Hubbry Logo
Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)Main
Open search
Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)
Community hub
Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)
Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)
Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Zehra Hanzade Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: زهرة هان زاده سلطان) called also Hanzade Osmanoğlu; 12 September 1923 – 19 March 1998) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk, the son of the last caliph, Abdulmejid II, and Şehsuvar Hanım. Her mother was Sabiha Sultan, daughter of Sultan Mehmed VI and Nazikeda Kadın.

Key Information

Early life

[edit]

Zehra Hanzade Sultan was born on 12 September 1923 in the Dolmabahçe Palace,[1][2][3] nearly a year after the abolition of the Ottoman Empire. Her father was Şehzade Ömer Faruk, and her mother was Sabiha Sultan.[2] She had an elder sister, Neslişah Sultan, two years elder then her and a younger sister, Necla Sultan, four years younger than her. She was the paternal granddaughter of Abdulmejid II and Şehsuvar Kadın, and the maternal granddaughter of Sultan Mehmed VI and Nazikeda Kadın.[1] She was considered the most beautiful princess in her generation.

A month after her birth, Turkey became a Republic on 29 October 1923. At the exile of the imperial family in March 1924, Hanzade her mother and sister left Turkey. The three of them left the mansion in Rumelihisarı on 11 March, and took the Orient Express to join her father and grandfather in Montreux, Switzerland.[4][5] Seven months later, due to the high cost of living there, her parents, sisters and grandparents moved to Nice, France where she spent her childhood.[5] In Nice, they were enrolled in the public school where she and her sisters received their early education from, there they were taught English, French and German. The princesses received their religious education at home and were taught the Ottoman alphabet by Kamil Bey Kiligil, the second husband of Naciye Sultan, who taught the three princesses alongside his own stepchildren Mahpeyker Hanımsultan, Türkan Hanımsultan and Sultanzade Ali Bey, every Sunday.[5][6]

Their grandfather, Abdulmejid used to take her and her sister Neslişah to seashore during special occasions.[7] In the fall of 1938, she arrived with her sister and father in Alexandria, Egypt, due to the fear of breaking of another world war, whereas their grandfather moved to Paris.[8][5]

Marriage

[edit]
Hanzade Sultan (right) with her daughter, Fazile Hanımsultan

In 1940, Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim Pasha Beyefendi sent a proposal to Neslişah Sultan, as he was willing to marry her. Neslişah didn't agree and relations between her and her father got cold, following which she agreed.[9] Hanzade's family was impoverished because of the ongoing World War II, as their grandfather Abdulmejid was unable to send them money from France.[10] And because of this she wanted to marry, and get out of the situation immediately. However, her father disagreed and initially said "The eldest marries first, then the younger ones, let Neslişah then we will be thinking about Hanzade".[11]

However, later, Faruk changed his mind and chose Prince Muhammed Ali Ibrahim Pasha Beyefendi as husband for her.[11] The wedding was situated in Cairo, and the family stayed at Aziza Hanım's home at Al-Qubba. Prince Muhammed Ali rented a large house in Gezira, which also had a library with beautifully bonded books. The wedding took place on Thursday, 19 September 1940, as Thursday was considered a felicitous day for marriage in Egypt.[11] The next week on Thursday, 26 September 1940 the wedding of Neslişah Sultan and Prince Abdel Moniem took place.[12] He became a Damat.

The couple's first child Princess Sabiha Fazile Ibrahim Hanımsultan was born on 8 August 1941. She was followed by Prince Sultanzade Ahmed Rifat Ibrahim, born on 31 August 1942.[2] In 1958, King Faisal II of Iraq send a proposal for Fazile. The proposal was a surprise for her parents because Fazile was only sixteen and was studying in school. However, the marriage was not held because of the King's murder in the same year in the 14 July Revolution.[13][14] Fazile later married Hayri Ürgüplu in Paris, France, on 10 December 1965, the son of Suat Hayri Ürgüplü, who served as Turkey's Prime Minister for seven months.[15] Hanzade lived in Egypt until 1952, the Egyptian revolution of 1952 took place on 23 July 1952, and Egypt was proclaimed as a Republic, Hanzade and her family were exiled. At that moment they were in Paris, France, where they had lived for a few years and where they decided to stay and also hosted Hanzade's mother, Sabiha, for a few months.[16] Hanzade spent her winter in Paris, and her summers in Kuşadası and Istanbul, she stayed at the Kuşadası Kısmet Hotel, which he ran alongside Halil Özbaş, the husband of her cousin Hümeyra Hanımsultan.[5]

Hanzade's father, Ömer Faruk developed an increased interest in his cousin Mihrişah Sultan, the daughter of Crown Prince Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin. It was also a public knowledge that things weren't going well between Faruk and her mother Sabiha.[17] She and her sisters sided with their mother. Faruk accused Sabiha of turning their daughters against him. But he was already in love with Mihrişah and the issue of the council was just an excuse.[18] In 1948, after twenty-eight years of marriage, Faruk divorced Sabiha, and married Mihrişah. Hanzade never accepted her father's second wife.[19][20]

Hanzade was widowed at Prince Muhammed Ali's death in 1977.[2][21]

Death

[edit]
Portrait of Hanzade Sultan by her grandfather Abdul Mejid II, 1936

Hanzade Sultan died on 19 March 1998 at the age of seventy-four in Paris, France.[1][2][16] Her body was taken to Istanbul, and was buried on 26 March 1998 in Aşiyan Asri Cemetery alongside her mother, Sabiha Sultan, she was the first among her sisters to pass away.[2][5]

Issue

[edit]

By her marriage, Hanzade Sultan had a daughter and a son:[22]

Ancestry

[edit]
Ancestors of Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)
8. Abdulaziz
4. Abdulmejid II
9. Hayranidil Kadın
2. Şehzade Ömer Faruk
5. Şehsuvar Hanım
1. Hanzade Sultan
12. Abdulmejid I
6. Mehmed VI
13. Gülüstü Hanım
3. Sabiha Sultan
14. Prince Hassan Bey Marshania
7. Nazikeda Kadın
15. Princess Fatma Horecan Hanım Aredba

References

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Bardakçı, Murat (2017). Neslishah: The Last Ottoman Princess. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-9-774-16837-6.
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Zehra Hanzade Sultan (1923–1998), also known as Hanzade Osmanoğlu, was an Ottoman princess distinguished by her dual imperial lineage, being the only member of the dynasty to inherit royal Ottoman ancestry from both parents. The daughter of Efendi and —herself the daughter of the last Ottoman sultan, Vahideddin—Hanzade was born in in . Exiled as an infant to , , in 1924 following the , she later married Kavalalı Prince Mehmed Ali İbrahim of the Egyptian royal family in 1940, relocating to Egypt where she resided until the monarchy's overthrow in 1952 forced another exile to Paris, where she spent her remaining years. Her life exemplified the displacements endured by Ottoman dynasts amid the republican transformations in Turkey and Egypt, with no recorded public achievements beyond her preserved portrait painted by her grandfather Abdülmecid Efendi in 1936.

Early Life and Family Background

Birth and Parentage

Zehra Hanzade Sultan was born on September 12, 1923, at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, during the final months of the Ottoman Empire's existence as a constitutional monarchy. Her father was Şehzade Ömer Faruk Efendi (1898–1969), the only son of Abdülmecid II (1868–1944), who served as the last Caliph of Islam under Ottoman suzerainty from 1922 until the caliphate's abolition in 1924. Her mother was Rukiye Sabiha Sultan (1894–1971), the third and youngest daughter of Sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin (1861–1926), the final Ottoman Sultan who reigned from 1918 until his deposition in 1922. Through her parents' unions, Hanzade held the unique distinction of being the granddaughter of both the last Ottoman Sultan and the last Caliph, embodying direct ties to the dynasty's imperial culmination amid the empire's collapse following World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.

Childhood in Istanbul Before Exile

Zehra Hanzade Sultan was born on 12 September 1923 in Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, to Şehzade Ömer Faruk Efendi and Sabiha Sultan. The birth occurred in the opulent Bosphorus-facing palace, which had served as a primary residence for the Ottoman imperial family since the mid-19th century, blending European neoclassical architecture with traditional Ottoman interiors. As the granddaughter of Caliph Abdülmecid II—her father's father—and Sultan Mehmed VI—her mother's father—Hanzade entered a household still structured around diminished imperial protocols amid the empire's collapse. Her infancy unfolded in this setting alongside her older sister, Neslişah Sultan, born on 2 February 1921, with the family occupying private apartments in the palace's harem section reserved for the caliph's extended kin. Dolmabahçe, with its 285 rooms, crystal chandeliers, and gilded furnishings symbolizing the Tanzimat era's modernization, provided a lavish yet increasingly precarious environment. Ottoman traditions persisted in daily routines, including formal hierarchies among household staff, ritualized meals, and adherence to Islamic customs, though adapted to the post-sultanate reality following the Ottoman Empire's abolition on 1 November 1922. The period was defined by post-World War I instability, including Allied occupation remnants, the Turkish War of Independence's aftermath, and the Republic of Turkey's founding on 29 October 1923, which stripped the dynasty of political authority while allowing the caliphate to linger symbolically. Tensions escalated with republican reforms targeting monarchical vestiges, confining the family to palace life under surveillance and financial constraints, yet preserving cultural practices like multilingual tutoring for young royals—though Hanzade, as an infant under six months at experienced these indirectly through her parents' oversight. This brief phase ended abruptly with the caliphate's abolition on 3 March 1924, prompting the family's expulsion when Hanzade was approximately six months old.

Exile from Turkey

Family Exile in 1924

The abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on March 3, 1924, directly precipitated the exile of the imperial dynasty, including all living members of the Ottoman family, as part of the Turkish Republic's secular reforms under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. This legislative act stripped the dynasty of its political and religious authority, revoked citizenship for male members and certain female descendants, and mandated their departure from Turkish soil to prevent any restorationist threats. The exile decree encompassed approximately 150 individuals, enforced through travel restrictions and the liquidation of family assets, leaving exiles with limited funds—typically a one-time stipend equivalent to a few months' living expenses—amid widespread confiscation of palaces, estates, and heirlooms by the state. For Hanzade Sultan, then an infant born on September 12, 1923, the exile commenced swiftly: on March 11, 1924, she departed Istanbul from the family mansion in Rumelihisarı alongside her mother, Sabiha Sultan (daughter of the last sultan, Mehmed VI), her elder sister Neslişah Sultan, and her father, Şehzade Ömer Faruk (son of the final caliph, Abdülmecid II). The family initially relocated to Switzerland, a neutral destination chosen for its relative accessibility and temporary stability for Ottoman exiles fleeing without substantial resources. This move severed ties to their ancestral homeland, imposing immediate hardships such as the forced sale of personal effects under duress and adaptation to modest accommodations, as imperial properties in Turkey were seized and inventoried by government officials, yielding minimal proceeds after deductions for alleged debts and taxes. The broader economic strain on exiled royals, including Ömer Faruk's branch, stemmed from the 1924 law requiring property liquidation within one year, often under supervised auctions that undervalued assets amid political hostility, resulting in destitution for many who arrived in Europe with only trunks of clothing and jewelry. Socially, the family faced isolation, barred from returning and reliant on remittances from sympathetic foreign contacts or piecemeal sales of heirlooms, marking the onset of a peripatetic existence that tested the dynasty's resilience without the privileges of sovereignty.

Upbringing and Education in Europe

Following the exile decree against the Ottoman dynasty on 3 March 1924, Hanzade Sultan, then approximately six months old, departed Istanbul with her mother and elder sister Neslişah Sultan on 11 March, traveling via the Orient Express to Switzerland to reunite with her father Şehzade Ömer Faruk and grandfather Abdülmecid II. The family subsequently relocated to Nice, France, in October 1924, where Abdülmecid II established residence in a villa, remaining until his death in 1944. Hanzade spent her childhood in Nice among the Ottoman exile community, benefiting from the relatively stable environment provided by her grandfather's household. Abdülmecid II, an accomplished painter, captured her likeness in portraits during this period, reflecting close familial bonds and the continuity of cultural traditions despite displacement. The Nice exile offered immersion in French society, which likely shaped her early linguistic and cultural adaptation, though specific details of formal education remain undocumented in available records. Interactions within the extended diaspora, including before the passing of her paternal great-uncle in 1926, underscored efforts to preserve Ottoman heritage amid European surroundings.

Marriage and Life in Egypt

Wedding to Mehmed Ali Ibrahim

Hanzade Sultan, born on 12 September 1923, married Prince Mehmed Ali İbrahim, a member of Egypt's Muhammad Ali Dynasty, in 1940 at the age of 17. This arranged marriage formed part of a deliberate strategy by her mother, , to forge ties between the exiled Ottoman imperial family and the Egyptian royal house after relocating to Egypt in the late 1930s. The union exemplified efforts to sustain dynastic prestige and lineages for both families amid political upheavals: the Ottomans had been banished from Turkey in 1924, while Egypt's monarchy, descended from Mehmed Ali Pasha—the Ottoman-appointed viceroy who established semi-autonomous rule in 1805—remained intact but vulnerable to rising nationalism. Similar matches followed, with Hanzade's sisters Neslişah wedding Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim and Necla wedding Prince Amr İbrahim, reinforcing these cross-dynastic bonds rooted in Egypt's historical subordination to Ottoman suzerainty until 1914. Details of the ceremony itself remain sparsely documented, but it occurred in Egypt, where Hanzade subsequently settled, reflecting the logistical and cultural alignment of the match with the host dynasty's traditions. The arrangement underscored pragmatic alliances over romantic choice, prioritizing the continuity of royal bloodlines in exile over individual preferences.

Integration into Egyptian Royalty

Following her marriage to Prince Muhammad 'Ali Ibrahim Bey Effendi in 1940, Hanzade Sultan relocated to Egypt and settled in Cairo's Maadi suburb, where she resided in a modest stucco villa alongside her sisters Neslişah and Nagla-Hebatullah Sultan. This move placed her within Maadi's Ottoman exile community, which maintained social ties amid the Kingdom of Egypt's monarchy under King Farouk I (r. 1936–1952). Her father's arrangements for marriages into Egyptian royalty underscored the strategic linkages between the displaced Ottoman imperial family and the Muhammad Ali dynasty, which had originated as Ottoman governors before asserting greater autonomy. As princess consort, Hanzade assumed roles within the Egyptian royal social sphere, participating in formal events at Qubba Palace, the primary residence for ceremonial gatherings during the monarchy. Her position facilitated interactions among Egyptian princes, blending Ottoman heritage with the court's protocols in a period when Egypt balanced British influence and internal modernization efforts. While adapting to this environment, she preserved Ottoman customs, such as the téménah—a distinctive bow of obeisance—distinguishing her presence in the foreign court. These practices highlighted her role as a cultural bridge, connecting the elite traditions of the former Ottoman suzerains to the ruling house that had once challenged imperial authority. Hanzade's integration reflected the broader Ottoman diaspora dynamics in Egypt, where exiles like her family navigated residency in a kingdom intertwined with their ancestral empire's legacy, residing among figures of the Muhammad Ali lineage until the monarchy's persistence into the early 1950s. Her life in Maadi, marked by the construction of a Moresque-style villa evoking Islamic architectural motifs, symbolized a continuity of refined tastes amid relocation. This era positioned her uniquely at the intersection of two dynastic worlds, fostering elite networks without fully subsuming Ottoman identity into Egyptian norms.

Family and Issue

Children

Hanzade Sultan and her husband, Mehmed Ali Ibrahim, had two children born during their marriage in the early 1940s. Their eldest child was their daughter, Sabiha Fazile Ibrahim Hanımsultan, born on 8 August 1941 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Their son, Sultanzade Ahmed Rifat Ibrahim, followed, born on 31 August 1942. The births occurred amid the couple's life in Europe and Egypt, reflecting the intersection of exiled Ottoman nobility and the Egyptian Muhammad Ali dynasty. Sabiha Fazile, named in honor of her maternal grandmother , was raised initially in privileged surroundings that combined Ottoman cultural traditions with Egyptian royal customs. Ahmed Rifat, bearing the sultanzade title denoting his status as son of an Ottoman princess, shared in this blended heritage during his early years. The siblings' upbringing emphasized the enduring prestige of their dual lineages until political upheavals disrupted the Egyptian monarchy.

Descendants and Recent Events

Hanzade Sultan had two children with her husband, Egyptian prince Mehmed Ali Ibrahim: a daughter, Sabiha Fazile Ibrahim Hanımsultan (born 8 August 1941), and a son. Sabiha Fazile, who carried forward the Ottoman lineage, married Turkish businessman Osman Selaheddin Ürgüplü and had two sons, Ali Suad Ürgüplü (born 28 September 1967) and Mehmed Selim Ürgüplü, before divorcing in 1980. She remarried French national Jean-Alphonse Bernard on 18 June 1983. Sabiha Fazile resided primarily in Europe and maintained connections to her Ottoman heritage, though details on her sons' lives and any further descendants remain private and undocumented in . The persistence of Hanzade's direct line through this branch underscores the continuity of the Ottoman dynasty into contemporary times despite exile and dispersal. In a recent event marking the end of this immediate generation, Sabiha Fazile died on 27 September 2024 at age 83. Her funeral prayers were conducted at Bebek Mosque in Istanbul on 29 September 2024, reflecting ongoing ties to Turkey among descendants. Information on Hanzade's son's descendants is scarce, with no verified of marriages or issue contributing to known lineage extensions.

Later Years and Death

Life After Children

Following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which abolished the monarchy and established a republic, Hanzade Sultan experienced further upheaval as a member of the extended royal family through marriage. She and her family were compelled to leave Egypt, marking a second major exile after the Ottoman dynasty's expulsion from Turkey in the 1920s. Hanzade relocated to Paris, where she established her primary residence and spent the rest of her life. In this European exile, she maintained connections within diminished Ottoman and Egyptian royal networks, though specific engagements in philanthropy or cultural preservation efforts remain undocumented in available records. Her later years reflected the quiet adaptation of displaced aristocracy, divided between familial ties and the stability of Parisian society.

Death and Burial

Hanzade Sultan died on 19 March 1998 in , at the age of 74. Her remains were repatriated to and interred at Aşiyan Cemetery in . This burial site, located along the Bosphorus, reflects the Ottoman imperial family's practice of returning deceased members to ancestral lands despite the ongoing diaspora following the 1924 exile.

Ancestry and Ottoman Heritage

Paternal Lineage

Hanzade Sultan was the daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk Efendi, born on 27 February 1898 at Ortaköy Palace in and died on 28 March 1969 in Cairo, Egypt. Following the Ottoman dynasty's exile in 1924, Ömer Faruk resided in locations including , , and , where he managed aspects of the family's affairs amid the loss of imperial privileges. Ömer Faruk was the son of Abdülmecid II, born on 29 May 1868 at Beşiktaş Palace and died on 23 August 1944 in Paris, France. Abdülmecid II served as the 37th and final Caliph of Islam under Ottoman suzerainty from 1 November 1922 until the caliphate's abolition on 3 March 1924, after which the imperial family faced enforced exile from Turkey. Upon the death of Sultan Mehmed VI in 1926, Abdülmecid II assumed the position of pretender to the Ottoman throne and head of the House of Osman, maintaining this role until his own death. Abdülmecid II was the eldest son of Sultan Abdülaziz, born on 18 February 1830 and who reigned as the 32nd Sultan from 25 June 1861 until his deposition and death on 4 June 1876. This direct paternal descent links Hanzade Sultan to the ruling core of the Ottoman dynasty through Abdülaziz's line from earlier sultans, including .

Maternal Lineage

Hanzade Sultan's mother was Rukiye Sabiha Sultan (19 March 1894 – 26 August 1971), an Ottoman princess and the third and youngest daughter of Sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin (2 February 1861 – 16 May 1926), the final Ottoman sultan, and his senior consort Emine Nazikeda Kadın (c. 1866 – 1948). Sabiha was born at Feriye Palace in Istanbul during the reign of her uncle, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and her marriage to Hanzade's father, Şehzade Ömer Faruk, in 1920 linked the lineages of the penultimate caliph Abdulmejid II and the last sultan. Mehmed VI ascended the throne on 4 July 1918 amid the Ottoman Empire's collapse in World War I, but his rule ended with the Turkish National Movement's abolition of the sultanate on 1 November 1922, following the Grand National Assembly's decision in Ankara. He departed Istanbul covertly on 17 November 1922 aboard the British warship HMS Malaya, initiating his exile first to Malta and later to the Italian Riviera, where he lived under pseudonym until his death from a heart attack in Sanremo on 16 May 1926. Nazikeda Kadın, a consort of Georgian-Circassian descent who entered the Ottoman court around 1906, bore Mehmed VI three daughters—Fatma Ulviye Sultan (1892–1964), Emine Fatma Neslişah Sultan (1893–1998), and Sabiha—providing the maternal imperial thread to Hanzade's Ottoman heritage amid the dynasty's final years. Mehmed VI had five consorts in total, but Nazikeda's position as the most senior influenced the upbringing of his daughters in the fading imperial household, marked by political intrigue and the empire's partition under the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, later revised by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.

References

  1. https://www.sakipsabancimuzesi.org/en/artist/263/635
  2. https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/hanzade-sultan-halife-abd%25C3%25BClmecid-efendi-1868-1944/OgG3gUhBSuEA1w?hl=en
  3. https://ayseosmanoglu.com/hanzade-sultan/
  4. https://ayseosmanoglu.com/sabiha-sultan/
  5. https://www.facebook.com/Historyofroyalwomen/posts/onthisday-in-1971-sabiha-sultan-died-she-was-born-in-1894-as-the-daughter-of-meh/1085012767162941/
  6. https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2015/03/13/the-bitter-story-of-the-ottoman-dynastys-exile
  7. https://www.ekrembugraekinci.com/article/?ID=1480&the-wealth-of-the-dynasty-was-plundered-under-police-supervision-
  8. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1246281/books
  9. https://www.ekrembugraekinci.com/article/?ID=1395&how-did-the-ottoman-dynasty-survive-in-exile-
  10. https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2015/03/13/the-bitter-story-of-the-ottoman-dynastys-exile/amp
  11. https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/turkey-ottoman-abdulmecid-ii-last-caliph-islam-artist-musician
  12. https://worldhistoryedu.com/abdulmecid-ii-the-last-caliph-of-islam-from-the-ottoman-dynasty/
  13. https://journals.openedition.org/remmm/15260
  14. https://www.egy.com/maadi/10-11-25.php
  15. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/10/10/princess-fazile-egypt-king-faisal-iraq-assassination/
  16. https://ottomanladies.tumblr.com/post/626173900693323776/is-there-any-ottoman-princess-who-still-has
  17. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/zakia-taqi-1635b537_hanzade-sultan-and-nesli%25C5%259Fah-sultan-were-prominent-activity-7202426783441289217-sJG2
  18. https://royalwatcherblog.com/2024/10/02/princess-fazile-hanimsultan/
  19. https://www.mohamedalifoundation.org/post/obituary
  20. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/175208281/hanzade_sultan-osmanoglu
  21. https://www.myheritage.com/names/hanzade_osmano%25C4%259Flu
  22. https://archive.org/download/GenealogyOfTheImperialOttomanFamily2005/GenealogyOfTheImperialOttomanFamily2005.pdf
  23. https://ayseosmanoglu.com/sehzade-omer-faruk-efendi/
  24. https://eternalcityistanbul.com/remembering-the-last-ottoman-princess/
  25. https://worldhistoryedu.com/mehmed-vi-last-ottoman-sultan/
  26. https://ekrembugraekinci.com/article/?ID=1259&mighty-sovereigns-of-ottoman-throne:-sultan-mehmed-vi-vahideddin
  27. https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-the-last-ottoman-sultan/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.