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Howard Hollis "Bo" Callaway (April 2, 1927[2] – March 15, 2014) was an American businessman and politician.[3][4] A member of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, he served in the United States House of Representatives from 1965 to 1967 and as the United States secretary of the Army from 1973 to 1975.[1][5]

Key Information

Life and career

[edit]
Callaway in 1965

Callaway was born in LaGrange, Georgia,[2] the son of Virginia Hollis and Cason Callaway,[1] and the grandson of Fuller Earle Callaway. He attended Episcopal High School, graduating in 1944.[2] After graduating, he attended Georgia Tech and the United States Military Academy, earning his degree in military engineering in 1949. He served in the United States Army during the Korean War, which after his discharge in 1953, he returned to Georgia to help his parents develop and run Callaway Gardens.[1] He was named executive director there on June 10, 1953.[6]

In 1964, he was elected as a Republican to represent Georgia's 3rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, succeeding Tic Forrester. He was the first Republican to represent Georgia in Congress since Reconstruction, riding a Republican wave in the Deep South resulting from the appeal of Barry Goldwater to conservative Southerners.[2][7]

Rather than run for re-election, in 1966, Callaway ran as a Republican candidate for governor of Georgia. The gubernatorial election was exceptionally close due to a split within the state Democratic Party between supporters of segregationist Lester Maddox and liberal former governor Ellis Arnall; after Maddox won the Democratic nomination, Arnall continued his campaign as a write-in candidate. Ultimately, Callaway won a plurality, but not a majority of votes cast, which under Georgia law meant that the election was thrown to the Georgia General Assembly. After a series of lawsuits reaching the United States Supreme Court, the authority of the legislature was ultimately upheld, and Maddox was elected governor by the heavily Democratic legislature.[8]

Callaway was succeeded in Congress by Jack Brinkley.

Later career

[edit]
Portrait of Callaway

Callaway resided in Colorado in the 1970s. In 1973, he was appointed by President Richard Nixon to serve as the United States Secretary of the Army,[1] serving under Nixon and Gerald Ford and was succeeded by Norman R. Augustine in 1975. During his service as secretary of the army, he entered into a prominent national controversy when he first reduced the sentence of and later paroled lieutenant William Calley for his role in the My Lai massacre.[9][10]

Callaway served as Ford's campaign manager,[11] but resigned following accusations that he had used undue political influence to ensure the expansion of a ski resort;[11] he was replaced by Rogers Morton.[12]

In 1980, Callaway ran as a Republican candidate for United States senator of Colorado. He was supported by Senator William L. Armstrong, but ultimately lost the nomination to Mary Estill Buchanan.[2][13] After that, he served as the chairperson of the Colorado Republican Party until 1987.[2]

Death

[edit]

Callaway died on March 15, 2014, from complications of intracerebral hemorrhage in Columbus, Georgia, at the age of 86.[1]

References

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[edit]
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Bo Callaway

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Howard Hollis "Bo" Callaway (April 2, 1927 – March 15, 2014) was an American businessman and Republican politician from Georgia who developed the family-founded resort, served as U.S. Representative for from 1965 to 1967, and held the position of Secretary of the Army from 1973 to 1975. Born into the prominent Callaway textile family in , he graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1949, served in the , and returned in 1953 to manage and expand into a major tourist attraction spanning over 6,500 acres of gardens, lakes, and recreational facilities. Callaway entered politics amid Georgia's Democratic dominance, becoming the first Republican elected to Congress from the state since Reconstruction in 1964 by appealing to voters opposed to federal civil rights legislation and the Johnson administration's policies. His 1966 gubernatorial bid saw him win the popular vote but lose after a state constitutional requirement for a majority led to the legislature selecting segregationist Democrat as governor. After leaving , he chaired President Ford's 1976 reelection campaign but resigned amid a Department of Justice investigation—later dropped—into allegations of using influence to expand a ski resort he owned. As Secretary of the Army, Callaway oversaw the post-Vietnam transition, focusing on troop morale, recruiting, and welfare amid the shift to an all-volunteer force. In later years, he contributed to Georgia's Republican realignment and managed business interests, including in , until returning to oversee in the 1990s.

Early life and education

Family background and upbringing

Howard Hollis Callaway, known as Bo, was born on April 2, 1927, in LaGrange, , to Cason Jewell Callaway Sr. and Virginia Hand Callaway. His father, Cason, managed aspects of the family's operations inherited from Bo's paternal grandfather, Fuller Earle Callaway (1870–1928), a self-made industrialist who established Callaway Mills in LaGrange starting in 1895 and expanded it into a major regional enterprise employing thousands by the 1920s. The Callaway family held prominence in west Georgia's economy through and early , with Fuller E. Callaway chartering foundations for employee welfare and community support predating widespread government programs. Bo's upbringing occurred amid this legacy, initially in LaGrange before the family relocated to nearby Harris County, where he attended public schools and experienced rural Georgia life during the era. His father's acquisition of over 2,500 acres of pine forests and farmland in Harris County beginning in the early exposed young Bo to hands-on and conservation practices, rooted in private initiative rather than state intervention. This environment, steeped in family-run enterprises, cultivated Callaway's early appreciation for and industriousness; Cason emphasized ethical business stewardship and environmental preservation through personal , shaping Bo's formative views on economic independence and resource husbandry. The family's traditional Democratic affiliations reflected broader Southern political norms of the time, yet the emphasis on entrepreneurial risk-taking and voluntary community aid provided a to collectivist trends, influencing Bo's later for market-driven solutions.

Formal education

Callaway attended public schools in LaGrange and Hamilton, Georgia, during his early years. He then enrolled at the Georgia Institute of Technology in from 1944 to 1945, completing one year of study before transferring to the at . At West Point, Callaway pursued a focused on and , graduating with a degree in 1949. This rigorous program emphasized practical skills in engineering, mathematics, and discipline, aligning with the academy's emphasis on technical proficiency and self-reliance rather than theoretical abstraction. The education provided foundational preparation for applying analytical and operational principles to real-world challenges, including those in family-oriented industries like textiles upon later civilian entry.

Military service

Howard Hollis "Bo" Callaway graduated from the at West Point in 1949 and was commissioned as a in the . He underwent infantry officer training before deployment. Callaway served as a with the 17th Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Division, during the from 1950 to 1952, participating in combat operations against North Korean and Chinese forces. His leadership role involved directing small-unit tactics in harsh conditions, including extreme cold and intense fighting along fronts such as the Ali River. For his direct participation in ground combat, Callaway received the , recognizing his exposure to enemy fire and engagement in active infantry duties. After his combat assignment, he returned stateside and served as a tactics instructor at Fort Benning, Georgia, imparting lessons from frontline experience to new officers. His total active-duty service spanned 1949 to 1952, after which he entered the reserves before separating from military obligations.

Business career

Management of Callaway Mills

Howard Hollis "Bo" Callaway joined the family-owned Callaway Mills upon returning from U.S. Army service in 1952, contributing to the management of the LaGrange, Georgia-based textile manufacturer founded by his grandfather Fuller E. Callaway in 1900. The enterprise, which processed up to 100,000 bales of raw cotton annually by the mid-20th century, operated multiple mills including Unity, Dixie, and others acquired in the region, employing thousands in Troup County and supporting Georgia's postwar textile boom through private capital investments rather than federal subsidies. Under family stewardship, including Bo Callaway's role amid his father's chairmanship until Cason J. Callaway's death in 1961, the mills pursued operational modernization, such as machinery upgrades and efficiency measures that expanded production capacity and grew annual revenues to approximately $40 million by the late 1960s prior to its acquisition by in 1968. These efforts aligned with broader industry shifts, including technological adaptations to synthetic fibers and improved processes, positioning Callaway Mills as a key player in Georgia's dominance of Southern output, which accounted for over 20% of U.S. goods by the 1950s without reliance on New Deal-era programs that propped up weaker competitors elsewhere. In navigating 1950s-1960s labor dynamics, including federal desegregation mandates following (1954), Callaway Mills emphasized merit-based employment and productivity incentives over mandated quotas, maintaining a stable workforce through company-provided housing, education programs, and welfare initiatives that predated civil rights legislation—practices rooted in the mill's paternalistic village model rather than union-driven or regulatory impositions. This approach avoided major disruptions seen in unionized Northern mills, sustaining output growth amid regional economic pressures, though it drew criticism from civil rights advocates for upholding traditional hiring patterns in a segregated .

Development of Callaway Gardens

In 1952, Bo Callaway assumed administration of shortly after his release from military service, building on his father Cason Callaway's vision to develop 2,500 acres of pine forests and scrub land in , into a public resort and garden. The project, deeded to the private Ida Cason Callaway Foundation in 1950, opened to visitors that May as Ida Cason Gardens, featuring preserved native habitats, constructed lakes, and displays of indigenous azaleas—including the rare plumleaf variety discovered on the property in —which drew early focused on natural beauty and . Callaway's management emphasized entrepreneurial expansion of leisure facilities, such as courses and trails, while committing land use to conservation through foundation oversight, ensuring operations funded habitat preservation without reliance on subsidies. This private model generated from visitor fees and accommodations to support ongoing development, contrasting with parks dependent on appropriations and demonstrating viable economic incentives for . By prioritizing eco-tourism over extractive development, the gardens grew into a self-reliant attraction that maintained over 2,500 acres of forested ecosystems, countering narratives of private ownership as inherently exploitative by evidencing sustained via -driven .

Political career

1964 congressional election

Callaway, a Democrat-turned-Republican businessman from , entered the 1964 U.S. House race for as an enthusiastic supporter of Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign, which emphasized , fiscal restraint, and resistance to federal expansion under President Lyndon B. Johnson's initiatives. Despite his family's longstanding Democratic affiliations—his father, Fuller Callaway, had been a prominent supporter—Bo Callaway built a Republican organization in the district, drawing on local business networks and anti-federal sentiment amid Johnson's landslide national victory but Goldwater's strong showing in the , where the Arizona senator captured Georgia with 54.1% of the vote. His platform highlighted limited government, low taxes, opposition to expansive welfare programs, and a "peace through strength" foreign policy, appealing to voters wary of federal overreach into state affairs, including civil rights enforcement under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. On November 3, 1964, Callaway defeated Democratic incumbent E. L. Forrester, securing approximately 55% of the vote in a district long dominated by the one-party Democratic system. This victory marked the first time a Republican had won a congressional seat from Georgia since Reconstruction ended in 1875, shattering the state's all-Democratic House delegation and signaling the onset of Southern partisan realignment driven by empirical voter rejection of national Democratic policies perceived as eroding local autonomy and economic self-determination. The outcome reflected causal factors beyond mere coattails from Goldwater's statewide success, including Callaway's effective mobilization of white conservative voters disillusioned with federal interventions, though his campaign also defended traditional Southern social structures against rapid change.

Service in the U.S. House of Representatives

Callaway represented in the during the 89th , from January 3, 1965, to January 3, 1967. As Georgia's first Republican congressman since Reconstruction, he advanced a conservative legislative agenda emphasizing national defense, rural economic interests, and resistance to expansive federal intervention. His priorities reflected the needs of a district centered on agriculture, manufacturing, and textiles, where he drew on family business experience to promote policies favoring industry competitiveness over import restrictions that burdened domestic producers. Callaway critiqued protectionist tendencies, arguing they distorted markets and hindered efficiency, consistent with his advocacy for deregulation grounded in free-enterprise principles. On defense matters, as a West Point graduate and Army veteran, he prioritized military readiness amid Cold War tensions, supporting U.S. efforts to counter communist expansion in Vietnam through sustained commitment rather than premature de-escalation favored by some Democrats. Callaway's voting record aligned with Republican hawks, opposing measures perceived as weakening resolve against aggression, and he contributed to debates underscoring the causal link between resolve in and broader deterrence of Soviet influence. While specific bill sponsorships were limited as a , his interventions highlighted rural advocacy, including support for agricultural programs benefiting Georgia farmers without undue bureaucratic overlay.

1966 Georgia gubernatorial campaign

Callaway secured the Republican nomination for governor without opposition in 1966, building on his recent election as Georgia's first Republican U.S. Representative since Reconstruction and his switch from the Democratic Party to back in 1964. His campaign emphasized conservative governance, including pledges for economic development through private enterprise, improvements in public education without reliance on federal mandates, and advocacy for to counter perceived overreach from Washington. The platform appealed to voters disillusioned with the national Democratic shift under President toward expansive federal civil rights enforcement, positioning the GOP as a viable alternative for those prioritizing local control and fiscal restraint. Callaway's emphasis on resonated in a state grappling with desegregation mandates, though his conservative stance drew criticism for associations with segregationist sentiments prevalent among Southern Republicans at the time, even as he presented a more business-oriented moderation compared to Democratic rivals. This dynamic attracted backlash support from white conservatives alienated by federal interventions, highlighting an early Southern realignment toward the GOP despite the risks of alienating moderates. In the November 8, 1966, general election, Callaway garnered 453,665 votes, achieving a plurality of 46.53% against Democrat Lester Maddox's 450,626 votes (46.22%) and write-in support for former Governor totaling about 7%. Lacking a constitutional majority, the outcome shifted to the Democratic-controlled , which selected Maddox by a 182-66 vote on November 16, thwarting Callaway's bid amid intraparty Democratic divisions that had elevated the ax-wielding segregationist Maddox from primary obscurity. The close race underscored emerging Republican viability in Georgia but exposed limitations in a still firmly Democratic.

Government service

Nomination and tenure as Secretary of the Army

President nominated Howard "Bo" Callaway to be Secretary of the Army in early May 1973. The Armed Services Committee unanimously recommended his confirmation following hearings on May 8, 1973. The full confirmed Callaway by on May 11, 1973, with no opposition recorded. He assumed office on May 15, 1973, succeeding Robert F. Froehlke. Callaway's tenure, spanning the Nixon and Ford administrations until his resignation on July 3, 1975, occurred during the U.S. Army's post-Vietnam reconfiguration, including significant troop drawdowns and the shift from conscription to an all-volunteer force effective July 1, 1973. As a World War II veteran who had risen through merit in combat, Callaway prioritized quality personnel and merit-based advancement to counter bureaucratic inertia and rebuild a professional force. He declared the volunteer force transition successful by mid-1974, advocating for higher recruitment standards and rejecting low-quality enlistees to ensure readiness amid budget constraints. To enhance efficiency, Callaway implemented management reforms, including streamlined officer development and retention incentives, working with William K. Brehm to address post-Vietnam deficiencies in personnel quality and administrative processes. These efforts focused on evolving the into a modern, voluntary resistant to the era's pressures for further unilateral reductions, emphasizing sustained defense capabilities over expedited cuts often amplified in contemporary reporting. His underscored a commitment to operational effectiveness, drawing on empirical assessments of force needs rather than political expediency.

Key policies and achievements

Callaway played a pivotal role in the U.S. Army's transition from to an all-volunteer force (AVF) following the draft's expiration on July 1, 1973. As Secretary, he directed recruitment strategies emphasizing competitive pay incentives, improved training quality, and public outreach to attract qualified personnel, which addressed post-Vietnam morale challenges and reduced reliance on involuntary service. These efforts yielded measurable results, including a reported increase in enlistments and enhanced unit readiness by early 1974, as volunteer recruits demonstrated higher skill levels and retention compared to draftees. A landmark achievement under Callaway's leadership was the October 9, , announcement to discharge all remaining draftees by year's end, signaling confidence in the AVF's sustainability based on surpassing enlistment quotas. This decision stemmed from data showing the Army meeting its fiscal year goals, with recruitment campaigns focusing on and benefits to counter perceptions of the military as undesirable post-war. Callaway's advocacy for these reforms prioritized merit-based accession over quantity-driven drafts, fostering a force oriented toward voluntary commitment and operational effectiveness. Callaway also advanced administrative efficiencies, including revisions to internal regulations for better oversight of Army operations, such as updating directives for the to to enhance accessibility and accountability in . While his tenure was brief, these policy shifts laid groundwork for long-term discipline and personnel welfare, verifiable through subsequent alignments that supported modernization without excessive expansion.

Controversies and investigations

1966 election disputes

In the November 8, 1966, , Republican candidate Bo Callaway received 453,665 votes (46.6 percent), narrowly outpolling Democrat Lester Maddox's 450,626 votes (46.2 percent), with the balance going to write-in votes for former (7.2 percent). No candidate secured a , triggering a provision in the Georgia that empowered the Democrat-controlled to choose between the top two finishers. On January 10, 1967, the legislature voted 182–140 to select Maddox, bypassing Callaway despite his popular vote plurality. Callaway's supporters mounted legal challenges, including a federal lawsuit filed by twelve voters on November 10, 1966, seeking a court-ordered runoff between Callaway and Maddox on grounds that the legislative selection process violated voters' rights. Additional efforts questioned the validity of Maddox's write-in momentum from the Democratic primary runoff and Arnall's general election write-ins, which some argued diluted the mandate. These challenges failed in court, with federal judges upholding the constitutional mechanism amid arguments that altering it post-election would undermine state sovereignty. The outcome exposed flaws in the Democratic political machine's dominance, as rural legislators loyal to hierarchy overrode urban and suburban preferences where Callaway demonstrated stronger support, including majorities in metro Atlanta counties. Contemporary critics, particularly in national media and moderate Democratic circles, framed Callaway's near-victory as emblematic of Republican-fueled "white backlash" extremism, labeling him a segregationist despite his emphasis on local school control over federal mandates like busing. However, Maddox's own record—closing his Atlanta restaurant in 1964 rather than serve customers and wielding axe handles against civil rights protesters—highlighted that overt segregationist resistance originated within Democratic ranks, with the legislature's choice reflecting intra-party machinations rather than a GOP monopoly on reactionary politics. Callaway backers contended the result squandered an opening for moderate Republican governance in Georgia, as his urban-suburban vote share signaled viability for business-oriented conservatism decoupled from Democratic infighting. This interpretation gained traction among party builders, who viewed the disputes as evidence of systemic Democratic entrenchment stifling electoral competition.

Conflict-of-interest allegations and resignation

Callaway resigned as Secretary of the Army on July 3, 1975, to assume the role of national campaign chairman for President Gerald Ford's re-election bid. In this capacity, he oversaw the President Ford Committee's operations until allegations emerged regarding his prior influence as Army Secretary over a proposed military training site near , where he held ownership interests in the local ski resort. The controversy centered on claims that Callaway had pressured subordinates in –1975 to expedite or favorably resolve the approval of a live-fire range at Snodgrass Mountain, adjacent to the ; opponents argued the site would hinder ski area expansion plans, while supporters noted potential environmental and safety concerns with the military project. Callaway maintained he had urged only a prompt decision based on merits, denying any improper intervention, and emphasized his of direct resort ownership upon entering government service, though family ties persisted. These accusations, amplified amid the 1976 Republican primaries, prompted a Department of Justice probe into potential conflict-of-interest violations under federal ethics statutes. On March 30, 1976, Callaway submitted his resignation from the Ford campaign, stating it was to prevent the allegations from distracting from the president's nomination efforts; Ford accepted it the same day, appointing as replacement. The had already suspended the Snodgrass site evaluation in late 1975 pending review, and no training facility was ultimately developed there. The Justice Department concluded its investigation on January 11, 1977, determining insufficient evidence of criminal wrongdoing or ethical impropriety, thereby exonerating Callaway of the conflict-of-interest charges. This outcome aligned with Callaway's position that his actions reflected standard advocacy for timely bureaucratic resolution rather than self-interested coercion.

Later life and legacy

Building the Republican Party in Georgia

Callaway chaired the Georgia Republican Party for several years after his 1966 gubernatorial bid, focusing on candidate recruitment, organizational infrastructure, and challenging the state's long-standing Democratic dominance that had persisted since Reconstruction. His leadership helped lay the groundwork for Republican expansion amid the broader Southern realignment, where voter shifts away from Democrats—accelerated by opposition to federal civil rights enforcement and economic conservatism—enabled initial breakthroughs like his own 1964 congressional victory as the first Republican House member from Georgia since 1875. By fostering a pro-business platform and consistent messaging, Callaway positioned the GOP as an alternative to what he viewed as the stagnation of one-party rule under Democrats, who controlled all statewide offices until the late 20th century. He provided crucial mentoring and support to rising conservatives, notably coaching during his early campaigns for in the 1970s and 1980s. Gingrich publicly acknowledged Callaway's guidance, crediting him with assistance through the 1980s that sustained his political ascent. Callaway attended Gingrich's events, offered strategic advice, and reinforced a confrontational conservative ideology that contributed to Republican congressional gains, including Gingrich's 1978 election and eventual speakership. These efforts exemplified Callaway's use of personal networks and private resources for voter outreach, targeting suburban growth areas disillusioned with Democratic incumbents. Callaway extended his influence to state-level races, aiding Sonny Perdue's upset victory in the 2002 gubernatorial election—the first Republican win for that office since 1872—with strategic support in Perdue's subsequent reelection campaign. This milestone capped decades of incremental GOP advances, such as capturing multiple U.S. House seats by the and state legislative majorities in the early 2000s, culminating in the party's sweep of all statewide offices by 2010. Through such involvement, Callaway's organizational work validated the viability of a competitive in Georgia, shifting electoral dynamics from Democratic hegemony to Republican ascendancy driven by conservative voter mobilization.

Philanthropy and conservation efforts

Callaway devoted significant efforts to environmental preservation through his longstanding involvement with the Ida Cason Callaway Foundation, the nonprofit entity established in 1945 and tasked with stewarding since the 1950 deeding of its core lands. After returning from federal service in 1975, he served on the foundation's board of trustees and as , directing operations that emphasized habitat restoration on over 2,500 acres of woodland, including the protection of endangered plants and animals via targeted conservation programs. These initiatives built on his father's earlier restoration of worn-out farmland using sustainable agricultural methods, such as soil enrichment and , which predated the U.S. Agency's formation in 1970 and demonstrated voluntary private-sector approaches to enhancement. A key achievement under foundation oversight during Callaway's tenure was the 1971 dedication of the Cason J. Callaway Memorial Forest, encompassing thousands of acres of preserved mature pine-hardwood on the Pine Mountain ridge to safeguard native ecosystems against development pressures. The foundation's work, which Callaway helped advance through administrative leadership from onward, integrated eco-tourism with research and education, funding exhibits, workshops, and demonstrations to foster public appreciation of natural processes without reliance on federal mandates. This model supported ongoing management, including conservation easements secured with the Georgia Forestry Commission in the 2000s to ensure perpetual protection of forested lands under principles. Callaway's philanthropy extended to facilitating millions in family-directed contributions via the broader Callaway Foundation network, which complemented the Ida Cason entity's mission by channeling resources toward regional environmental projects and community stewardship. His emphasis on self-sustaining operations at Callaway Gardens—drawing over 700,000 visitors annually by the early 1990s—generated revenue for reinvestment in preservation, illustrating a market-oriented framework for long-term ecological viability. Through these endeavors, Callaway exemplified private initiative in conservation, prioritizing practical land stewardship over regulatory interventions.

Death

Howard "Bo" Callaway died on March 15, 2014, at the age of 86 in . He passed away peacefully at Spring Harbor Assisted Living, surrounded by family, nearly two years after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage that had left him wheelchair-bound. A funeral Mass was held on March 19, 2014, at Catholic Church in Pine Mountain, Georgia, drawing hundreds of attendees including family, friends, and political associates. Tributes from Republican figures, such as those issued by former colleagues, acknowledged his early efforts in building the party in Georgia, though his career included notable setbacks like the disputed 1966 gubernatorial election.

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  64. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/11/21/bloom-time/
  65. https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/columbus-ga/howard-h-callaway-5894556
  66. https://www.ajc.com/news/services-for-howard-callaway-announced/1IJpXhIxTQCTsQSsdMjr9O/
  67. https://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/local/article29324665.html
  68. https://www.wtvm.com/story/25018752/howard-bo-callaway-laid-to-rest/
  69. https://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/local/article29324386.html
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