Hubbry Logo
RuncibleRuncibleMain
Open search
Runcible
Community hub
Runcible
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Runcible
Runcible
Runcible
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
Look up runcible in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Runcible Spoon, in Rye, England; the sign shows an owl and a pussy-cat.

"Runcible" is a pseudoword invented by Edward Lear. The word appears (as an adjective) several times in his works, most famously as the "runcible spoon" used by the Owl and the Pussycat.[1] The word "runcible" was apparently one of Lear's favourite inventions, appearing in several of his works in reference to a number of different objects. In his verse self-portrait, The Self-Portrait of the Laureate of Nonsense, it is noted that "he weareth a runcible hat".[2] Other poems include mention of a "runcible cat",[3] a "runcible goose" (in the sense of "silly person"),[4] a "runcible wall",[4] and "the Rural Runcible Raven".[5]

Various things have been named "runcible" or "runcible spoon", including a computer program compiler for an early programming language,[6] a restaurant in Bloomington, Indiana,[7] and a food magazine published in the District of Columbia.[8]

Origin

[edit]
One of Edward Lear's drawings depicts the dolomphious duck's use of a runcible spoon.

Edward Lear's best-known poem, The Owl and the Pussy-Cat, published in 1870, includes the passage:

They dined on mince and slices of quince,
which they ate with a runcible spoon.[1]

Another mention of this piece of cutlery appears in Edward Lear's alphabetical illustrations Twenty-Six Nonsense Rhymes and Pictures. Its entry for 'D' reads

The Dolomphious Duck,
who caught Spotted Frogs for her dinner
with a Runcible Spoon[9]

Lear often illustrated his own poems, and he drew a picture of the "dolomphious duck" holding in its beak a round-bowled spoon containing a frog.

Alternative origins

[edit]
Sterling silver runcible spoon (Eley & Fearn, London, 1817)

Lear does not appear to have had any firm idea of what the word "runcible" means. His whimsical nonsense verse celebrates words primarily for their sound, and a specific definition is not needed to appreciate his work. However, since the 1920s (several decades after Lear's death), modern dictionaries have generally defined a "runcible spoon" as a fork with three broad curved tines and a sharpened edge, used with pickles or hors d'oeuvres, such as a pickle fork.[10] It is used as a synonym for "spork". However, this definition is not consistent with Lear's drawing, in which it is a ladle, nor does it account for the other "runcible" objects in Lear's poems.

In other uses, a so-called runcible spoon is a fork shaped like a spoon, a spoon shaped fork, a grapefruit spoon (a spoon with serrated edges around the bowl), or a serving-spoon with a slotted bowl. Cutlery of this design (but not name) is evidenced as early as 1817.[11]

Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable defines a runcible spoon as: "A horn spoon with a bowl at each end, one the size of a table-spoon and the other the size of a tea-spoon. There is a joint midway between the two bowls by which the bowls can be folded over."[12] The Merriam-Webster dictionary[which?] defines it as "a sharp-edged fork with three broad curved prongs".[13] Neither dictionary cites a source for these definitions.

The "Notes & Queries" column in The Guardian also raised the question "What is a runcible spoon?" The fanciful answers proposed by readers included that it was a variety of spoon designed by Lear's friend George Runcy for the use of infants, or that it was a reference to a butler named Robert Runcie whose job included polishing the silver spoons. The final contribution pointed out that neither of these explained the runcible cat in "The Pobble Who Has No Toes" and simply suggested that "runcible objects (spoons or cats) exist no more than pobbles or feline-hiboutic matrimony".[14]

The Straight Dope, while treating "runcible" as a nonsense word with no particular meaning, claims that an unspecified 1920s source connected the word "runcible" etymologically to Roncevaux — the connection being that a runcible spoon's cutting edge resembles a sword such as was used in the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Straight Dope adds that "modern students of runciosity" link the word in a different way to Roncevaux: The obsolete adjective "rouncival" (an alternative spelling of rounceval), meaning "gigantic", also derives from Roncevaux, either by way of a certain large variety of pea grown there, or from a once-current find of gigantic fossilized bones in the region.[15][16]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Runcible

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Runcible is a word coined by the English artist, illustrator, and poet in the , most famously appearing as an adjective in his 1871 poem "," where the titular characters dine with a "runcible ." Originally intended as a whimsical without fixed meaning, Lear employed "runcible" repeatedly in his limericks and other works to describe absurd objects. Over time, the term evolved in popular usage to specifically denote a sharp-edged with three broad, curved prongs, resembling a hybrid of a and a , which facilitated eating certain foods like pickles or olives. Lear's creation of "runcible" exemplifies his pioneering role in English , a genre he helped popularize through playful language that delighted children and adults alike, influencing later writers like . The word's remains obscure, with some scholars suggesting it may derive from "rounceval," an archaic term for a large variety, altered fancifully by Lear, though no definitive origin has been confirmed. Runcible spoons were produced by silverware manufacturers as early as the , inspired by Lear's poem, turning the nonsense term into a minor but enduring artifact of Victorian whimsy. In broader cultural impact, "runcible" has permeated literature, music, and even technology nomenclature, serving as an inside reference for quirky or hybrid inventions, while retaining its core association with Lear's surreal humor.

Literary Origins

Invention by

, born on May 12, 1812, in , , and died on January 29, 1888, in San Remo, , was an English artist, illustrator, musician, author, and poet renowned for his . His work often featured invented words and whimsical scenarios to evoke humor and absurdity, particularly in limericks and narrative poems that delighted children and adults alike. Lear's penchant for pseudowords stemmed from his desire to infuse poetry with phonetic playfulness, creating terms that sounded evocative yet meaningless to heighten the surreal quality of his verses. The term "runcible" was coined by Lear in 1870 as part of his poem "The Owl and the Pussy-cat," where it first appears in the phrase "runcible spoon," initially published in Our Young Folks magazine (February 1870). It was later included in his 1871 collection Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany, and Alphabets, where the poem exemplifies Lear's nonsense style through its rhythmic, invented lexicon. In the narrative, an owl and a pussycat embark on a sea voyage in a pea-green boat, acquire a ring from a pig to marry with the aid of a turkey, and celebrate their union by dining on "mince / And slices of quince, / Which they ate with a runcible spoon." This honeymoon scene uses the "runcible spoon" as a fantastical utensil, underscoring the poem's theme of joyful absurdity without implying any real-world functionality. Lear's invention of "runcible" aligns with his broader tradition of poetry, where words like "Jumblies" from his poem "The Jumblies" serve similar purposes of sonic delight and narrative whimsy. These pseudowords, often multisyllabic and rhythmically tuned, reflect Lear's technique of blending familiar with the unfamiliar to amplify the playful, escapist tone of his work. The term "runcible" later recurred in Lear's subsequent writings, extending its legacy.

Usage in Lear's Works

Beyond its debut in "The Owl and the Pussy-cat," the term "runcible" appears repeatedly in Edward Lear's as an adjective denoting whimsical or grotesque entities, enhancing the poems' playful absurdity without assigning a concrete definition. In "The Pobble Who Has No Toes" (1871), Lear describes a fantastical creature as the "Runcible Cat with crimson whiskers," which the titular Pobble pursues across the in a quest prompted by his aunt. This usage underscores the word's role in evoking eccentric, imaginary beings that propel the narrative's nonsensical logic. Lear further extends "runcible" to apparel in his verse self-portrait "How Pleasant to Know Mr. Lear" (first published in Nonsense Songs, Stories and Botany, 1871), where the poet declares, "He weareth a ," portraying himself as a spherical, waterproof-clad figure amid children who run after him. The descriptor here amplifies the self-mocking eccentricity of of Nonsense, blending personal with invented . In "The Quangle Wangle's Hat" (1877), while no direct "runcible" reference appears, the poem's theme of an enormous hat hosting bizarre creatures aligns with Lear's pattern of using such terms for outlandish , as echoed in later self-referential works. Another instance occurs in "The Rural Runcible Raven," from More Nonsense, Pictures, Rhymes, Botany, etc. (1872), where the titular , adorned with a white wig, absconds with a carpet broom, embodying the term's association with comical, anthropomorphic mischief. Across Lear's oeuvre, "runcible" modifies at least seven elements—including a in "Mr. and Mrs. Discobbolos" (1877) and a in the same poem—consistently within contexts to subvert literal meaning and delight through linguistic invention. Specific instances include: "runcible cat" (1877, Laughable Lyrics), "runcible hat" (1888, Nonsense Songs & Stories), "runcible " and "runcible " (1895, Nonsense Songs & Stories). Lear often accompanied these textual inventions with his own illustrations, such as the depiction of a "dolomphious duck" wielding a runcible spoon to catch frogs, featured in More Nonsense, Pictures, Rhymes, Botany, etc. (1872) and later editions of his poem collections. These drawings, including sketches of the runcible spoon in The Owl and the Pussy-cat publications, visually reinforce the word's eccentric aura, merging Lear's talents as poet and artist to create immersive worlds of whimsy.

Etymological Theories

The word "runcible" was coined by Edward Lear as a nonce word, with its earliest recorded use appearing in his 1870 poem "The Owl and the Pussy-cat" (Our Young Folks, February 1870), where it describes a spoon, and recurring in other works thereafter. The Oxford English Dictionary classifies it as a nonsense term of uncertain origin, initially employed adjectivally in phrases like "runcible spoon" without any predefined meaning beyond phonetic appeal. The primary etymological theory posits that "runcible" is a fanciful alteration of "rouncival," a late 16th-century term denoting a large variety of pea known as the Rouncival, derived from the Pyrenean pass of Roncevaux (Roncesvalles), associated in folklore with giants and epic tales like the Song of Roland. This connection suggests Lear may have drawn on the word's connotation of something oversized or extraordinary to craft his invented adjective, evoking a sense of whimsy through phonetic similarity. Alternative speculations include possible influence from Lear's personal circle, such as his friend George Runcy, whom Lear reportedly teased about innovative child-rearing tools resembling hybrid utensils, though this remains anecdotal and unconfirmed in primary documents. Linguistically, "runcible" functions as a portmanteau-like blend, lacking a strict and designed purely for euphonic effect in Lear's , as evidenced by his correspondence where he describes inventing words to enhance rhythmic and auditory play without referential intent. The reinforces this view, noting no direct lexical antecedent beyond playful derivation, distinguishing it from substantive terms in English.

Culinary and Object Interpretations

Runcible Spoon Design

The runcible spoon is a fork-like utensil, curved like a , typically with three broad prongs, one having a sharp edge, designed for scooping and cutting foods such as pickles or olives. This hybrid implement combines the scooping capacity of a with the piercing action of a , serving similar purposes to the modern in handling hors d'oeuvres, with the literary term predating the spork's 1874 patent. Visually, the runcible spoon typically features a that transitions into three wide tines, with the outer tine often sharpened to facilitate slicing, as illustrated in silver designs where the handle follows traditional flatware patterns like King's or . These characteristics make it particularly suited for handling slippery or firm items, allowing users to both lift and cut in a single motion. Note that descriptions vary, with some sources specifying two broad prongs and one sharp curved prong, or examples showing four or five tines. Although the term "runcible spoon" originated in Edward Lear's 1871 poem , similar fork-spoon hybrids for serving condiments existed in early 19th-century silverware, with surviving examples dating to 1817; the specific term was later applied to such utensils, gaining formal recognition as a distinct type in 1926. This adoption reflected a broader Victorian fascination with , incorporating the utensil into themed sets inspired by Lear's whimsical inventions. In modern contexts, replicas of the runcible spoon appear in literary merchandise, often produced in silver or stainless steel to commemorate Lear's works, maintaining its niche role in specialty dining accessories. The runcible spoon has been viewed as an early precursor to the spork, a hybrid eating utensil blending spoon and fork features. The spork received its first U.S. patent in 1874 from Samuel W. Francis for a "Combined Knives, Forks and Spoons" design incorporating a spoon-like scoop, fork tines, and knife edge. In contrast, the runcible spoon is characterized by three broad, curved tines with one sharpened edge, distinguishing it from the spork's typical two to four prongs and predating the spork in literary descriptions while sharing functional similarities for versatile food handling. Other variations include occasional references to a "runcible fork" in early 20th-century discussions of hybrid , though no specific patents under that name have been documented; instead, serrated grapefruit spoons—featuring a pointed, edged for sectioning —have often been mistakenly identified as runcible spoons due to their comparable curved, cutting design. These confusions arose from post-1920s definitions emphasizing the runcible's fork-like form with a spoon-curved profile, leading to overlaps with specialized utensils in collections. Historical examples of runcible spoons appear in British silver from the through the early , particularly in sets for formal dining where they served as pickle or forks with their three-tined, edged structure. By the and , such utensils were included in elaborate silver services, reflecting peak interest in specialized before their use diminished amid post-World War II shifts toward simpler, mass-produced . Modern revivals of the runcible spoon include replicas crafted in silver or , available through antique dealers and online marketplaces like Etsy, often marketed as nods to Victorian designs for collectors or novelty dining. These reproductions gained visibility around cultural events such as the 2012 bicentennial of Edward Lear's birth, which renewed public fascination with his nonsense inventions through exhibitions and merchandise.

Modern and Technical Applications

In Computing History

The RUNCIBLE I was developed in 1958 at the Case Institute of Technology for the computer, a widely used early digital machine with limited memory and processing capabilities. This enabled the translation of algebraic programming statements—similar to early constructs—into , allowing programmers to work with higher-level expressions on hardware that typically required low-level assembly coding. By optimizing for the 's constraints, including its magnetic drum storage and absence of advanced peripherals, RUNCIBLE I represented an innovative approach to making algebraic languages accessible on resource-poor systems. Technically, RUNCIBLE I employed a table-lookup mechanism to parse and translate code, minimizing storage requirements to fit within the 650's typical 10,000-word . It supported input via only an alphabetic device, such as a or , without needing additional specialized equipment, which was a significant simplification for academic and research environments. The itself was written in a symbolic and processed by a standard loader, demonstrating efficient techniques for early software development. These features allowed it to handle expressions like variable assignments, arithmetic operations, and basic control structures, producing executable code for scientific and computations. The compiler's design and implementation were detailed in a paper presented at the 1958 ACM National Conference and later published in Communications of the ACM in 1959 by Donald E. Knuth, then a graduate student at Case. Knuth, who contributed significantly to its development, underscored RUNCIBLE I's influence on subsequent compiler designs, particularly in optimizing for memory efficiency and simplicity. This acknowledgment underscored RUNCIBLE I's role in the evolution of translator programs. The choice of the name "RUNCIBLE" was likely a humorous to the nonsense word coined by poet in his 19th-century limericks, reflecting the playful whimsy often found in 1950s computing culture where developers drew inspiration from literature to name experimental tools. (An expanded acronym, "Revised Unified New Compiler with IT Basic Language Extended," was sometimes used, building on an earlier internal translator called IT.) This nod to literary origins bridged the worlds of poetry and programming, emblematic of the era's blend of creativity and technical innovation.

Contemporary Technology and Products

In contemporary technology, the term "Runcible" has been adopted for innovative products and companies that emphasize mindful, constrained, or privacy-focused designs, diverging from its whimsical literary roots in Edward Lear's poetry to represent practical, heirloom-quality tech solutions. One prominent example is the Runcible anti-smartphone, a circular pocket-sized device developed by Monohm, a San Francisco-based design firm founded by former Apple and engineers. Unveiled at in 2015, the Runcible was positioned as a "post-smartphone" aimed at reducing digital distractions and promoting intentional technology use, featuring a 2.5-inch round display for notifications and basic connectivity without encouraging constant engagement. The device runs on BuniOS, a custom operating system initially based on the open-source and later adapted to Android for broader compatibility, allowing users to install apps via standards rather than traditional app stores. Key features include a modular, upgradeable hardware design with swappable backs made from sustainable materials like sinker redwood or recycled ocean plastic, and a focus on user privacy through design choices such as clean notification summaries. Crowdfunded via in 2016 with a goal of $250,000, the campaign raised over $250,000 from 556 backers but faced delays, resulting in limited production and delivery to only a fraction of supporters by 2020. As of 2025, the project did not progress to full production, and the majority of backers did not receive devices, effectively stalling the initiative. Another modern application is Runcible Inc., an AI governance company founded in 2024 and headquartered in , specializing in for systems. The firm develops constraint-based AI architectures that ensure truthfulness, ethical alignment, and legal adherence, transforming compliance from a regulatory hurdle into a strategic advantage for enterprises deploying AI. Drawing on the term "runcible" to symbolize clever, bounded intelligence—evoking themes of reciprocity and accountability from Neal Stephenson's novel —Runcible offers products like the Runcible Intelligence Layer for AI oversight and Runcible Certification for validating claims against ethical and legal standards. Beyond these, "Runcible" appears sporadically in open-source software projects, often as a nod to whimsical or concepts. For instance, the Runcible Ruby gem, maintained by the Katello project, serves as an client for the Pulp content management system, facilitating repository synchronization in open-source environments. Such uses highlight the term's occasional adoption in niche tech communities for tools emphasizing efficiency and modularity, though they remain minor compared to the hardware and AI initiatives.

Cultural References

In Literature and Media

In post-Edward Lear literature, the term "runcible" has been repurposed in science fiction and fantasy works, often as a nod to its nonsensical origins while integrating it into speculative narratives. In Neal Stephenson's 1995 novel The Diamond Age, "Runcible" serves as the internal code name for the Young Lady's Illustrated Primer, an advanced interactive educational device designed to adapt to its user's needs through artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. This usage blends Lear's whimsical invention with cyberpunk themes of personalized learning and societal control. Similarly, British author Neal Asher employs "runcible" extensively in his Polity universe series, beginning with Gridlinked (2001), where it denotes a sophisticated matter-transmission gate enabling instantaneous interstellar travel, powered by artificial intelligence and quantum entanglement. Asher has noted that the term was inspired by Lear's nonsense but adapted to evoke ansible-like communication devices from other SF traditions. Philip K. Dick incorporated "runcible" as a in his 1960 novel The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike, featuring protagonist Leo Runcible, a liberal Jewish navigating racial tensions and suburban alienation in a Marin County setting. The name subtly echoes Lear's playful amid Dick's exploration of identity and reality distortion. In Terry Pratchett's series, the 2013 novel briefly references Lord Runcible as a minor aristocratic figure and landlord, fitting Pratchett's satirical take on industrial progress and class dynamics in a . These literary integrations highlight "runcible"'s evolution from pure to a marker of eccentricity or technological marvel in . In media adaptations and original productions, "runcible" appears in contexts that extend Lear's influence into visual storytelling, particularly in sci-fi and satirical formats. The 1976 Doctor Who serial "The Deadly Assassin" features Commentator Runcible, a pompous Gallifreyan news broadcaster portrayed by Hugh Walters, who interacts with the Fourth Doctor during a political intrigue on the Time Lords' homeworld, underscoring the term's fit within the show's lore of eccentric aliens. Evelyn Waugh's 1930 satirical novel Vile Bodies includes the character Agatha Runcible, a flighty socialite embodying 1920s excess, which was adapted into Stephen Fry's 2003 film Bright Young Things, where Fenella Woolgar plays the role in scenes of decadent parties and absurdity. Adaptations of Lear's "The Owl and the Pussycat," such as the Terry Jones's 2012 opera production, faithfully depict the runcible spoon as a quirky utensil in the poem's romantic voyage, preserving its foundational nonsense in multimedia forms. The term "runcible" has permeated music through band names and adaptations of Edward Lear's nonsense poetry. In 1969, and , later of the band , recorded as Frabjoy and Runcible Spoon, producing tracks like "I'm Beside Myself" at . Additionally, contemporary groups such as The Runcible Spoon have adopted the name for folk and acoustic performances. Lear's poems featuring "runcible," such as "," have inspired numerous musical settings, from children's songs to choral arrangements, highlighting the word's playful rhythm. Edward Lear's 2012 bicentennial sparked global events celebrating his , including exhibitions, conferences, and performances that referenced iconic elements like the runcible spoon. The Bicentennial Conference at , featured scholarly discussions and artistic tributes to his linguistic inventions. Commemorative merchandise, such as illustrated books and replicas of Lear's drawings depicting runcible utensils, appeared in museum shops and online retailers during this period. The word "runcible" is recognized as valid in international dictionaries like SOWPODS, allowing players to form it for 12 points, though it is absent from the U.S. TWL list. In the , "runcible" is classified as a word coined by Lear, originally without fixed meaning but later applied to a three-pronged spoon-like . Scholars confirm it as a pure for phonetic appeal. As a symbol of linguistic , "runcible" exemplifies nonce words that endure in English, influencing in and games; it appears in discussions of neologisms alongside Lear's limericks, underscoring his impact on playful .

References

  1. https://www.etymonline.com/word/runcible
  2. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/runcible_adj
  3. http://www.theoldfoodie.com/2010/05/runcible-peas.html
  4. https://blog.acsilver.co.uk/2019/06/28/owl-cat-runcible-spoon/
  5. https://www.wordsmith.org/words/runcible.html
  6. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/edward-lear
  7. https://poets.org/poet/edward-lear
  8. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/book-nonsense-edward-lear
  9. http://www.richmond.narpm.org/virtual-library/mL2DGC/6011035/The%2520Complete%2520Nonsense%2520Of%2520Edward%2520Lear.pdf
  10. https://www.poetrybyheart.org.uk/poems/the-owl-and-the-pussy-cat/
  11. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43188/the-owl-and-the-pussy-cat
  12. https://www.litcharts.com/poetry/edward-lear/the-owl-and-the-pussy-cat
  13. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/54364/the-jumblies
  14. https://wordsworth-editions.com/complete-nonsense-by-edward-lear/
  15. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13650/13650-h/13650-h.htm
  16. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44604/the-quangle-wangles-hat
  17. https://www.nonsenselit.org/Lear/MN/nr3.html
  18. https://www.nonsenselit.org/Lear/ll/discobbolos2.html
  19. https://www.nonsenselit.org/Lear/MN/nr1.html
  20. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433255
  21. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/runcible-spoon_n
  22. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/runcible-spoon
  23. https://antiquesilverspoons.co.uk/shop/spoons-and-flatware/miscellaneous-flatware/silver-runcible-spoons
  24. https://kids.kiddle.co/Runcible
  25. https://www.hhhistory.com/2021/03/the-scoop-on-spoons.html
  26. http://theinventors.org/library/inventors/blspork.htm
  27. https://www.berkshireeagle.com/news/local/ask-mr-know-it-all-a-runcible-spoon-remains-a-mystery/article_8135da68-076d-54e5-8211-85b89078ee45.html
  28. https://antiquesilverspoons.co.uk/shop/spoons-and-flatware/miscellaneous-flatware/silver-runcible-spoons/victorian-period-runcible-spoon-2067
  29. https://www.etsy.com/market/silver_runcible_spoons
  30. https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2012/0706/Limerick-master-Edward-Lear-celebrates-his-200th-birthday
  31. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/368481.368507
  32. https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/KnuthIBM650Appreciation.pdf
  33. https://www.engadget.com/2015-03-04-runcible-circular-anti-smartphone.html
  34. https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/15/11937916/monohm-runcible-pocket-watch-phone-price-specs-release-date
  35. https://www.androidcentral.com/runcible-anti-smartphone
  36. https://www.businessinsider.com/monohm-runcible-anti-smartphone-dependence-2016-6
  37. https://runcible.com/about-us/
  38. https://runcible.com/
  39. https://github.com/Katello/runcible
  40. http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/content.asp?Bnum=244
  41. https://www.nealasher.co.uk/polity-encyclopaedia/
  42. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jul/24/terry-jones-owl-pussycat-opera
  43. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/frabjoy-the-runcible-spoon-mn0001919409
  44. https://music.apple.com/us/artist/the-runcible-spoon/372202378
  45. https://singbookswithemily.wordpress.com/tag/runcible-spoon/
  46. https://edwardlearsociety.org/2012/08/27/edward-lear-bicentennial-conference/
  47. https://nonsenselit.com/the-edward-lear-2012-celebrations/
  48. https://www.thewordfinder.com/define/runcible/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.