring the cello in obbligato roles, treating it as a melodic solo voice within string ensembles. These works, such as his set of cello concertos RV 398–406, showcased the instrument's expressive capabilities through idiomatic writing that highlighted its lower register and cantabile lines, influenced by the virtuoso string traditions of Venice.[3] Vivaldi's innovations built on the Italian preference for the cello over the declining viola da gamba, which had been the primary bass string instrument in earlier consort music but was gradually supplanted by the cello's brighter tone and greater projection in ensemble settings.[20] Other Italian composers further explored the cello's solo potential in the 1730s. Leonardo Leo, a Neapolitan composer and cellist, wrote six cello concertos (published as Op. 7 around 1737–1738), characterized by their energetic allegros, lyrical slow movements, and rhythmic vitality, reflecting the galant style emerging in southern Italy.[21] Similarly, Giuseppe Tartini composed cello concertos, including one in D major (GT 1.D34), which demonstrated his violinistic techniques adapted to the cello, with florid passages and a focus on affective expression drawn from Paduan string pedagogy.[22] These early efforts solidified the cello's transition from a supporting role to a concertante instrument within Baroque orchestral music.Development in the Classical and Romantic periods
The development of the cello concerto in the Classical era marked a shift toward greater structural clarity and balance between soloist and orchestra, building on Baroque foundations with the adoption of sonata form. Joseph Haydn's Cello Concerto No. 1 in C major, composed around 1765, stands as a foundational work, featuring a first movement structured in sonata form that integrates the solo cello more dynamically with the ensemble.[23] Similarly, Haydn's Cello Concerto No. 2 in D major, written in 1783, further exemplifies this evolution, employing sonata form in its opening movement to highlight the cello's melodic capabilities while maintaining Classical restraint.[24] As the genre transitioned into the Romantic period, composers expanded the cello's expressive range, blending virtuosic display with deeper emotional lyricism. Luigi Boccherini, active in the 1770s and 1780s, contributed significantly through his series of cello concertos, such as those in G. 480 and G. 479, which embody the galant style's elegant phrasing and ornamental flourishes, bridging Classical poise with emerging Romantic sentiment.[25] Robert Schumann's Cello Concerto in A minor, Op. 129 (1850) further advanced the form, pioneering profound emotional depth and symphonic unity, dedicated to cellist Friedrich Grützmacher.[8] This trajectory culminated in Camille Saint-Saëns's Cello Concerto No. 1 in A minor, Op. 33, premiered in 1872, where the single-movement structure fuses impassioned lyricism with virtuosic passages, allowing the cello to convey both heroic declamation and introspective melancholy.[26] Nationalism further enriched the Romantic cello concerto, infusing it with cultural specificity and folk-inspired melodies. Antonín Dvořák's Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104, completed in 1895, exemplifies this influence, incorporating Bohemian folk elements into its thematic material to evoke a sense of homeland yearning, while adhering to sonata principles for dramatic cohesion.[27] Throughout these periods, orchestral accompaniment evolved from modest Classical ensembles—typically strings with pairs of winds and horns—to the expansive Romantic orchestra, which included fuller brass and percussion sections, thereby amplifying dynamic contrasts and underscoring the cello's solo voice.[28] This growth enhanced the genre's theatrical potential, enabling composers to explore heightened emotional depth without overwhelming the soloist's intimate timbre.[29]Modern and contemporary evolution
The early 20th century marked a transitional phase in the cello concerto, bridging Romantic lyricism with emerging modernist sensibilities. Edward Elgar's Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85 (1919), composed in the aftermath of World War I, exemplifies this shift as a poignant Romantic holdover infused with impressionistic subtlety and elegiac introspection, often interpreted as a requiem for the era's lost innocence.[30][31] By mid-century, Dmitri Shostakovich's Cello Concerto No. 1 in E-flat major, Op. 107 (1959), reflected Soviet-era constraints through its sardonic wit and brooding introspection, composed during the Khrushchev Thaw yet echoing the psychological tensions of Stalinist oppression.[32][33] In the mid-20th century, avant-garde innovations pushed the genre toward experimental forms and blurred distinctions between soloist and ensemble. Benjamin Britten's Symphony for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 68 (1963), commissioned for Mstislav Rostropovich, eschewed traditional concerto hierarchies in favor of symphonic integration, with the cello engaging in dialogic interplay that nods to avant-garde fragmentation while retaining emotional depth.[34][35] Similarly, Witold Lutosławski's Cello Concerto (1970) introduced aleatoric elements and textured orchestration, allowing controlled improvisation within dense, pointillistic soundscapes that challenged conventional concerto structures.[36][37] Contemporary developments in the late 20th and early 21st centuries embraced eclectic influences, including crossover genres and technological integration. John Williams's Cello Concerto (1994), written for Yo-Yo Ma, draws on post-Romantic lyricism blended with jazz-inflected blues in its second movement, exemplifying the composer's film-honed melodic accessibility within classical frameworks.[38][39] Unsuk Chin's Cello Concerto (2009, revised 2013) incorporates spectral techniques and allusions to Korean traditional music, creating a minimalist yet intricate dialogue between the solo cello and orchestra that highlights cultural hybridity.[40][41] Post-2000 commissions have increasingly emphasized multiculturalism, fusing Eastern and Western idioms. Tan Dun's Crouching Tiger Concerto (2000), inspired by his film score for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, integrates Chinese folk elements and martial arts rhythms with orchestral textures, promoting a boundary-crossing aesthetic that reflects globalized contemporary composition.[42][43]Form and structure
Typical movements and form
The cello concerto, like other orchestral concertos, traditionally follows a three-movement structure of fast-slow-fast tempos, typically allegro-adagio-allegro, which emerged as a standard in the Classical period and persisted into later eras.[44] This format draws from the Baroque concerto grosso model but evolved to emphasize the soloist's virtuosity within a balanced dialogue with the orchestra.[45] The first movement is usually composed in sonata form, beginning with an orchestral exposition that introduces the primary themes, followed by the solo cello's entry, which elaborates on these motifs.[46] A development section explores thematic variations, often heightening tension through modulations and interplay between soloist and ensemble, leading to a recapitulation where themes return in the tonic key, sometimes concluding with a brief coda.[44] The second movement adopts a slower, more introspective tempo, fostering lyrical expression through song-like forms such as ternary (ABA) or theme and variations, where the cello's cantabile lines evoke emotional depth.[46] It frequently includes a cadenza, providing space for the soloist to improvise or perform a written passage that highlights technical and interpretive skill.[47] The finale typically employs a rondo form (ABACADA) or set of variations, initiating with a lively theme that recurs amid contrasting episodes, culminating in a virtuosic close that resolves the concerto's dramatic arc.[44] Cadenzas in cello concertos, whether improvised in earlier works or notated in later ones, serve to showcase the instrument's range, from expansive melodic flourishes to intricate polyphonic textures, often positioned at fermatas before dominant-to-tonic resolutions.[47] In modern and contemporary cello concertos, while the three-movement scheme remains common, composers occasionally adopt one-movement forms to create a continuous, evolving narrative, incorporating cadenzas and sectional contrasts without traditional breaks.[48]Orchestration and accompaniment
In the Classical era, cello concertos were typically orchestrated with a string orchestra as the core, augmented by winds for timbral color and balance against the soloist. Representative examples include pairs of oboes and horns alongside the strings, as in Joseph Haydn's Cello Concerto No. 1 in C major, Hob. VIIb:1, which features two oboes, two horns, strings, and solo cello to create a light, supportive texture that highlights the cello's agility without overwhelming it.[49] This configuration allowed the orchestra to function primarily as a harmonious backdrop, enabling clear dialogue between soloist and ensemble while maintaining the intimate scale of courtly music-making. The Romantic period saw a significant expansion in orchestration to exploit broader dynamic contrasts and emotional depth, incorporating full woodwind, brass, and percussion sections. Antonín Dvořák's Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104, exemplifies this with its scoring for two flutes (second doubling piccolo), two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, three horns, two trumpets, three trombones, timpani, strings, and solo cello; the timpani provides rhythmic propulsion, particularly in the finale, underscoring the cello's lyrical melodies with vigorous orchestral drive.[50] Composers like Edward Elgar further emphasized this trend in works such as his Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85, using a large symphony orchestra to weave the cello into symphonic textures, where brass and percussion amplify dramatic peaks while strings offer warm, enveloping support. Modern and contemporary cello concertos often deviate from traditional symphonic forces, favoring reduced ensembles like chamber orchestras for greater intimacy or to emphasize textural innovation. Dmitri Shostakovich's Cello Concerto No. 1 in E-flat major, Op. 107, employs an economical orchestration of two flutes (second doubling piccolo), two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons (second doubling contrabassoon), horn, timpani, celesta, strings, and solo cello, allowing the orchestra to punctuate the soloist's introspective lines with sparse, ironic colors.[51] Similarly, György Ligeti's Cello Concerto (1966) utilizes a chamber orchestra of solo cello, flute (doubling piccolo), oboe (doubling cor anglais), two clarinets (second doubling bass clarinet), two bassoons (second doubling contrabassoon), horn, trumpet, trombone, harp, celesta, and strings, creating a micropolyphonic web that blurs boundaries between soloist and accompaniment for an ethereal, collective timbre. Unconventional instruments, such as the harp in Ravel-inspired compositions like Kelly-Marie Murphy's Double Concerto for Cello and Harp (2009), add impressionistic shimmer to evoke fluid, coloristic interplay.[52] Key accompaniment techniques in cello concertos revolve around the orchestra's role in contrasting and enhancing the solo timbre. Tutti blocks deliver full orchestral statements to introduce or reinforce themes, providing structural anchors as in Haydn's opening ritornellos. Accompanied recitatives enable the cello to intone declamatory, vocal-like passages over subtle orchestral harmonies, evident in Robert Schumann's Cello Concerto in A minor, Op. 129, where the orchestra shares poignant, improvisatory exchanges with the soloist.[8] Orchestral interludes, meanwhile, serve as brief respites or transitions, showcasing the cello's resonant depth through sudden silences or textural shifts, as in the dramatic pauses of Elgar's concerto that isolate the solo voice before orchestral resurgence.[11]Repertoire
Major cello concertos
The major cello concertos span several centuries, with the most influential and frequently performed examples emerging from the Baroque and Classical periods onward. These works highlight the cello's evolution from a basso continuo instrument to a virtuoso solo voice, often featuring innovative structures, nationalistic elements, and emotional depth that have ensured their place in the standard repertoire. Antonio Vivaldi: Cello Concertos, RV 398–406 (c. 1720–1730)Composed during the 1720s for the virtuoso female cellists at Venice's Ospedale della Pietà, where Vivaldi taught, these nine concertos represent some of the earliest substantial works for solo cello. They emphasize the instrument's melodic capabilities through energetic allegro movements, poignant largos, and lively finales, often with the cello engaging in dialogue with the string ensemble. Lacking a formal premiere in the modern sense, they were likely performed in the orphanage's concerts, and their buoyant Italianate style has sustained their popularity among Baroque repertoire.[53] Joseph Haydn: Cello Concerto No. 1 in C major, Hob. VIIb:1 (c. 1761–1765)
Written during Haydn's early years as Kapellmeister to the Esterházy court, this concerto was composed for his friend and principal cellist Joseph Franz Weigl. Lost for nearly two centuries, it was rediscovered in 1961 in Prague and received its first modern performance in 1962 by Maurice Gendron with the Prague National Theatre Orchestra. Featuring sparkling outer movements with Hungarian-inflected rhythms and a graceful Adagio, it exemplifies Classical elegance and has become a foundational piece for cellists.[23][6] Joseph Haydn: Cello Concerto No. 2 in D major, Hob. VIIb:2 (1783)
Dedicated to the renowned Czech cellist Antonín Kraft, principal of the Esterházy orchestra, this concerto was likely premiered around 1783 in Esterháza. It demands exceptional technique in its brilliant first movement and rondo finale, balanced by a poignant slow movement, reflecting Haydn's mastery of form and wit. Widely performed since the 19th century, it remains a staple for its joyful virtuosity and structural clarity. Luigi Boccherini: Cello Concertos, G. 480–485 (c. 1771)
Boccherini, a virtuoso cellist himself, composed these six concertos while in the service of Spanish nobility, publishing them in the 1770s. Likely premiered in private court settings in Madrid, they showcase his galant style with elaborate cello cadenzas, lyrical themes, and rhythmic vitality, particularly in the popular G major concerto (G. 480). Their elegant melodies and technical flair have ensured ongoing popularity in Classical programs.[54] Robert Schumann: Cello Concerto in A minor, Op. 129 (1850)
Completed in an intense two-week burst in October 1850 during Schumann's tenure in Düsseldorf, this work received its premiere on April 10, 1860, in Oldenburg by cellist Ludwig Droescher with the Oldenburg Philharmonic. Structured as a continuous whole without pauses between its three movements, it features intimate, song-like dialogue between soloist and orchestra, emphasizing lyrical introspection over display. Its emotional depth and innovative form have made it a beloved Romantic exemplar, frequently recorded and performed.[8][55] Camille Saint-Saëns: Cello Concerto No. 1 in A minor, Op. 33 (1872)
Dedicated to cellist Auguste Tolbecque, a professor at the Paris Conservatory, the concerto was composed in 1872 and premiered by Tolbecque on January 19, 1873, at the Conservatory's concert hall under Édouard Colonne. Cast in a single movement fusing sonata and rondo forms, it dazzles with virtuosic flourishes and French melodic grace, from its dramatic opening to the sparkling coda. Renowned for its accessibility and charm, it ranks among the most enduringly popular cello works.[56][26] Édouard Lalo: Cello Concerto in D minor (1876)
Collaboratively developed with Belgian cellist Adolphe Fischer, to whom it is dedicated, this concerto was completed in 1876 and premiered by Fischer in 1877 in Paris. Its rhapsodic first movement allows improvisatory freedom for the soloist, followed by a scherzo-like intermezzo and passionate finale infused with Spanish rhythms from Lalo's heritage. Though less ubiquitous than some contemporaries, its dramatic flair and exotic color have secured a dedicated following.[57] Antonín Dvořák: Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104 (1895)
Begun in 1894 during Dvořák's American sojourn and finished in 1895, the concerto was originally slated for cellist Hanuš Wihan but rededicated to Leo Stern after disputes over cadenzas. Stern premiered it on March 16, 1896, in London with the Philharmonic Society under Hans Richter. Uniquely opened by a horn call evoking Bohemian landscapes, it weaves folk-inspired melodies with symphonic scope across three movements, culminating in triumphant lyricism. As the pinnacle of Romantic cello literature, it dominates performances and recordings globally.[50][58] Edward Elgar: Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85 (1919)
Dedicated to cellist Felix Salmond, who gave the premiere on October 27, 1919, at London's Queen's Hall with Elgar conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, this work emerged from the composer's grief over World War I losses. Its four movements unfold with profound nobility, from the somber Adagio introduction to the epic finale, prioritizing expressive depth over virtuosity. A cornerstone of British music, its emotional resonance has inspired countless interpretations and cemented its status as an essential 20th-century concerto.[59] Sergei Prokofiev: Symphony-Concerto in E minor, Op. 125 (1952)
Revised from a 1938 concerto and dedicated to Mstislav Rostropovich, this expansive work was premiered by Rostropovich on February 18, 1952, in Moscow with the USSR State Symphony under Sviatoslav Richter. Spanning three large movements with a central scherzo, it blends Prokofiev's motoric rhythms, lyrical introspection, and a dazzling cadenza, treating the cello as a symphonic protagonist. Its dramatic scale and technical brilliance have elevated it to a modern favorite.[60] Dmitri Shostakovich: Cello Concerto No. 1 in E-flat major, Op. 107 (1959)
Dedicated to Mstislav Rostropovich, with whom Shostakovich collaborated closely, the concerto was completed in summer 1959 and premiered by Rostropovich on October 4, 1959, in Leningrad's Philharmonic Hall with Yevgeny Mravinsky conducting the Leningrad Philharmonic. Four terse movements incorporate sardonic wit, a recurring DSCH motif, folk-like dances, and a poignant horn-cello dialogue, reflecting the composer's veiled critiques. Widely revered for its intensity and innovation, it exemplifies post-Stalinist Soviet music.[61][33] William Walton: Cello Concerto (1956)
Commissioned and dedicated to Gregor Piatigorsky, the concerto was composed from February to October 1956 on Ischia and premiered by Piatigorsky on January 25, 1957, with the Chicago Symphony under Walter Hendl. Its three movements evoke Mediterranean serenity with a brooding Prologo, playful Scherzo, and elegiac finale, later revised in 1975 for greater flow. Valued for its introspective lyricism and restraint, it holds a respected place in mid-20th-century English orchestral works.[62]