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Greater short-horned lizard
Gravid female greater short-horned lizard in the Mogollon Rim region of Payson, Arizona
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Phrynosomatidae
Genus: Phrynosoma
Species:
P. hernandesi
Binomial name
Phrynosoma hernandesi
Girard, 1858

The greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi), also commonly known as the mountain short-horned lizard or Hernández's short-horned lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Phrynosomatidae. The species is endemic to western North America. Like other horned lizards, it is often called a "horned toad" or "horny toad", but it is not a toad at all. It is a reptile, not an amphibian. It is one of seven native species of lizards in Canada.

Etymology

[edit]

The genus Phrynosoma, means toad-bodied.[2] The specific name, hernandesi, honors Francisco Hernández (1514–1587), a Spanish physician who wrote an early account of a horned lizard, which was published in 1615.[3][4]

Identification

[edit]

The greater short-horned lizard is often mistaken for its close relative the pygmy short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglasii), which has the same basic body type consisting of small pointed scales around the head and back.[3] Until recent mitochondrial DNA evidence, P. hernandesi was considered to be the same species as P. douglasii. They are now considered distinct species with the pygmy short-horned lizard (P. douglasii) occupying the northwest portion of the United States and extreme southern British Columbia.[3] When placed together the two are easily distinguished at full size, the pygmy short-horned lizard being much smaller. P. hernandesi is a highly variable species with different geographic populations exhibiting differences in color, pattern and size with some authorities describing five subspecies.

The greater short-horned lizard ranges in size from 2 to 5 inches (5.1 to 12.7 cm) in snout-to-vent length (SVL) and is a flat-bodied, squat lizard with scales around the top of the head, normally called a "crown".[5] It has a snub-nosed profile and short legs. The trunk is fringed by one row of pointed scales, while the belly scales are smooth. The color is gray, yellowish, or reddish-brown, and there are two rows of large dark spots on the back. When threatened or aggressive, its colors become more intense.

Females grow to larger sizes than males: females average about 7 cm (about 2.75 inches) SVL, with a maximum total length (including tail) of about 15 cm (about 6 inches), and weigh about 18 g (0.63 oz); whereas males have an SVL of only about 5 cm (about 2 inches), and weigh on the average about 10 g (0.35 oz). The adult male dermatocranial shape resembles that to be expected of a subadult female of the same body size.[6]

Behavior

[edit]
Mountain short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi), Culberson County, Texas, US (19 May 2018)

The greater short-horned lizard is a "sit-and-wait" predator. It feeds primarily on ants, but also takes an occasional grasshopper or beetle. Often, it can be found sitting in the vicinity of a nest or trails. It is a diurnal creature, being most active during the evening and burrowing at night. It relies extensively on camouflage to avoid predators. Horned lizards have been shown to darken their skin when threatened or to regulate temperature.[7] Typically, greater short-horned lizards will remain as still as possible when a predator is nearby, attempting to blend in with the environment.[8] However if provoked, some species of horned lizards can build up blood pressure in regions behind their eyes and accurately squirt their blood at attacking predators, which will deter canids from continuing their attack.[9] It is rare for horned lizards to squirt blood at humans however, reserving this unique defense primarily for canids (i.e. foxes, coyotes, dogs), which have a strong reaction of distaste to the blood.[3] Squirting blood has been observed in the greater short-horned lizard, but has not been observed in the pygmy short-horned lizard.[10]

Reproduction

[edit]

The mating season for P. hernandesi is in spring (May to June). It is viviparous, giving live birth: the female births five to 48 offspring from July to September.[5] The young measure about 24 mm (0.94 in) SVL and weigh each about 1 g (0.035 oz). The young have no horns yet and are able to take care of themselves within a few hours; they are not able to fully crawl until they are a day old. Males become sexually active after their first year of life, and females generally take two years before they can start reproducing.

Geographic range

[edit]
Greater short-horned lizard, Phrynosoma hernandesi

The greater short-horned lizard is the most widely distributed horned lizard in North America and occurs in the widest range of habitats: West into central Nevada, east into North and South Dakota, north to southern Saskatchewan and Alberta,[11] and then south into eastern New Mexico to central Mexico, with a few pockets in Trans-Pecos Texas. This species of lizard is mostly an arid mountain dweller living in the range of 900–11,300 feet (170–3440 m).[5] It is the only member of its genus in Wyoming, which counts Phrynosoma as its state reptile. It is also considered an endangered species in Saskatchewan and Alberta.[12][13]

Habitat

[edit]

The greater short-horned lizard occupies habitats from semiarid plains to high elevations in the mountains. This species is frequently found in a wide range of habitats like shortgrass prairies, sagebrush deserts, and juniper, pine, or fir forests. The soil in these habitats can be stony or rocky but usually has fine loose soil or sand present.[5] The greater short-horned lizard is more cold tolerant than other species and is able to reach higher elevations and a greater distribution where the temperature is much cooler.

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Greater short-horned lizard

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi), also known as Hernandez's short-horned lizard, is a medium-sized in the Phrynosomatidae, native to western , distinguished by its flattened body, short occipital horns, and cryptic coloration that aids in against arid soils. This species measures up to 15 cm (5.9 inches) in total length, with females typically larger than males, and features a wide, heart-shaped head, jagged scale fringes along the sides, and a pale belly with smooth scales; its dorsal coloration varies from tan, gray, or reddish-brown, often marked with dark blotches for blending into shortgrass prairies or environments. Found across a broad range of semiarid to montane habitats in the United States, including shortgrass prairies, deserts, piñon-juniper woodlands, open forests, and shrubby plateaus up to 11,000 feet in , the Greater short-horned lizard prefers areas with loose, sandy, or soils and sparse vegetation that allow access to and opportunities. Its distribution spans from southern through states such as , , , , , , and , with localized populations in northwestern and the of , though it is absent from central high mountains and extreme eastern plains in some regions. As an , it employs a "sit-and-wait" strategy, relying on to capture prey, and defends itself against predators like hawks, snakes, and coyotes by inflating its body, playing dead, or ejecting blood from its ocular sinuses—a enabled by specialized sinuses that can propel the blood up to 3 feet. The lizard's diet consists primarily of , which form the bulk of its intake, supplemented by a more varied array of including beetles, grasshoppers, bees, spiders, snails, sowbugs, and occasionally young snakes. Unlike most , it is viviparous, giving live birth to litters of 6–20 (rarely up to 48) young in late summer after a 2–3 month , with newborns independent within a day and lacking fully developed horns at birth; occurs at one year for males and two years for females, supporting a lifespan of 5–8 years in the wild.

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Taxonomic classification

The greater short-horned lizard, Phrynosoma hernandesi, is classified within the domain Eukarya, kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Reptilia, order , suborder Iguania, family Phrynosomatidae, subfamily Phrynosomatinae, tribe Phrynosomatini, and genus Phrynosoma. This placement situates it among the spiny lizards of the Phrynosomatidae, a family endemic to the known for its diverse adaptations to terrestrial environments. Within the genus Phrynosoma, which comprises 17 recognized of horned lizards, P. hernandesi is distinguished as a robust, short-horned form primarily inhabiting northern and central . It was originally described by Charles Frédéric Girard in 1858 from specimens collected in . The species was elevated to full status from a subspecies of Phrynosoma douglasii (the pygmy short-horned ) based on sequence analysis and morphological traits, including larger body size, a more rounded , and longer occipital horns in P. hernandesi compared to the smaller, more elongate-snouted P. douglasii. These genetic divergences, supported by nuclear markers in later studies, confirm their separate evolutionary lineages within the short-horned . Several subspecies of P. hernandesi have been proposed, primarily on morphological grounds such as scale patterns, horn lengths, and body proportions, though their validity remains debated due to limited genetic differentiation. Recognized forms include P. h. hernandesi (nominal subspecies, with prominent horns and uniform dorsal coloration, found in the southwestern U.S.), P. h. ornatum (characterized by ornate spotting and found in Colorado and Utah), P. h. brevirostris (with a shorter snout, in the northern Rockies), and P. h. brachycercum (smaller-tailed populations in Mexico); a recently described P. h. diminutum from isolated dwarfed populations shows reduced size but contested status. Early taxonomy recognized up to six subspecies based on geographic variation (Reeve, 1952), but molecular evidence indicates many represent clinal variations rather than discrete taxa, with ongoing hybridization in contact zones. Evolutionarily, P. hernandesi belongs to the Phrynosoma genus, which diverged in the epoch (approximately 23–5 million years ago) within , with adaptations such as cryptic and thermoregulatory behaviors evolving in response to expanding arid and semiarid habitats across the continent. Phylogenetic analyses place it in the "Tapaja" clade alongside other short-horned species, reflecting a shared ancestry tied to and ecosystems where ant-specialized diets and defensive traits like blood ejection emerged.

Etymology

The scientific name of the greater short-horned lizard is Phrynosoma hernandesi. The genus name Phrynosoma is derived from the Greek words phrynos, meaning "," and sōma, meaning "body," alluding to the lizard's broad, flattened, and toad-like body form. This was established by Arend Wiegmann in 1828 to describe the distinctive morphology shared among in the . The species epithet hernandesi is a patronym honoring Francisco Hernández de Toledo (1514–1587), a Spanish physician and naturalist commissioned by King Philip II to document the flora and fauna of during the . Hernández provided one of the earliest written accounts of horned lizards in his 1651 work Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus, based on observations from his expedition. The name was formally assigned by Charles Frédéric Girard in 1858. The common name "greater short-horned lizard" distinguishes this species from the smaller pygmy short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglasii) and highlights its relatively short cranial and occipital spines compared to longer-horned congeners like the (Phrynosoma platyrhinos).

Physical description

Identification features

The greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) possesses a distinctive flat, broad body that is dorso-ventrally compressed, facilitating its low-profile movement across arid terrains. This body is adorned with pointed, keeled scales, including a prominent single row of enlarged, fringed scales along each lateral side, which contribute to its spiny, toad-like silhouette. The dorsal surface features a mix of small granular scales and larger keeled ones, creating a rough, textured appearance that enhances its defensive posture. The ventral surface is pale, typically beige or white, with smooth or plate-like scales. The head is characterized by short, stubby horns, primarily occipital and frontal in position, which are relatively blunt and project horizontally from the posterior rim. A wide, deep notch separates the paired horns, imparting a heart-shaped outline when viewed from above, complemented by a blunt and moderately large eyes adapted for scanning the ground. These parietal horns and surrounding spiny projections form a protective collar around the , adding to the lizard's armored look. Dorsal coloration varies from gray and to tan or reddish-brown, often accented by speckles or flecks and two paired rows of dark brown blotches running longitudinally along the back. This ground-matching pattern, combined with the spiny projections and overall cryptic form, provides effective against sandy or rocky substrates, allowing the lizard to remain motionless and blend seamlessly with its environment. In the field, the greater short-horned lizard may be confused with the pygmy short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglasii), but it can be distinguished by its larger overall size, a pronounced wide notch between the occipital horns (absent in the pygmy), and horns that project horizontally rather than upward.

Size and sexual dimorphism

Adult greater short-horned lizards (Phrynosoma hernandesi) typically measure 5–7 cm in snout-vent length (SVL), with total lengths reaching up to 15 cm and weights between 10–18 g. The species exhibits marked , with females growing larger than males; for instance, adult females attain an average SVL of approximately 6.9 cm and non-gravid weight of 18 g, while males average 5.2 cm SVL and 10 g. Juveniles are born at smaller sizes, with SVL of 2.0–2.5 cm and weights of 0.7–0.8 g, and undergo rapid growth during their first year, reaching up to 3.8 cm SVL by summer's end. Size variations occur regionally, with some populations, such as those in certain high-elevation or isolated areas, showing dwarfed body sizes and accentuated compared to surrounding groups.

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

The greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) exhibits one of the broadest distributions among North American horned lizards, extending from southern through the western and to central . In , its range is confined to the extreme southeastern portions of and southwestern , where populations occur in scattered, isolated patches along river valleys and coulees such as the and Milk River drainages. These northern populations mark the species' latitudinal limit at approximately 50°10'N, making it the northernmost lizard in . In the United States, the lizard is distributed across 13 western and Great Plains states, including , , , , , , , , , , , , and , with Nevada marking the western boundary and Texas the eastern. It is particularly common in and , where it occupies much of the central and eastern regions of Montana and is widely distributed across Wyoming's plains and foothills, though populations in these core areas have shown localized declines. In contrast, occurrences are rarer and more fragmented in peripheral northern states like and the Canadian provinces, often limited to isolated grassland remnants. The species' elevational range spans approximately 900–3,400 m, from semiarid lowlands to montane zones, though it is most prevalent below 3,000 m in open, sparsely vegetated terrains. Historically, the range was more continuous in northern latitudes, but current distributions show contractions, particularly in where agricultural conversion has led to extirpations in areas like the Forty-Mile Coulee, resulting in further isolation of remaining subpopulations. In , the range continues southward into the northern and central states of Chihuahua, , , and .

Habitat preferences

The greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) inhabits a variety of semiarid to arid landscapes across western , including shortgrass prairies, sagebrush deserts, pinon-juniper woodlands, and open coniferous forests such as pine-spruce and spruce-fir stands. These environments typically feature sparse , which supports the lizard's thermoregulatory needs by allowing exposure to . The species also occurs in shrublands, , and grasslands, often in areas with outcrops like or . Soil preferences center on sandy, gravelly, or loose substrates that facilitate burrowing for and egg-laying, ranging from rocky to fine, penetrable soils with minimal compaction. Pebbly or stony flats are common, providing well-drained conditions while avoiding dense, non-native vegetation such as crested that could obscure open ground. This lizard occupies elevations from approximately 900 m to 3,400 m, extending from low semiarid plains to high montane communities in regions like the and . It tolerates cold winters characteristic of these higher elevations, hibernating in burrows or steep wash banks up to 1 m deep from mid-September to mid-April in northern parts of its range. Microhabitats favored include open, sunny areas with bare ground, rocks for perching, and south-facing slopes, often in proximity to colonies or canyon bottoms with sandy substrates; dense cover is generally avoided to maintain visibility and access to warmth.

Biology and ecology

Behavior and diet

The greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) is diurnal and employs a sit-and-wait strategy, remaining motionless to prey using cryptic coloration before launching short bursts of speed to capture it. After capturing prey, individuals often rest for extended periods to aid digestion, reflecting their energy-conserving lifestyle in arid and montane environments. This approach relies primarily on visual cues, with pursuing only moving . The diet is predominantly insectivorous and myrmecophagous, consisting of 70–97% by volume across populations, including harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex spp.) and carpenter (Camponotus spp.), supplemented by beetles, grasshoppers, spiders, and occasionally other arthropods like flies or crickets. dominate numerically, while larger items such as beetles contribute more to ; dietary composition shows nonrandom selection favoring , with seasonal shifts toward more diverse prey in some regions as ant availability fluctuates. Larger lizards tend to consume bigger prey items overall. Thermoregulation is achieved behaviorally as an , with individuals basking in the morning sun to raise body temperature to around 35°C and seeking shade midday to avoid overheating, while burrowing into at night for refuge and conservation. Activity patterns are tied to warmer months, with emergence from in late to early May depending on and , followed by peak activity from mid-April to mid-September or in northern ranges. Juveniles may reduce midday activity to manage . In response to threats, they may puff up or flee, behaviors that complement their routine .

Reproduction

The greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) is viviparous, one of 11 species in the Phrynosoma that give live birth rather than laying eggs, a reproductive mode that has evolved as an to cooler climates where external incubation of eggs would fail due to insufficient temperatures. This strategy enhances embryo survival by allowing internal development and maternal , particularly in higher-altitude or northern habitats. Mating occurs from May to , when males actively search for receptive females by roaming widely across their habitats. involves visual displays such as head-bobbing and push-up movements to signal readiness and attract mates, behaviors typical of the . Females can store for fertilization, enabling delayed if needed. Gestation lasts 2–3 months, after which females give birth to live young from July to September. Litter sizes range from 5 to 48 offspring, with an average of 15–20; neonates measure about 2.4 cm in snout-vent length (SVL) and are fully independent immediately upon birth, receiving no . Sexual maturity is reached by males after their first year and by females after two years, with adults reproducing annually to align with the brief active season in their temperate ranges.

Predators and defenses

The greater short-horned lizard faces predation from a variety of animals across its range, including canids such as coyotes, foxes, and domestic dogs, which actively hunt these in open habitats. Avian predators include raptors like hawks and , as well as the , which impales on thorns or to subdue and consume them. In southern portions of its distribution, greater roadrunners also prey on these , using rapid pursuit to capture them. Snakes and other lizard species further contribute to predation pressure, often ambushing the short-horned lizard during its periods of inactivity. To evade detection, the greater short-horned lizard relies on its mottled, blotched coloration and flattened body shape for effective against sandy or rocky substrates, often remaining motionless to blend into the environment. If camouflage fails, the lizard may employ caudal , voluntarily detaching its at a plane to distract and escape pursuing predators; however, regeneration in this species is slow and incomplete, potentially reducing future mobility and energy reserves. A more dramatic defense is the lizard's ability to squirt from its eyes, achieved by rupturing the thin walls of the circumorbital sinuses through increased in the head, propelling foul-tasting, anticoagulant-laden up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) toward the eyes and nostrils of mammalian predators like canids. This behavior is particularly effective against canines, causing and temporary blindness, though it is less useful against avian or reptilian predators. Complementing these tactics, the lizard's prominent spines and horns provide passive protection by making it difficult for predators to swallow whole.

Conservation

Status and threats

The greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) is assessed as Least Concern on the , reflecting its broad distribution and relatively stable global population across western . However, regional assessments highlight greater vulnerability at the species' northern periphery; in , it is listed as Endangered under the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA) Schedule 1 (based on the 2007 COSEWIC assessment), though re-assessed as Special Concern by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in November 2018 due to small, fragmented populations but with declines now estimated at less than 30% over three generations in and . In the United States, it holds federal status of Least Concern but is classified as a species of concern in several states, including (S3 rank, potentially at risk) and (Level II priority). Population trends indicate stability in core U.S. habitats but notable declines in northern ranges, with Canadian populations estimated at fewer than 20,000 mature individuals (as of 2018 assessment) and ongoing contraction contributing to losses of less than 30% in localized areas over recent decades. These declines are exacerbated by the species' low reproductive rates and sensitivity to environmental perturbations at range edges. In , no national conservation status is assigned, but border populations face elevated risks from habitat degradation, with of reductions tied to agricultural expansion. Major threats stem from human activities, including due to and , which reduce available arid grasslands and shrublands essential for foraging and . Road mortality and traffic further compound risks by directly killing individuals and disrupting movement corridors, particularly during dispersal. Invasive plant species alter vegetation structure, diminishing prey availability, while —manifesting as altered precipitation patterns, increased droughts, and fluctuating snow cover—threatens overwintering survival and prey populations in northern extents.

Protection and management

The Greater short-horned lizard is protected under Canada's Species at Risk Act (SARA) as an on Schedule 1, prohibiting harm, harassment, or collection across federal lands and waters (despite the 2018 COSEWIC Special Concern assessment, the Endangered listing and 2015 recovery strategy remain in effect as of 2025). In , it is listed as Endangered under the Wildlife Act, designated as a animal that cannot be hunted or trapped, while in , it holds provincial status as Vulnerable (proposed). In the United States, the species lacks federal protection under the Endangered Species Act but is recognized as a species of concern in states like (S3 rank, vulnerable) and receives safeguards on public lands such as national parks and refuges. Recovery efforts in are guided by the 2015 Recovery Strategy developed under SARA, which aims to maintain self-sustaining populations in known occupied areas through habitat protection and threat mitigation (no updates to the strategy as of 2025, though the 2018 COSEWIC assessment may inform future reviews). Key strategies include habitat restoration via agreements with landowners to prevent conversion to or industry, sustainable to avoid and vegetation loss in dry mixedgrass prairies, and road mitigation measures like restricting new infrastructure in critical habitat polygons totaling 132 km² across and . In the U.S., focuses on state-level initiatives, such as Montana's monitoring of from land-use changes, though no comprehensive national recovery plan exists due to the species' overall Least Concern status. Research and monitoring efforts emphasize population surveys to track occupancy and distribution, with protocols for visual searches in suitable s conducted periodically in both countries; for instance, and surveys since the early 2000s have informed critical habitat identification. Studies on prey availability, such as harvester ants, support habitat management by linking lizard diet to health, while investigations into wintering sites and impacts guide adaptive strategies. is not prioritized, as efforts focus on enhancing wild population viability through . Public education programs target reducing illegal collection and vehicle strikes, particularly in recreation areas like in , where interpretive materials and landowner outreach promote awareness of the lizard's cryptic nature and legal protections. Collaborative initiatives with ranchers, oil and gas industries, and park visitors emphasize compatible land practices to minimize disturbances, fostering stewardship across the species' range.

References

  1. https://www.nps.gov/bica/learn/nature/greater-short-horned-lizard.htm
  2. https://cpw.state.co.us/species/hernandezs-short-horned-lizard
  3. https://www.ndow.org/species/greater-short-horned-lizard/
  4. https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=phrynosoma&species=hernandesi
  5. https://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Phrynosoma%20hernandesi
  6. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.678110/full
  7. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/greater-short-horned-lizard/chapter-3.html
  8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790306000078
  9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790303004172
  10. https://cnah.org/taxon.aspx?taxon=Phrynosoma_hernandesi
  11. http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/pianka/phryno.html
  12. https://www.sdherps.org/species/phrynosoma_hernandesi
  13. https://sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_phrynosoma_hernandesi_e.pdf
  14. https://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=aracf12080
  15. https://npshistory.com/publications/grsa/lahti-2010.pdf
  16. https://fieldguide.wildlife.utah.gov/?Species=Phrynosoma%20hernandesi
  17. https://fwp.mt.gov/conservation/wildlife-management/greater-short-horned-lizard
  18. https://wgfd.wyo.gov/media/1478/download?inline
  19. http://www.coparc.org/greater-short-horned-lizard.html
  20. https://www.nps.gov/libi/learn/nature/reptile.htm
  21. https://landpotential.org/habitat-hub/greater-short-horned-lizard/
  22. https://www.nps.gov/brca/learn/nature/shlizard.htm
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  30. https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/news/2016/10/28/nature-can-cruel-but-filled-surprises/92873220/
  31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4162841
  32. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260560864_Phrynosoma_hernandesi_Greater_Short-horned_Lizard_Predation
  33. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14303
  34. https://www.nps.gov/para/learn/nature/greater-short-horned-lizard.htm
  35. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3776&context=icwdm_usdanwrc
  36. https://www.livescience.com/animals/lizards/short-horned-lizard-the-inflatable-horny-toad-that-squirts-toxic-blood-from-its-eyes
  37. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/greater-short-horned-lizard-2018.html
  38. https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife/id/herps/short-horned-lizard
  39. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/greater-short-horned-lizard/chapter-11.html
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  41. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2020/eccc/CW69-14-532-2019-eng.pdf
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