Hubbry Logo
WiGigWiGigMain
Open search
WiGig
Community hub
WiGig
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
WiGig
WiGig
WiGig
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

WiGig, alternatively known as 60 GHz Wi-Fi,[1] refers to a set of 60 GHz wireless network protocols.[2] It includes the current IEEE 802.11ad standard and also the IEEE 802.11ay standard.[3]

The WiGig specification allows devices to communicate without wires at multi-gigabit speeds. It enables high-performance wireless data, display and audio applications that supplement the capabilities of previous wireless LAN devices. WiGig tri-band-enabled devices, which operate in the 2.4, 5 and 60 GHz bands, deliver data transfer rates up to 7 Gbit/s (for 11ad), about as fast as an 8-band 802.11ac transmission, and more than eleven times faster than the highest 802.11n rate, while maintaining compatibility with existing Wi-Fi devices. The 60 GHz millimeter wave signal cannot typically penetrate walls but can propagate by reflection from walls, ceilings, floors and objects using beamforming built into the WiGig system.[4] When roaming away from 60 GHz coverage, the protocol can switch to make use of the other, lower bands, both of which can propagate through walls, with a much lower data rate where the higher rates are not needed.[5][6]

802.11ay has a transmission rate of 20 to 40 Gbit/s and an extended transmission distance of 300 to 500 meters.[7] 802.11ay should not be confused with the similarly named 802.11ax that was released in 2019. The 802.11ay standard is designed to run at much higher frequencies. The lower frequency of 802.11ax enables it to penetrate walls, something that the 11ay standard struggles to do.[8] The name WiGig comes from Wireless Gigabit Alliance, the original association being formed to promote the adoption of IEEE 802.11ad. However, it is now certified by Wi-Fi Alliance.[9]

History

[edit]

Specification

[edit]

The WiGig MAC and PHY Specification, version 1.1 includes the following capabilities:[26][27]

  • Supports data transmission rates up to 7 Gbit/s – just over eleven times faster than the highest 802.11n rate
  • Supplements and extends the 802.11 Media Access Control (MAC) layer and is backward compatible with the IEEE 802.11 standard
  • Physical layer enables low power and high performance WiGig devices, guaranteeing interoperability and communication at gigabit per second rates
  • Protocol adaptation layers are being developed to support specific system interfaces including data buses for PC peripherals and display interfaces for HDTVs, monitors and projectors
  • Support for beamforming, enabling robust communication at up to 10 meters. The beams can move within the coverage area through modification of the transmission phase of individual antenna elements, which is called phased array antenna beamforming.
  • Widely used advanced security and power management for WiGig devices

Applications

[edit]

On November 3, 2010, WiGig Alliance announced the WiGig version 1.0 A/V and I/O protocol adaptation layer (PAL) specifications.[21] The application specifications have been developed to support specific system interfaces including extensions for PC peripherals and display interfaces for HDTVs, monitors and projectors.

WiGig Display Extension

WiGig Bus Extension and WiGig Serial Extension. The WiGig Bus Extension (WBE) was available to members in 2011.[28]

  • Define high-performance wireless implementations of widely used computer interfaces over 60 GHz
  • Enable multi-gigabit wireless connectivity between any two devices, such as connection to storage and other high-speed peripherals

Competition

[edit]

WiGig competes with other 60 GHz frequency band transmission standards like WirelessHD in some applications.

Channels

[edit]
60 GHz WiGig channels
Channel
2.16 GHz		 Frequency (GHz) Channel
4.32 GHz		 Channel
6.48 GHz		 Channel
8.64 GHz 		Channel
1.08 GHz		 Frequency (GHz)
Center Min. Max. Center Min. Max.
1 58.32 57.24 59.40 9 — 17 — — 25 — — — 33 57.78 57.24 58.32
2 60.48 59.40 61.56 10 18 26 34 58.86 58.32 59.40
3 62.64 61.56 63.72 11 19 27 35 59.94 59.40 60.48
4 64.80 63.72 65.88 12 20 28 36 61.02 60.48 61.56
5 66.96 65.88 68.04 13 21 29 37 62.10 61.56 62.64
6 69.12 68.04 70.20 14 22 — 38 63.18 62.64 63.72
7 71.28 70.20 72.36 15 — — 39 64.26 63.72 64.80
8 73.44 72.36 74.52 — — — 40 65.34 64.80 65.88

Regional spectrum allocations vary by region limiting the available number of channels in some regions. As of October 2016 the US is the only region supporting all six channels, while other regions are considering to follow suit.[29]

Single-carrier and Control-PHY data rates

[edit]
MCS
index 		Modulation
type 		Coding
rate 		Phy rate (Mbit/s) Sensitivity power
(dBm) 		Tx EVM
(dB)
0 (Control-PHY) DSSS with 32 π⁄2-BPSK chips per bit 1/2 27.5 −78 −6
1 π⁄2-BPSK (with each bit repeated twice) 1/2 385 −68 −6
2 π⁄2-BPSK 1/2 770 −66 −7
3 5/8 962.5 −65 −9
4 3/4 1155 −64 −10
5 13/16 1251.25 −62 −12
6 π⁄2-QPSK 1/2 1540 −63 −11
7 5/8 1925 −62 −12
8 3/4 2310 −61 −13
9 13/16 2502.5 −59 −15
10 π⁄2-16-QAM 1/2 3080 −55 −19
11 5/8 3850 −54 −20
12 3/4 4620 −53 −21

OFDM data rates

[edit]

The use of the OFDM mode is obsolete and removed in 802.11-2020.

MCS
index		 Modulation
type		 Coding
rate		 Phy rate
(Mbit/s)		 Sensitivity
(dBm)		 EVM
(dB)
13 SQPSK 1/2 693 −66 −7
14 5/8 866.25 −64 −9
15 QPSK 1/2 1386 −63 −10
16 5/8 1732.5 −62 −11
17 3/4 2079 −60 −13
18 16-QAM 1/2 2772 −58 −15
19 5/8 3465 −56 −17
20 3/4 4158 −54 −19
21 13/16 4504.5 −53 −20
22 64-QAM 5/8 5197.5 −51 −22
23 3/4 6237 −49 −24
24 13/16 6756.75 −47 −26

Low-power single-carrier data rates

[edit]
MCS
index		 Modulation
type		 Coding
rate		 Phy rate
(Mbit/s)		 Sensitivity
(dBm)		 EVM
(dB)
25 π⁄2-BPSK 13/28 626 −64 −7
26 13/21 834 −60 −9
27 52/63 1112 −57 −10
28 π⁄2-QPSK 13/28 1251 −12
29 13/21 1668 −12
30 52/63 2224 −13
31 13/14 2503 −15

See also

[edit]

ip based:

port / cable standard for mobile equipment

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

WiGig

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
WiGig, also known as Wireless Gigabit, is a high-speed wireless (WLAN) technology standardized as , which amends the specifications to enable operation in the unlicensed 60 GHz millimeter-wave frequency band for multi-gigabit data throughput over short ranges. This standard modifies both the (PHY) and layer (MAC) of IEEE 802.11 to support peak data rates of up to 7 Gbps, utilizing channel bandwidths of 2.16 GHz across four channels in the 57–66 GHz spectrum (with regional variations). Designed for license-exempt use, WiGig addresses bandwidth limitations in lower-frequency bands like 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz by providing ultra-high-speed connectivity suitable for indoor, line-of-sight applications within 1–10 meters. The development of WiGig originated from the efforts of the Wireless Gigabit Alliance, a trade group formed in 2009 by industry leaders including , , and to promote multi-gigabit wireless technologies in the 60 GHz band. In December 2012, the IEEE ratified 802.11ad as an amendment to the core 802.11 standard, formally integrating WiGig's specifications for enhanced very high throughput (VHT) capabilities. The WiGig Alliance was subsequently merged into the in March 2013, which continued to advance certification and interoperability testing for 802.11ad devices. Initial device certifications began in late , focusing on foundational connectivity features, with broader adoption driven by the need for tri-band solutions that seamlessly switch between 60 GHz for high-speed bursts and lower bands for extended range. Technically, WiGig employs advanced modulation schemes, including single-carrier (SC) and (OFDM) PHY modes, to achieve low-latency performance with modulation and coding schemes (MCS) ranging from 385 Mbps to 6.76 Gbps. is a core feature, directing signals in narrow beams to mitigate high at 60 GHz, while protocol adaptation layers (PALs) enable direct replacement of wired interfaces like , , and for uncompressed video and data transfer. Fast session transfer (FST) allows devices to hand off sessions between 60 GHz and 2.4/5 GHz bands, ensuring robust connectivity. However, the technology's short range and susceptibility to obstacles limit its use to personal area networks, distinguishing it from longer-range standards. WiGig has found applications in consumer electronics for wireless docking, 4K/8K video streaming, augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR), and rapid file syncing in devices such as smartphones, laptops, TVs, and VR headsets. By 2020, over half of 802.11ad-enabled shipments were projected to be in smartphones, with key enablers like Qualcomm's Snapdragon processors and Intel's chipsets driving integration. The standard laid the groundwork for subsequent enhancements, including IEEE 802.11ay (WiGig 2.0), ratified in 2021, which extends capabilities to tens of Gbps through channel bonding and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques for broader enterprise and backhaul uses. Despite challenges like oxygen absorption in the 60 GHz band, WiGig continues to evolve as a complement to traditional Wi-Fi, reducing reliance on cables in high-bandwidth scenarios.

Overview

Definition and Standards

WiGig, also known as Wireless Gigabit, encompasses a family of short-range wireless protocols designed to deliver multi-gigabit-per-second data rates using the unlicensed 60 GHz millimeter-wave spectrum. It is fundamentally specified by the IEEE 802.11ad amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs), which was officially published on December 28, 2012. This standard enables high-throughput communications suitable for applications requiring rapid data transfer over distances typically limited to 10 meters or less, distinguishing it from conventional sub-6 GHz Wi-Fi technologies that prioritize broader coverage at lower speeds. As a WLAN technology, WiGig focuses on providing robust, interference-resistant connectivity in dense environments, leveraging the abundant available at 60 GHz to achieve peak theoretical data rates up to 7 Gbps. Unlike traditional operating in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, WiGig employs directional to overcome high inherent to millimeter waves, ensuring reliable short-range performance without the congestion issues plaguing lower-frequency bands. WiGig integrates seamlessly into the Wi-Fi ecosystem through certification programs offered by the , which validate interoperability and compliance with for consumer and enterprise devices. It also supports with legacy devices in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands via multi-band operation, including mechanisms for session that allow devices to switch frequencies dynamically when 60 GHz links are obstructed.

Key Features

WiGig operates in the unlicensed 60 GHz millimeter-wave band, which provides abundant for high-throughput wireless communication while minimizing interference from other devices due to the band's underutilization. However, this frequency range experiences significant and from materials like walls and furniture, limiting its effective compared to lower-frequency bands. To counter these challenges, WiGig incorporates advanced and beam tracking techniques, enabling highly directional signal transmission that focuses energy toward the intended receiver. This directional communication extends the indoor range to approximately 10 meters, supporting reliable multi-gigabit data rates up to 7 Gbps in practical scenarios. WiGig achieves low latency suitable for real-time applications that demand rapid response times. Additionally, its power efficiency is enhanced by the use of single-carrier modulation for control and lower-rate functions, which reduces complexity and energy consumption in battery-powered devices. Despite these advantages, WiGig's performance is constrained by a strict line-of-sight requirement, as signals do not penetrate obstacles effectively, and susceptibility to oxygen absorption, which introduces additional attenuation over longer distances.

History and Development

Formation of WiGig Alliance

The Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig Alliance) was formed in May 2009 by a consortium of prominent technology companies, including Intel, Samsung, and Panasonic, to accelerate the development and widespread adoption of 60 GHz wireless technology for high-speed, short-range communications. This initiative addressed the need for a unified industry standard to enable multi-gigabit data rates, surpassing the capabilities of existing Wi-Fi technologies at the time. The alliance focused on creating specifications that supported key use cases, including wireless docking for seamless device connectivity, audio-visual (AV) distribution for uncompressed high-definition streaming, and high-speed data transfer for applications like and backups. A pivotal early achievement was the release of the WiGig 1.0 specification on December 10, 2009, which outlined the physical (PHY) and media access control (MAC) layers for 60 GHz operation, enabling data rates up to 7 Gbps while ensuring compatibility with existing ecosystems. This specification served as the foundation for subsequent industry efforts, including contributions to the standard. In early 2013, the WiGig Alliance announced plans to consolidate its operations with the , transferring its , specifications, and membership to streamline and market promotion. The unification was finalized in March 2013, effectively dissolving the standalone WiGig Alliance while enabling the launch of the WiGig program later that year under the 's oversight to validate product .

Standardization Milestones

The IEEE 802.11ad task group was initiated in January 2009 to develop enhancements for very high throughput operation in the 60 GHz band. This effort culminated in the ratification of the amendment on December 28, 2012, which was published as part of the IEEE 802.11-2012 standard and defined modifications to the (PHY) and (MAC) sublayer to support multi-gigabit wireless local area networks (WLANs) at 60 GHz. Building on 802.11ad, the amendment was developed by a subsequent task group to enhance directional multi-gigabit performance, including support for channel bonding and aggregation of up to four 2.16 GHz channels for a total bandwidth of 8.64 GHz, enabling theoretical data rates up to 100 Gbps. The 802.11ay standard was published on July 28, 2021, further extending the capabilities of 60 GHz Wi-Fi for applications requiring higher throughput and reliability. In parallel with IEEE efforts, the Wi-Fi Alliance assumed responsibility for WiGig promotion following the merger of the Wireless Gigabit Alliance in March 2013, launching its WiGig Certified interoperability testing and certification program later that year to ensure multi-vendor compatibility for 802.11ad devices. As of 2025, the 802.11ad and 802.11ay specifications have been integrated into the broader IEEE 802.11-2024 revision, which consolidates prior amendments for a unified WLAN framework. Recent IEEE amendments, such as 802.11bf (WLAN sensing, published September 2025, including support for sensing applications in the 60 GHz band), and ongoing task groups, such as 802.11bn (ultra-high reliability), continue to explore enhancements specifically for 60 GHz operations to support emerging use cases like precise location tracking and industrial automation.

Technical Specifications

Frequency Bands and Channels

WiGig, standardized as , operates in the unlicensed millimeter-wave around 60 GHz, specifically the 57–71 GHz band, which is allocated for short-range, high-capacity wireless communications. This band is globally unlicensed but subject to regional regulatory variations in frequency range and power limits to accommodate policies. In the United States, the available spans 57.05–71.00 GHz, enabling the use of up to six channels. permits operations from 57.00–66.00 GHz, supporting four channels, while allocates 57.00–66.00 GHz, also limited to four channels. These allocations ensure compatibility with international standards while addressing interference concerns in dense environments. The 60 GHz band is divided into discrete channels, each with a nominal bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, to facilitate efficient utilization and minimize . defines four primary channels, with centers at 58.32 GHz, 60.48 GHz, 62.64 GHz, and 64.80 GHz, though additional channels (5 and 6) are available in regions like the with broader allocations. The channel boundaries are precisely defined as follows:
ChannelStart Frequency (GHz)Center Frequency (GHz)End Frequency (GHz)
157.2458.3259.40
259.4060.4861.56
361.5662.6463.72
463.7264.8065.88
Channel 2, centered at 60.48 GHz, serves as the default worldwide due to its universal availability across regulatory domains. These channels support the single-carrier and OFDM modes in WiGig by providing dedicated bandwidth for high-throughput transmissions. Subsequent enhancements in IEEE 802.11ay introduce channel bonding and aggregation to expand effective bandwidth beyond the 2.16 GHz per channel, enabling combinations of up to four channels for a total of 8.64 GHz. This capability allows WiGig devices to dynamically select and bond contiguous channels within the available regional spectrum, improving in supported PHY modes. A key characteristic of the 60 GHz band is its susceptibility to atmospheric absorption, primarily from oxygen (O₂) molecules, which resonate near 60–61 GHz and cause significant signal —approximately 15 dB per kilometer in standard conditions. This absorption limits propagation range to tens of meters in typical indoor or short outdoor scenarios but enhances spatial reuse by reducing interference between nearby links. The effect is particularly pronounced around the band center, influencing channel selection and necessitating directional transmission techniques for reliable operation.

PHY Layer Modes

The IEEE 802.11ad standard, underlying WiGig technology, specifies multiple physical layer (PHY) modes to support diverse operational requirements in the 60 GHz band, including robustness, throughput, and power efficiency. These modes include the Single Carrier (SC) PHY, (OFDM) PHY, Low-Power SC PHY, and Control PHY, each optimized for specific scenarios such as short-range communication, high-data-rate transmission in multipath environments, battery-constrained devices, and initial network discovery. The Single Carrier (SC) PHY is designed for robust, low-complexity transmission in short-range applications, employing simple modulation schemes such as π/2-BPSK and π/2-QPSK to mitigate and ensure reliable performance over line-of-sight links. It supports through dedicated training fields, enabling directional antennas to extend range and overcome at 60 GHz. This mode prioritizes power efficiency and is mandatory for devices aiming for basic connectivity, with optional higher-order modulation like 16-QAM for increased rates in favorable conditions. In contrast, the OFDM PHY targets higher throughput in environments with , utilizing a 512-point FFT to divide the 2.16 GHz channel into subcarriers including 336 data subcarriers and 16 pilot subcarriers for channel estimation. Modulation options range from SQPSK to 64-QAM, allowing adaptation to varying signal-to-noise ratios while employing low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding for error correction. Although more complex and power-intensive than SC, this optional mode excels in scenarios requiring multi-gigabit speeds, such as streaming. The Low-Power SC PHY extends the SC mode for battery-operated devices, restricting modulation to π/2-BPSK and π/2-QPSK to reduce computational demands and , while incorporating Reed-Solomon encoding and block interleaving for enhanced reliability. This optional variant sacrifices some peak performance for extended operation in portable applications like wireless docking or sensors, maintaining compatibility with features. The Control PHY serves as a robust of the SC PHY, primarily for device discovery, association, and beamforming training in low signal-to-noise ratio conditions before higher-rate modes are engaged. It employs differential π/2-BPSK modulation with LDPC coding at a 1/2 rate and supports data rates up to 27.5 Mbps in its base configuration, with optional repetition enabling lower rates down to approximately 1.5 Mbps for extended reach during initial link establishment. This mandatory mode ensures across all WiGig devices by providing a fallback for control signaling.

Data Rates and Performance

WiGig, based on the standard, supports multiple (PHY) modes with varying maximum data rates to balance throughput, robustness, and power efficiency. The Single Carrier (SC) PHY mode achieves peak rates up to 4.62 Gbps using π/2-16QAM modulation and a 3/4 coding rate over a 2.16 GHz channel bandwidth. The Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) PHY mode provides higher peak performance, reaching up to 6.76 Gbps with 64-QAM modulation and a 13/16 coding rate, leveraging its multi-carrier structure for improved . In contrast, the Control PHY mode is designed for low-overhead signaling and supports rates up to 27.5 Mbps using π/2-BPSK modulation and a 1/2 coding rate. The SC PHY data rate can be calculated as R=NCBPS×Rc×(1−O)R = N_{CBPS} \times R_c \times (1 - O), where NCBPSN_{CBPS} represents the number of coded bits per symbol, RcR_c is the coding rate (ranging from 1/2 to 5/8 for lower robustness or up to 3/4 for higher efficiency), and OO accounts for protocol overhead such as preambles and headers. This formula highlights how modulation order and error correction influence achievable throughput, with higher NCBPSN_{CBPS} values enabling multi-gigabit speeds in short-range scenarios. Enhancements in the IEEE 802.11ay amendment significantly boost WiGig performance through channel bonding (up to 8.64 GHz bandwidth), multiple-input multiple-output () with up to 8 spatial streams, and advanced aggregation techniques, yielding theoretical peak rates of up to 176 Gbps. In practical deployments, however, real-world throughputs typically range from 10 to 20 Gbps due to implementation constraints and environmental factors. Key performance factors include , which provides gains of up to 10 dB to mitigate 60 GHz and enable reliable links, alongside spatial reuse for concurrent transmissions in multi-user environments. These gains are offset by rapid signal , limiting effective ranges to under 10 meters in typical indoor settings without line-of-sight. For low-power applications such as IoT devices, the Low-Power SC (LPSC) mode supports rates up to 2.5 Gbps, prioritizing energy efficiency over maximum throughput.
PHY ModeMaximum Data RateKey Enablers
SC PHY4.62 Gbpsπ/2-16QAM, 3/4 coding
OFDM PHY6.76 Gbps64-QAM, 13/16 coding
Control PHY27.5 Mbpsπ/2-BPSK, 1/2 coding
LPSC Mode2.50 Gbpsπ/2-QPSK, 13/14 coding

Applications

Consumer Electronics

WiGig has enabled wireless docking stations for s, allowing users to connect peripherals and displays without cables in home setups. Early prototypes, such as those demonstrated by and partners like in 2013, showcased multi-gigabit connectivity for USB devices and external monitors, paving the way for cord-free productivity in consumer environments. By 2015, commercial products like 's Wireless Gigabit docking solutions supported up to two full HD displays and peripherals, enhancing mobility for users in personal spaces. In home entertainment, WiGig facilitates streaming, supporting 4K and 8K (compressed) AV distribution over short distances without cables, achieving speeds up to 7 Gbps to minimize latency and buffering. This capability is particularly valuable for seamless content sharing between media players and displays, as seen in high-end systems where WiGig replaces for single-room video distribution. Adoption in consumer devices includes smartphones and televisions, with initial WiGig support appearing in flagship models around 2016, such as the LeTV Le Max Pro equipped with Qualcomm's 802.11ad chipset for high-speed local transfers. Modern VR headsets, like the HTC Vive Pro integrated with Intel's WiGig adapter, leverage the technology for untethered experiences, delivering low-latency video to the headset from a PC. For gaming, WiGig supports low-latency wireless controllers and external displays, enabling immersive play without cords; for instance, the paired with a WiGig in 2018 allowed ultra-low-latency streaming to larger screens for mobile gaming. Market examples include WiGig-certified devices from 2015 onward, such as early docking stations and display adapters, with growing penetration in premium segments driven by demand for high-bandwidth home applications. In 2025, introduced a new WiGig chipset enhancing connectivity for smart home applications.

Enterprise and Industrial Uses

In enterprise environments, WiGig (IEEE 802.11ad) is deployed for point-to-point backhaul links to extend gigabit local area networks (LANs) wirelessly, particularly in settings where cabling is impractical. These modules, operating in the 60 GHz band, deliver multi-gigabit Ethernet speeds with low latency, enabling high-capacity connections between buildings or network segments on campuses. For instance, Peraso's PRS212x family of 802.11ad modules targets such applications, providing up to 7 Gbps throughput over short distances while maintaining energy efficiency compared to other unlicensed spectrum solutions. In industrial automation, WiGig supports wireless connectivity for sensors, actuators, and collaborative in environments, meeting stringent low-latency requirements for (TSN). It enables deterministic communication through synchronous service periods within 100 ms beacon intervals, achieving latencies as low as 0.57 ms for 252-byte MAC protocol data units. Multi-access point (AP) deployments, incorporating frame replication and elimination for reliability, extend coverage to approximately 100 meters, facilitating real-time control in automated production lines. WiGig also powers audio-visual (AV) systems in conference rooms, enabling wireless presentations and high-definition content sharing without cables. Tri-band access points integrating 802.11ad allow seamless streaming of multiple 4K videos or connections to overhead projectors from mobile devices, simplifying setups for mobile workers. This capability reduces clutter and enhances flexibility in shared spaces. Enterprise adoption of WiGig has accelerated with the rise of hybrid work models, as evidenced by Cisco's 2013 investment in Wilocity to integrate multi-gigabit 802.11ad into enterprise solutions. Market analyses project significant growth, with the global WiGig sector expected to reach USD 26.32 billion in 2025, driven by demand for high-speed, secure wireless infrastructure in professional settings. However, challenges persist in integrating WiGig with legacy networks, particularly seamless due to its limited range and signal variability at 60 GHz, which can cause frequent connection interruptions and increased signaling overhead.

Competition

Wireless Alternatives

WiGig, operating in the 60 GHz unlicensed band, provides multi-gigabit peak data rates up to 7 Gbps under 802.11ad (or 8 Gbps in the highest modulation and coding scheme), exceeding the theoretical maximum of IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) at around 6.9 Gbps but falling short of IEEE 802.11ax () at 9.6 Gbps and IEEE 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) at up to 46 Gbps. These sub-6 GHz and 6 GHz standards offer broader coverage areas, while WiGig's speeds come at the expense of shorter range due to higher and limited penetration through obstacles, making it suitable for short-distance, line-of-sight applications rather than the wider-area connectivity offered by Wi-Fi 5, 6, and 7. Among other 60 GHz technologies, WiGig competes with WirelessHD, a standard developed for uncompressed transmission as a replacement, capable of supporting video over short distances. While both utilize the same frequency band for high-throughput links, WiGig offers broader compatibility for general data networking beyond video, and WirelessHD's consortium ceased operations in 2018, limiting its ongoing development and adoption. WiGig, particularly through its 802.11ay amendment, differs from mmWave 5G New Radio (5G NR) in spectrum access and deployment: WiGig uses unlicensed spectrum for local area networks, enabling easy indoor setup without regulatory licensing, whereas 5G NR mmWave often relies on licensed bands (e.g., 28 GHz or 39 GHz) for cellular wide-area coverage, though unlicensed NR-U variants exist in 60 GHz for coexistence. This unlicensed nature positions WiGig as a complement rather than a direct substitute for 5G's mobility-focused architecture. For indoor environments, WiGig holds advantages over mmWave in deployment cost and simplicity, as it leverages existing infrastructure without the need for extensive cellular base stations or spectrum licensing fees required for networks. This makes WiGig more economical for high-speed, localized applications like wireless docking or VR in homes and offices.

Complementary Technologies

WiGig, operating under the standard, supports multi-band operation to complement lower-frequency technologies such as 802.11n and 802.11ac, enabling traffic steering between the 60 GHz band and the 2.4/5 GHz bands for improved coverage and reliability. This hybrid approach addresses the limited range and susceptibility to blockage of 60 GHz signals by automatically transferring sessions to sub-6 GHz bands when line-of-sight is obstructed, maintaining connectivity without interruption. The Fast Session Transfer (FST) protocol facilitates this seamless at the MAC layer, allowing devices to switch bands while preserving session state and minimizing latency. Integration with Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology enhances WiGig networks by providing precise indoor location services, leveraging the high-resolution time-of-flight measurements of UWB alongside the high-data-rate capabilities of 802.11ad. In hybrid setups, UWB anchors can determine device positions with centimeter-level accuracy, which informs and in WiGig for optimized spatial reuse and reduced interference. Research demonstrates the use of UWB for time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) in 60 GHz OFDM systems, enabling robust 1D positioning in line-of-sight scenarios with minimal additional hardware. WiGig plays a key role in mesh networks through compatibility with the IEEE 802.11s amendment, supporting multi-access-point (multi-AP) configurations for extended coverage in dense environments. The 802.11s mesh protocol allows 802.11ad devices to form self-organizing, multi-hop topologies where 60 GHz links provide high-throughput backhaul between APs, while lower-band interfaces handle client access. This integration uses the Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) for routing, ensuring interoperability and efficient path selection in scenarios like enterprise campuses. Synergy with (light fidelity) creates hybrid optical-RF networks that combine WiGig's unlicensed 60 GHz spectrum with 's visible light communications for load balancing and enhanced capacity in indoor settings. In such systems, WiGig APs handle RF traffic in areas with poor light coverage, while provides interference-free, high-speed links under illuminated zones, with centralized controllers dynamically associating users to minimize delays. Studies show that conditional most-correlated distribution-based schemes in hybrid /WiGig networks improve throughput by up to 30% over standalone deployments through optimized user association. WiGig complements powerline communications (PLC) in hybrid wired-wireless architectures for homes and offices, where PLC serves as a reliable backhaul to connect WiGig APs over existing , avoiding the need for dedicated Ethernet cabling. This setup leverages PLC standards like for gigabit speeds over power lines, extending WiGig's short-range, high-bandwidth wireless distribution to whole-building coverage. Such integrations reduce deployment costs and enable seamless data flow in multi-room environments.

Future Developments

IEEE 802.11ay Amendments

The IEEE 802.11ay amendment to the standard was approved on March 25, 2021, by the , focusing on enhancements for the 60 GHz millimeter-wave band to support multi-link operation and multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) capabilities. This amendment builds upon the foundational 802.11ad WiGig specifications by introducing mechanisms for simultaneous transmission across multiple links, enabling more efficient and higher aggregate throughput in dense environments. MU-MIMO allows access points to serve multiple stations concurrently using to mitigate interference, significantly improving over single-user modes. Key technical additions in 802.11ay include channel aggregation, which combines up to four 2.16 GHz channels (contiguous or non-contiguous) to achieve wider effective bandwidths of up to 8.64 GHz, and support for 4x4 configurations that double the spatial streams from the single-stream limitation of 802.11ad. These features, integrated into the Directional Multi-Gigabit (EDMG) (PHY), leverage single-carrier and (OFDM) modulations for robust performance. Additionally, enhanced relay modes—building on those in 802.11ad, such as half-duplex decode-and-forward and full-duplex amplify-and-forward—integrate with EDMG, , and aggregation to extend operational range by mitigating and blockages inherent to 60 GHz propagation, enabling coverage improvements of up to several hundred meters in indoor and short-range outdoor scenarios. Backward compatibility with 802.11ad devices is maintained through the EDMG PHY, which preserves existing directional multi-gigabit frame formats while adding new fields for and aggregation support, ensuring legacy stations can coexist in the same basic service set without requiring hardware upgrades. Overall, these amendments enable peak data rates exceeding 20 Gbps at the MAC service access point, providing a scalable foundation for high-bandwidth applications in the 60 GHz unlicensed spectrum. The global WiGig market was valued at USD 66.9 million in 2024 and is projected to grow from USD 76.4 million in 2025 to USD 138.8 million by 2029, at a (CAGR) of 16.2% during 2025–2029. This growth trajectory reflects increasing demand for high-speed wireless connectivity in data-intensive applications. Key drivers include the proliferation of 8K video streaming and / (AR/VR) technologies, which require multi-gigabit speeds to deliver seamless experiences. Additionally, the rise of and telecommuting has boosted adoption, as users seek reliable, high-bandwidth connections for video conferencing and cloud-based collaboration. WiGig adoption is growing in premium and enterprise setups supporting 60 GHz operations, particularly with integration into WiFi 7 (IEEE 802.11be) devices for enhanced multi-band capabilities as of 2025. However, challenges persist, including elevated chipset manufacturing costs due to the complexity of 60 GHz components, which limit broader accessibility compared to lower-frequency alternatives. Regulatory variations across regions, stemming from unlicensed spectrum allocations in the 60 GHz band, also pose hurdles, as changes in policies can affect deployment consistency. Leading players such as Technologies, Inc. and Inc. dominate the market, driving innovation through integrated chipsets and modules that enhance WiGig compatibility. Developments from 2024 include Corporation's launch of WiGig-enabled solutions for ultra-fast wireless docking stations and Peraso Technologies' introduction of the DUNE platform in January 2024, a access system leveraging 60 GHz for enterprise backhaul. In 2025, synergies with enhancements continue to improve range and efficiency, supporting applications in AI-driven AR/VR and backhaul.

References

  1. https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.11ad/4527/
  2. https://www.rfwireless-world.com/terminology/what-is-wigig-wlan-802-11ad
  3. https://www.qualcomm.com/content/dam/qcomm-martech/dm-assets/documents/abi_research_802.11ad_will_vastly_enhance_wi-fi.pdf
  4. https://www.microwavejournal.com/blogs/12-richard-mumford-mwj-international-editor/post/27569-wi-fi-alliance-certifies-wigig-what-it-means-for-the-wi-fi-ecosystem
  5. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6979964
  6. https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/wi-fi-certified-wigig
  7. https://capmimo.ece.wisc.edu/standards/WiGig_White_Paper_FINAL.pdf
  8. https://dspace.networks.imdea.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12761/1433/IEEE80211ad_FINAL.pdf?sequence=1
  9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233810193_WiGig_and_IEEE_80211ad_-_For_multi-gigabyte-per-second_WPAN_and_WLAN
  10. https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/wi-fi-alliance-partners-wigig-for-60ghz/
  11. https://computer.howstuffworks.com/wigig.htm
  12. https://www.mercurynews.com/2009/05/07/tech-companies-join-forces-to-promote-fast-new-wireless-standard/
  13. https://www.slashgear.com/wigig-60ghz-specification-completed-7gbps-wifi-promised-1065698/
  14. https://www.engadget.com/2009-12-10-wigig-alliance-completes-multi-gigabit-60ghz-wireless-specificat.html
  15. https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/wigig-alliance-to-consolidate-activities-in-wi-fi-alliance/
  16. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/wi-fi-alliance-and-wireless-gigabit-alliance-finalize-unification-195267951.html
  17. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/wi-fi-alliance-reveals-new-wigig-certified-logo-and-announces-industry-collaborations-to-advance-60-ghz-technology-222946901.html
  18. https://www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/tgad_update.htm
  19. https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.11ay/6142/
  20. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9502046
  21. https://www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm
  22. https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.11bf/11574/
  23. https://d2cpnw0u24fjm4.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/1MA220_0e_WLAN_11ad_WP.pdf
  24. https://www.rfwireless-world.com/terminology/60-ghz-rf-channels-frequency-allocations.html
  25. https://www.everythingrf.com/community/understanding-the-60-ghz-unlicensed-frequency-band
  26. https://www.vdma.eu/documents/34570/129782943/Technology_WLAN%2BIEEE%2B802.11ad%252C%2BWiGig.pdf/a48227c9-6728-e921-0bab-35d939e3861a?t=1728295135721
  27. https://www.nist.gov/publications/comprehensive-analysis-and-performance-enhancements-ieee-80211ay-group
  28. https://www.60ghz-wireless.com/60ghz-wireless-the-ieee-802-11ay-standard/
  29. https://go.siklu.com/blog/60ghz
  30. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2017/9073465
  31. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-M.2227-2-2017-PDF-E.pdf
  32. https://www.rfwireless-world.com/tutorials/wlan-802-11ad-physical-layer.html
  33. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.09391
  34. https://cse.sc.edu/~sur/csce790_f18/materials/11ad_standard_paper.pdf
  35. https://jesusalonsozarate.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/chatzimisios-iossifides-alonso-future-of-wifi-tutorial-globecom2014.pdf
  36. https://d2cpnw0u24fjm4.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/WLPC2019_60-GHz-802.11ad-802.11ay-Overview_Jason-Hintersteiner.pdf
  37. http://c-pointers.com/lnp/wifi/wigig/802_11ay/physical_rates.html
  38. https://www.cablefree.net/wirelesstechnology/wireless-lan/ieee802-11ay/
  39. https://m00283362.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/wigig-gibabit-wireless-comunications-in-the-60-ghz-band.pdf
  40. https://www.howtogeek.com/371328/what-is-wigig-and-how-is-it-different-from-wi-fi-6/
  41. https://devopedia.org/ieee-802-11ad
  42. https://www.eetimes.com/wifi-finally-ready-for-60-ghz/
  43. https://www.kitguru.net/desktop-pc/anton-shilov/intel-unveils-wigig-powered-7gbs-wireless-docking-technology-for-mobile-pcs/
  44. https://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/42867-wireless-gigabit-market-outlook
  45. https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/abi-research-802-11ad-will-vastly-enhance-wi-fi.pdf
  46. https://www.pcgamer.com/we-tried-intels-wireless-vive-vr-headset-and-we-want-one/
  47. https://pokde.net/review/asus-wigig-display-dock-review-bringing-mobile-gaming-to-larger-screens-wirelessly
  48. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/wigig-market
  49. https://www.skyquestt.com/report/wigig-market
  50. https://perasoinc.com/press-releases/peraso-launches-802-11ad-modules-wireless-backhaul/
  51. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128623002165
  52. https://www.lightreading.com/wifi/cisco-invests-in-wilocity-to-speed-enterprise-wifi
  53. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.15731
  54. https://www.qorvo.com/resources/d/qorvo-wifi-data-rates-channels-capacity-white-paper
  55. https://www.networkcomputing.com/wi-fi/5-ways-wigig-differs-from-today-s-wifi
  56. https://www.computerworld.com/article/1344495/get-ready-for-gigabit-wi-fi-with-wigig-and-wirelesshd.html
  57. https://www.economist.com/babbage/2013/04/22/difference-engine-unplugging-the-cables
  58. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.04779
  59. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354709431_Coexistence_Analysis_of_5G_NR_Unlicensed_and_WiGig_in_Millimeter-Wave_Spectrum
  60. https://www.symmetryelectronics.com/blog/wifi-vs-5g/
  61. https://www.eetimes.com/wigig-gives-a-leg-up-on-5g/
  62. https://www.cablefax.com/technology/what-does-wi-fi-certified-wigig-program-mean-for-cable
  63. https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01253968v1/file/SHAHAB_jrnl%20-%20letter%20-finalcorrection1-revision2.pdf
  64. https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.11s/4243/
  65. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9293288
  66. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10271295
  67. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8319416
  68. https://networks.rice.edu/files/2022/11/IEEE-802.11ay-Next-generation-60-GHz.pdf
  69. https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/wireless-gigabit-wigig-market-812.html
  70. https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/wireless-gigabit-market-report
  71. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/wireless-gigabit-wigig-market
  72. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220607005839/en/Global-Wireless-Gigabit-Market-2022-to-2027---Rapid-Growth-of-Next-Generation-Computing-Devices-Presents-Opportunities---ResearchAndMarkets.com
  73. https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/us-wigig-market/
  74. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/wigig-market/companies
  75. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/wireless-gigabit-market
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.