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Alexander Waugh
Alexander Waugh
Alexander Waugh
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Alexander Evelyn Michael Waugh (30 December 1963 – 22 July 2024) was an English writer, critic, and journalist. Among other books, he wrote Fathers and Sons: The Autobiography of a Family (2004), about five generations of his own family, and The House of Wittgenstein: A Family at War (2008) about the Wittgenstein family. He was an advocate of the Oxfordian theory, which holds that Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford was the real author of the works of William Shakespeare.

Key Information

Early life

[edit]

Born in Belgravia, London on 30 December 1963, Alexander was the eldest son of Auberon and Lady Teresa Waugh, and the brother of Daisy Waugh and the grandson of Evelyn Waugh.[1][2][3] He was educated at Taunton School and the University of Manchester.[2]

Career

[edit]

Waugh was the opera critic of The Mail on Sunday and then the Evening Standard in the 1990s.[3] His books on music include Classical Music: A New Way of Listening (1995)[4] and Opera: A New Way of Listening (1996).[5]

Waugh's biography Fathers and Sons: The Autobiography of a Family (2004),[6] written at the suggestion of Sir Vidia Naipaul after his father died, is a portrait of the male relations across five generations in his own family.[7][8] Described as "breezily irreverent" by John Banville in The New York Review of Books,[9] it formed the basis of a BBC Four television documentary, presented by the author, which was broadcast in 2006.[10] He was the general editor of The Complete Works of Evelyn Waugh (43 volumes planned), a project which began in 2009 with the first four volumes appearing in 2017 published by the Oxford University Press.[11]

Waugh's biography of the Wittgenstein family, The House of Wittgenstein: A Family at War,[12] was published in 2008. Terry Eagleton in a review for The Guardian found it an "eminently readable, meticulously researched account of the Wittgenstein madhouse". Although he thought Waugh wrote less about Ludwig Wittgenstein than he would desire, he "certainly casts some light" on the philosopher's "extraordinary contradictions."[13] Ludwig Wittgenstein's biographer Ray Monk, in his review for Standpoint magazine, commented that Waugh, in "an extraordinarily detailed account of how large parts of the Wittgenstein wealth ended up in the hands of the Nazis", uses "much hitherto unknown documentation", making his account "more authoritative and fuller than previous accounts". Monk also notes that "Waugh devotes far more space to [concert pianist] Paul Wittgenstein than he does to Paul's siblings, including his more famous younger brother, the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein".[14]

His other books include Time: From Microseconds to Millennia; A Search for the Right Time (1999)[15] and God (2002).[16][17][18] In Evelyn Waugh: Fictions, Faith and Family, Michael G. Brennan described Time as being "one of the most intriguing books produced by" any of his later family. "Ranging through religious, classical and renaissance scholarship, it blends past beliefs and theories, often in gently subversive ways, with more recent scientific thought."[19]

Oxfordian theory and Shakespeare

[edit]

Waugh was an advocate of the Oxfordian theory, which contends that Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, wrote the works of William Shakespeare. He discovered what he claimed to be surreptitious allusions embedded in 16th- and 17th-century works revealing that the name William Shakespeare was a pseudonym used by Oxford to write the Shakespeare oeuvre.[20][21] Of one example which gained coverage in October 2013, Shakespearean scholar Professor Stanley Wells told The Sunday Times: "I'm mystified that an intelligent person like Alexander Waugh can see any significance in this kind of juggling with letters."[20][22]

Waugh's book, Shakespeare in Court (2014) takes the form of a fictional trial which draws the conclusion that Shakespeare was a front for others but, on this occasion, does not propose another candidate.[23]

He was elected chairman of the De Vere Society in spring 2016 for a three-year term.[24]

In late October 2017, The Guardian reported that Waugh believed the title and dedication of the William Aspley edition of Shakespeare's sonnets of 1609 hold encrypted evidence of the final resting place of the author: de Vere's grave in Westminster Abbey's Poets' Corner.[25]

Personal life

[edit]

Waugh met his wife, Eliza Chancellor, while they were both students at Manchester University.[26] Eliza is the daughter of the journalist Alexander Chancellor.[27] The couple married in 1990 and had three children.[3][26]

Waugh was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2023. He died at his home in Milverton, Somerset, on 22 July 2024, at the age of 60.[1][2][3]

Bibliography

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
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Alexander Waugh

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Alexander Waugh (30 December 1963 – 22 July 2024) was a British , , music critic, and advocate for the , renowned for his multifaceted career within and beyond his family's storied literary legacy. Born into the Waugh dynasty as the grandson of acclaimed novelist and the son of journalist and satirist , he carved out a distinctive path as an author of biographical and historical works, an opera critic, and a classical . Waugh's literary output included notable books such as Fathers and Sons: The Autobiography of a Family (2004), which chronicled four generations of the Waugh family dynamics, and The House of Wittgenstein: A Family at War (2009), an acclaimed study of the Wittgenstein siblings amid . He also served as the general editor for the 43-volume complete works of published by , overseeing a comprehensive scholarly edition of his grandfather's oeuvre. In music, Waugh contributed as a and , co-writing the award-winning musical Bon Voyage! with his brother Nat Waugh in 1996, which earned the Vivien Ellis Prize, and presenting the BBC Four documentary The Piano: A Love Affair. His tenure as opera critic for The Mail on Sunday and The Evening Standard, along with his role as a columnist and book reviewer for The Daily Telegraph, further solidified his reputation in cultural journalism. A passionate Shakespeare scholar, Waugh chaired the De Vere Society from 2016 and served as honorary president of the Shakespeare Authorship Coalition, authoring works like Shakespeare in Court (2014) and co-editing The New Shakespeare Allusion-Book to argue that , was the true author of Shakespeare's plays. He founded the publishing imprint Travelman, specializing in short stories for travelers, and hosted the Literary Review's Bad Sex in Fiction Award, blending his eclectic interests in literature and satire. In 2019, Waugh ran as a Party candidate in the UK general election, reflecting his engagement with public discourse. Waugh, who died of cancer at age 60, left behind a wife, Eliza Chancellor, and three children.

Early life

Family background

Alexander Evelyn Michael Waugh was born on 30 December 1963 in , . He was the second of four children of , a prominent British journalist and satirical , and Lady Teresa Waugh (née Onslow), herself a novelist known for works such as The House of the Rose. His father's career, marked by acerbic columns in publications like and , exemplified the family's tradition of witty, irreverent commentary on public life. On his paternal side, Waugh was the grandson of the acclaimed , author of and Scoop, whose works defined 20th-century English literature. His maternal lineage traced to , as Lady Teresa was the daughter of William Arthur Bampfylde Onslow, 6th , linking the family to historic English . Waugh's siblings included an older sister, Margaret Sophia Laura (born 1962), and two younger siblings: sister Daisy Louisa Dominica (born 1967) and brother Nathaniel Thomas (born 1968). This literary dynasty provided a formative backdrop, with intergenerational tensions and creative influences permeating family dynamics, as later chronicled in Waugh's own writings on the subject. Raised primarily at the family estate, Combe Florey House in , Waugh spent childhood summers there amid a household steeped in intellectual discourse and writing traditions inherited from his forebears. The estate, a Georgian manor once owned by his grandfather Evelyn, served as a hub for the clan's literary pursuits, exposing young to conversations on books, , and that shaped his early .

Education

Alexander Waugh attended in as a day boy, where he frequently got into trouble, including an incident in which he threw a mathematics teacher's cupboard down the stairs, leading to temporary rustication. Following his time at Taunton, Waugh took a after high school, during which he worked odd jobs in . He then enrolled at the , where he studied music from 1982 to 1985 and earned a degree. While at , he met his future wife, Eliza Chancellor.

Professional career

Music criticism

Alexander Waugh began his professional career in after earning a degree in music from the . In 1991, he entered and won a competition that secured his appointment as chief opera critic for The , where he reviewed opera performances and concerts. His reviews emphasized accessibility for general audiences, employing a cheerful tone to make complex works approachable without condescension. By 1991, Waugh had transitioned to the Evening Standard as chief opera critic, a role he held until 1996, continuing to cover major London productions. Throughout his tenure at both publications, his prose stood out for its witty, non-elitist quality, drawing on the humorous sensibility of his literary family to demystify and . This approach avoided academic jargon, focusing instead on emotional and dramatic elements to engage broader readerships. In addition to criticism, Waugh contributed to music as a and presenter. He co-wrote the musical Bon Voyage! with his brother Nat Waugh in 2000, which won the Vivien Ellis Prize. He also wrote and presented the BBC Four documentary The Piano: A Love Affair in 2007, exploring the instrument's cultural impact. Waugh's critical work extended to authorship of introductory books that explained musical genres through historical anecdotes and personal insights. His Classical Music: A New Way of Listening (1995) uses illustrated timelines and an accompanying CD to guide novices and enthusiasts alike in navigating pieces from symphonies to . Similarly, Opera: A New Way of Listening (1996) introduces the form by analyzing eight masterpieces, including Mozart's and Verdi's , with emphasis on narrative and staging. In Time: From Micro-seconds to Millennia (1999), he incorporates musical examples alongside art and literature to explore temporal concepts, blending erudition with engaging storytelling.

Writing and editing

Alexander Waugh's literary career encompassed memoirs, biographies, and philosophical explorations, often drawing on historical and familial themes. In 2002, he published God, a biographical examination of the Abrahamic deity as depicted in sacred texts from , , tracing God's attributes, actions, and cultural evolution through biblical and apocryphal sources. The book blends scholarly analysis with interpretive narrative, posing questions about divine origins and behaviors while avoiding doctrinal advocacy. Waugh's 2004 memoir, Fathers and Sons: The Autobiography of a Family, chronicles four generations of the Waugh family, emphasizing intergenerational father-son conflicts and affections through personal recollections, letters, and unpublished documents. Drawing heavily on his relationships with his father Auberon and grandfather Evelyn, the work highlights themes of rivalry, inheritance, and reconciliation within a literary dynasty. Critics praised its witty yet poignant portrayal of familial strife, noting its blend of humor and emotional depth. In 2008, Waugh released The House of Wittgenstein: A Family at War, a comprehensive of the Viennese across the 20th century, focusing on their intellectual achievements, philosophical contributions—particularly Ludwig Wittgenstein's work—and personal tragedies amid two world wars. The narrative details the family's opulent decline, including suicides, conversions, and exiles, while contextualizing their influence on and . Reviewers commended its vivid storytelling and archival research, which illuminated the intersection of genius and dysfunction. Beyond authorship, Waugh served as general editor for The Complete Works of Evelyn Waugh, a 43-volume scholarly edition published by , initiated in 2009 with the first volumes appearing in 2017. Overseeing the project, he coordinated the compilation of all extant writings—including novels, essays, letters, and previously unpublished materials—while contributing introductions, annotations, and editorial oversight to volumes such as the Personal Writings sequence. This endeavor aimed to provide a definitive resource for scholars, incorporating over 10,000 letters and graphic works. Waugh also worked as a for publications including , , and , contributing pieces on cultural, literary, and occasionally musical topics that reflected his broad intellectual interests. His columns often combined sharp observation with familial wit, extending his prose style to commentary on contemporary society.

Shakespeare authorship advocacy

Oxfordian theory

Alexander Waugh emerged as a prominent advocate for the Oxfordian theory during the 2000s, positing that Edward de Vere, the 17th (1550–1604), was the true author of the works attributed to of . He argued that de Vere's lifespan aligned more closely with the composition timelines of and poems, which continued to appear after the Stratford man's death in 1616, suggesting the latter served merely as a front for the nobleman. Central to Waugh's arguments were claims of encrypted allusions in 16th- and 17th-century texts that covertly identified de Vere as the playwright. For instance, he identified an in William Covell's 1595 poem Polimanteia, reading "Sweet Shakspeare: Oxford, our de Vere—a secret," as an early hidden reference to de Vere's authorship. Waugh extended this cryptographic approach to the 1609 edition of Shakespeare's Sonnets, analyzing its dedication and for geometric patterns and acrostics that he interpreted as concealing de Vere's burial site in Westminster Abbey's , rather than Stratford. He also co-edited the three-volume The New Shakespeare Allusion Book (completed 2024) with Roger Stritmatter, a scholarly reference collecting allusions to Shakespeare from 1584 to 1786 to support Oxfordian interpretations. In his 2014 Kindle single Shakespeare in Court, Waugh presented evidence drawn from legal documents and court records to link de Vere directly to the Shakespeare canon, framing the work as a fictional that cross-examined the for promoting misleading information about the Stratford man's identity. The book highlighted biographical correspondences, such as de Vere's extensive travels in —which informed the settings and details in plays like and —and his immersion in Elizabethan court intrigues, which echoed the political machinations in works like . Waugh promoted these ideas through public lectures, debates, media appearances, and digital platforms, including a YouTube channel that attracted over 17,000 subscribers by 2024. These included a 2017 Guardian interview where he detailed the sonnets' "hidden geometries" pointing to , and a 2013 Spectator diary entry emphasizing de Vere's concealed role. He often underscored parallels between de Vere's aristocratic experiences—such as his patronage of theater companies and involvement in royal scandals—and the insider knowledge displayed in Shakespeare's histories and tragedies.

De Vere Society involvement

Alexander Waugh was elected chairman of the De Vere Society in spring 2016, a position he held until his death in 2024, during which he guided the organization's efforts to promote the . He concurrently served as honorary president of the Shakespeare Authorship Coalition from 2013. Under his leadership, the society organized annual conferences, webinars, and joint events with groups like the Shakespearean Authorship Trust, including a notable 2023 autumn conference featuring discussions on poems and cryptologic evidence, as well as the podcast series 174T co-hosted with Maudie Lowe. He also oversaw publications such as society newsletters and drove membership initiatives to expand the group's reach among scholars and enthusiasts. Prior to his chairmanship, Waugh received the Oxfordian of the Year award in from the Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship, recognizing his promotional efforts in advancing Oxfordian scholarship through public lectures and media appearances. In his role, he contributed to collaborative projects, including co-editing society journals and authoring articles on cryptograms embedded in Shakespeare folios, such as analyses of hidden messages in title pages and dedications that he argued pointed to de Vere's authorship. These works, often presented at society events, emphasized visual and textual clues in early modern prints to support the society's core mission. Despite battling diagnosed in 2023, Waugh remained actively involved, providing informal support through recorded interviews, podcasts, and video presentations on topics like John Dee's potential role in authorship cryptology. His enduring commitment helped sustain the De Vere Society's advocacy, culminating in posthumous honors, including the establishment of the Alexander Waugh Award in 2025 for contributions to de Vere studies.

Personal life

Marriage and family

Alexander Waugh married Chancellor in 1990, having met her while both were students at the . is the daughter of the journalist and editor Alexander Chancellor, known for his influential tenure at and . Their marriage provided a stable foundation amid Waugh's evolving career in writing, , and , with offering unwavering support that bolstered his professional endeavors. The couple had three children: daughters Mary Eulalia, born in 1993, and Sally Alexandra, born in 1995, followed by son Auberon Augustus, born in 1998. Waugh was a devoted family man, and their household in Milverton, , became the center of a close-knit family life where he balanced child-rearing with his home-based work as a and editor. This rural setting in , near his family's ancestral estates, allowed for an integrated family dynamic that contrasted with the more tumultuous dynamics of his early family heritage.

Illness and death

In 2023, Alexander Waugh was diagnosed with inoperable . He publicly disclosed his condition during a on Shakespeare authorship origins that year, sharing details of his treatment and outlook with characteristic humour. Despite his deteriorating health, Waugh remained active in his editorial responsibilities as general editor of the 43-volume Complete Works of , published by , with 12 volumes issued by the time of his death; he also maintained an archive of his grandfather's materials at his farmhouse. Waugh died on 22 July 2024 at his home in Milverton, , at the age of 60, from complications of . Obituaries in , The Telegraph, and celebrated his legacy, lauding his sharp wit, scholarly depth, and unwavering family devotion.

Bibliography

Books

Alexander Waugh authored several books spanning music appreciation, philosophical inquiries, family memoirs, and Shakespearean scholarship. His works often blend rigorous research with accessible prose, reflecting his background as a music and writer. Classical Music: A New Way of Listening (Macmillan, 1995) serves as an introductory guide to appreciating , featuring a companion CD with excerpts from key works and explanations of musical forms, aimed at newcomers to the genre. The book emphasizes listening techniques over , drawing on Waugh's expertise as a . Opera: A New Way of Listening (De Agostini Editions, 1996; distributed in the US by Stewart, Tabori & Chang) provides an overview of opera's history and structure, analyzing eight masterpieces such as Don Giovanni and The Marriage of Figaro, with an accompanying CD for illustrative excerpts. It targets beginners, offering practical insights into vocal styles and dramatic elements without requiring prior knowledge. Time: From Micro-Seconds to Millennia; A Search for the Right Time (Headline Book Publishing, 1999; published in the US as Time: Its Origin, Its Enigma, Its History by Carroll & Graf, 2000) explores the concept of time across scientific, historical, and cultural dimensions, from atomic clocks to ancient calendars and eschatological views. The book received family endorsements in British literary circles, highlighting its engaging narrative on human attempts to measure and comprehend . God: The Biography (Headline Review, 2002; published in the US by Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2004) traces the evolution of the conception of through biblical, historical, and lenses, examining attributes like and benevolence. Reviewers praised its witty and irreverent approach, noting how it delights in unexpected interpretations while avoiding dogmatic conclusions. Fathers and Sons: The Autobiography of a Family (Headline, 2004; published in the US by /Doubleday, 2007) is a multi-generational chronicling the Waugh family from the author's great-grandfather to his own father Auberon, using diaries and letters to depict intergenerational dynamics of , rivalry, and literary legacy. Critics lauded it as an unusually candid biographical work, revealing the complexities of paternal bonds in a prominent writing dynasty. The House of Wittgenstein: A Family at War (Bloomsbury, 2008; published in the US by Doubleday, 2009) details the tumultuous history of the , including philosopher Ludwig and Paul, amid wealth, suicide, and Nazi-era expropriation in early 20th-century . The biography was acclaimed for its gripping portrayal of a "madhouse" dynasty, blending meticulous research with dramatic storytelling. Shakespeare in Court (self-published Kindle Single, 2014) compiles evidence supporting the , framed as a where the Stratford man is indicted for fraud, drawing on contemporary documents and ciphers. Aimed at authorship skeptics, it was well-received in Oxfordian communities for its innovative presentation of historical arguments.

Editorial works

Alexander Waugh served as the general editor of The Complete Works of , a comprehensive 43-volume scholarly edition published by , which compiles all of his grandfather's published and unpublished writings, including novels, essays, letters, and graphic art. The project was initiated by Waugh in 2009, with print publication contracted that year, and the first volumes released in 2017, marking the first complete critical edition of Evelyn Waugh's oeuvre. As part of this effort, Waugh oversaw a twelve-volume Personal Writings sequence, incorporating over 10,000 letters and diaries, and contributed introductory essays to several volumes, providing scholarly context on 's early life and development as a . This editorial work has preserved and illuminated the breadth of 's literary legacy, drawing on family archives curated by Waugh himself. In the field of Shakespeare authorship studies, Waugh co-edited Shakespeare Beyond Doubt? Exposing an Industry in Denial (2013) with John M. Shahan for the Shakespeare Authorship Coalition, an anthology compiling essays by various Oxfordian scholars that critique traditional attributions and advocate for Edward de Vere as the primary author of Shakespeare's works. This volume advanced Oxfordian research by aggregating key arguments and against the Stratfordian , contributing to ongoing debates in authorship . Waugh also co-edited The New Shakespeare Allusion-Book (with Roger Stritmatter, completed 2024), a three-volume scholarly compiling and annotating literary allusions to Shakespeare from 1584 onward to support the Oxfordian theory of authorship. Waugh also compiled family letters and unpublished documents for the appendices of his 2004 book Fathers and Sons: The Autobiography of a , drawing on a "mine of hitherto unseen" materials related to and preceding generations to trace intergenerational dynamics in the Waugh literary dynasty. Through these editorial endeavors, Waugh not only preserved his family's historical records but also advanced scholarly discourse on 20th-century and Elizabethan authorship questions.

References

  1. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/07/23/alexander-waugh-auberon-evelyn-shakespeare-authorship-brexi/
  2. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/03/books/alexander-waugh-dead.html
  3. https://www.shelf-awareness.com/theshelf/2024-08-05/obituary_note:_alexander_waugh.html
  4. https://evelynwaughsociety.org/2024/alexander-waugh-times-newspaper-obituary/
  5. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/18/arts/auberon-waugh-witty-mischief-maker-is-dead-at-61.html
  6. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-18-me-13685-story.html
  7. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/waugh-teresa-1940
  8. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/jan/18/guardianobituaries.booksnews
  9. https://slate.com/culture/2007/06/evelyn-waugh-and-his-family.html
  10. https://www.countrylife.co.uk/property/evelyn-waughs-magnificent-former-home-in-somerset-overlooking-the-quantock-hills-225860
  11. https://evelynwaughsociety.org/2024/alexander-waugh-1963-2024-r-i-p/
  12. https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/alexander-waugh-zpmgr7pqz
  13. https://topline.com/people/alexander-waugh-116852858
  14. https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/being-seriously-funny/cid/1021992
  15. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/waugh-alexander-1963
  16. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074tp3
  17. https://archive.org/details/classicalmusicne0000waug
  18. https://archive.org/details/operanewwayoflis0000waug
  19. https://www.amazon.com/Time-Micro-seconds-Millennia-Alexander-1999-10-28/dp/B01K0QLI3Q
  20. https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/mar/31/philosophy
  21. https://books.google.com/books/about/God.html?id=nuD8PwAACAAJ
  22. https://www.thetimes.com/article/memoir-fathers-and-sons-by-alexander-waugh-pjlwnbh3sp0
  23. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/19/books/19kaku.html
  24. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/nov/08/house-wittgenstein-alexander-waugh
  25. https://www.complete-review.com/reviews/wittgenl/waugha.htm
  26. https://global.oup.com/academic/content/series/c/complete-works-of-evelyn-waugh-cwevw/
  27. https://www.evelynwaughsociety.org/2024/alexander-waugh-1963-2024-r-i-p/
  28. https://www.spectator.co.uk/writer/alexander-waugh/
  29. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/alexander-waugh-s-diary-shakespeare-was-a-nom-de-plume-get-over-it/
  30. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/oct/28/william-shakespeare-buried-westminster-abbey-alexander-waugh
  31. https://deveresociety.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/17_GNL_V24_N2_Apr17-AW.pdf
  32. https://www.yahoo.com/news/alexander-waugh-author-acclaimed-study-175814126.html
  33. https://www.amazon.com/Shakespeare-Court-Kindle-Single-Alexander-ebook/dp/B00O4V4V9W
  34. https://shakespeareoxfordfellowship.org/alexander-waugh-named-oxfordian-of-the-year/
  35. https://interestingliterature.com/2013/07/guest-blog-shakespeare-beyond-doubt/
  36. https://deveresociety.co.uk/a-tribute-to-alexander-waugh/
  37. https://literaryreview.co.uk/where-theres-a-will-theres-a-waugh
  38. https://whowroteshakespeare.substack.com/p/alexander-waugh-to-be-honored-at
  39. https://deveresociety.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/17F_NL_V24_N4_Oct17-AW.pdf
  40. https://deveresociety.co.uk/alexander-waugh-on-john-dee-the-authorship-question/
  41. https://deveresociety.co.uk/the-alexander-waugh-award-presentation/
  42. https://www.thepeerage.com/p6635.htm
  43. https://www.evelynwaughsociety.org/2024/alexander-waugh-times-newspaper-obituary/
  44. https://www.amazon.com/Classical-Music-New-Way-Listening/dp/0028604466
  45. https://www.amazon.com/Opera-New-Listening-Alexander-Waugh/dp/189988372X
  46. https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/dec/10/bestbooksoftheyear.bestbooks
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  49. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/books/review/Hitchens-t.html
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  51. https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%252FK003933%252F1
  52. https://www.amazon.com/Complete-Works-Evelyn-Waugh-Precocious/dp/019965896X
  53. https://le.ac.uk/evelyn-waugh/about
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  55. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/07/02/waugh-stories
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