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Key Information

Chater House
Traditional Chinese遮打大廈
Simplified Chinese遮打大厦
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhēdá Dàshà
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingze1 daa2 daai6 haa6

Chater House (Chinese: 遮打大廈; Jyutping: ze1 daa2 daai6 haa6) is an office tower in Central, Hong Kong. Opened in March 2003, it is a part of the Hongkong Land portfolio of properties. It has a three-level retail podium, known as Landmark Chater. The building was built on the site of the former Swire House, and was named after Sir Paul Chater. The building faces streets on three sides: Chater Road, Pedder Street and Connaught Road Central.

Plot history

[edit]
Union Building viewed from Pedder Street, looking north, c.1926. A corner of the burnt down Hong Kong Hotel is visible on the right.

There were three buildings on the site between 1905 and 1958, namely Mansions Building (Hotel Mansions, later renamed Union Building), King's Building and York Building.[1]

Union Building

[edit]
View from Victoria Harbour in the 1920s. The building on the left is King's Building, and the adjacent, slightly taller one is Union Building.

Following the Praya reclamation of 1890–1904, a building was constructed and opened in 1905, that served as offices of Canadian Pacific Ocean Services (G/F) and Hong Kong, Canton & Macao Steamboat Company (1/F).

This building was acquired in 1921, and used as its headquarters by the Union Insurance Society of Canton Ltd., and then became known as Union Building (於仁行).

It was bought by The Hongkong Land Company in 1946, and was demolished in 1950. Hongkong Land later acquired the adjacent King's Building and demolished it in 1958 to complete the Union House complex.

King's Building

[edit]

King's Building was built in 1905 and was for some time home to Marconi Wireless. The building was located along Connaught Road, next to the Union Building. It was demolished in 1958.

York Building

[edit]

York Building was built in 1905 and demolished in 1958.

Swire House

[edit]

The 23-storey building,[2] initially called Union House (於仁大厦; 於仁大廈; Yūrén Dàshà; jyu1 jan4 daai6 haa6), was completed in 1962, and had a total floor space of 34,000 square metres (370,000 sq ft).[3] in the 1970s, the Swire Group, gained naming rights for the building, which was renamed Swire House (太古大厦; 太古大廈; Tàigǔ Dàshà; taai3 gu2 daai6 haa6) in 1976.[1] In 1997, the main tenant of the building was Cathay Pacific, which occupied about 30% of the floor space. Other tenants included other Swire group companies, including Swire Pacific and Swire Industries.[4] Swire House was demolished on 5 October 1998.

Chater House

[edit]
Foyer of Chater House, Hong Kong, with bust of Sir Paul Chater.

The site was again redeveloped by Hongkong Land when the new Hong Kong International Airport opened in 1998. The building's main tenant, Cathay Pacific, relocated to Cathay City when the airport moved to its new site at Chek Lap Kok, while Swire Group moved to Pacific Place in Admiralty.[4]

Chater House has a total floor area of 438,500 net sq.ft. (498,000 sq ft. gross), was designed by architects Kohn Pedersen Fox. It was originally configured into 30 floors – 474,000 net sq. ft – of office accommodation above a three-level retail podium of 45,000 net sq.ft. (81,000 sq ft. gfa) and a three-level basement,[5] which includes 112 parking spaces. When the project was announced, in 1997, the estimated cost was HK$2.3 billion, and would complete in 2003.[4] Architecture firm Aedas were the architect for the Chater House.[6] The main contractor was Gammon Construction.[7]

The building is linked to the Central Elevated Walkway, also owned by Hong Kong Land.

In 2014, the display of Antony Gormley's art installation Event Horizon at Chater House was cancelled when US investment bank JPMorgan, which has offices in the building, asked Hongkong Land – the sponsor of Event Horizon – to cancel its support for the show after bank employee Dennis Li Junjie[8] jumped to his death from the building's roof.[9]

Tenants

[edit]

The main tenant of Chater House is JPMorgan, who have their Asia–Pacific headquarters in the building. Other current tenants include Franklin Templeton Investments and Jane Street, and previous tenants include the Securities and Futures Commission.

Previously the Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors was headquartered in the Swire House.[10]

Nearby buildings

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Chater House

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Chater House is a 30-story tower in Hong Kong's Central district, located at 8 Connaught Road Central and serving as a prominent Grade A with integrated retail space. Completed in 2002 and officially opened in March 2003, the building stands at a height of 137 meters (449 feet) and features a three-level retail podium known as Chater, which houses luxury boutiques and exhibition spaces. It is owned and managed by Hongkong Land, forming a key part of the company's portfolio that emphasizes high-end business and lifestyle destinations in the city's financial core. The structure is connected to the Central elevated walkway network, enhancing accessibility, and includes modern amenities such as raised floors, dual risers, and energy-efficient double-glazed curtain walls. Named after Sir Paul Chater, a British-Armenian businessman and co-founder of Hongkong Land who played a pivotal role in the city's early development, including the Praya Reclamation Scheme, the building honors his legacy through a on site. Chater House has become a flagship for multinational corporations, with serving as its since 2003, housing the bank's regional headquarters across multiple floors. In 2025, US trading firm Jane Street expanded its presence by leasing additional floors, bringing its total to six floors in the building. The retail podium has hosted prestigious brands, including Emporio Armani's flagship store designed by Studio Fuksas until 2023, when it was succeeded by expanded maison featuring auction spaces, art salons, and a café spanning 24,000 square feet, which opened in July 2024. In 2023, portions of the building achieved Gold certification for commercial interiors, underscoring its commitment to sustainability in one of Asia's most competitive business districts.

Site history

Early buildings (1905–1958)

Hongkong Land acquired Marine Lot 287 on December 24, 1901, securing the site for early commercial development in Hong Kong's Central district amid the colonial expansion following the Praya Reclamation Scheme of 1898–1905. This acquisition positioned the lot along the newly extended waterfront, facilitating the construction of three interconnected buildings that exemplified the territory's burgeoning trade hub status. The Union Building, King's Building, and York Building were all completed in 1905, marking a key phase in colonial-era commercial growth in Central. The Union Building, initially known as Hotel Mansions, served primarily as office space and later became the headquarters of the Union Insurance Society of Canton after its acquisition in 1921. The King's Building accommodated retail shops on the ground level alongside offices for trading firms such as Jebsen & Co. and institutions like the Phoenix Club from 1910 to 1925. Similarly, the York Building housed commercial offices, including those of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs and the Java China Japan Lijn shipping company, supporting Hong Kong's role as a maritime gateway. These structures featured Edwardian Baroque and neoclassical elements typical of early 20th-century architecture, with designs attributed to the prominent firm Palmer and Turner for the King's and Buildings; the Union Building followed a comparable office-building style with frames and ornate facades using and stone. By the mid-1950s, urban redevelopment pressures led to the decision to consolidate the site. The King's and Buildings were demolished in 1958 to allow for initial phases of a new complex, while the Union Building remained until its demolition in 1961, concluding the era of these early edifices.

Swire House era (1962–1998)

Following the clearance of early 20th-century structures on the site, Swire House was constructed in 1962 as a consolidated development known initially as Union House. The project combined the footprints of the former Union Building, King's Building, and York Building, with Phase One completed by August 1960 and the full structure finalized in June 1962. This redevelopment marked a shift toward modern commercial architecture in Hong Kong's Central district, replacing older edifices with a purpose-built tower. In 1976, the building was renamed Swire House to reflect the growing involvement of John Swire & Sons, particularly after Butterfield & Swire (a key affiliate) became the principal tenant, occupying significant office space. Other notable tenants during this period included the Union Insurance Company, which initially leased half of the second floor, and Woo & Woo solicitors, present by 1976. The Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors also established its Professional Centre there in July 1985, using the space for professional operations until the building's later years. These tenancies underscored Swire House's role as a hub for , legal, and in the bustling financial core. Architecturally, Swire House exemplified mid-20th-century with a 23-storey structure, featuring a straightforward, typical of office blocks in . The building's concrete frame provided durability and efficiency for vertical expansion, aligning with the era's emphasis on utilitarian forms over ornate detailing, though it lacked the proportional elegance of earlier Italianate styles on the site. By the late 1990s, Swire House faced demolition starting in October 1998 to accommodate a taller tower, driven by the need for greater office capacity amid rising urban density in Central and the structure's outdated facilities after 36 years of use. Hongkong Land initiated the $2.3 billion redevelopment to replace the aging property with a more modern, higher-capacity commercial building, reflecting broader trends in Hong Kong where structures over 35 years old were increasingly seen as obsolete in high-demand areas.

Development and construction

Planning and site preparation

Following the demolition of Swire House, which commenced in October 1998, the site underwent clearance to prepare for redevelopment, including the removal of existing basement structures and foundations to facilitate deep basement construction for the new project. Hongkong Land served as the developer, initiating the conceptualization of Chater House in the late 1990s to replace the aging Swire House with a modern commercial structure in Hong Kong's . The firm selected as the lead architects to design the project, focusing on a high-end multifunctional tower. Announced in September 1997, the development carried an estimated cost of HK$2.3 billion and aimed to deliver a Grade A tower integrated with retail space, enhancing the urban fabric of Central through vertical development and connectivity. The 30-storey structure was planned to comply with Central's district height and density restrictions while linking to the elevated walkway system via four bridges, supporting efficient access for up to 6,000 people per hour to nearby landmarks and transport hubs. Site preparation emphasized goals of revitalizing the prime location with premium office and lifestyle facilities, drawing on the site's historical constraints from earlier low-rise buildings dating back to 1905. Necessary building approvals were secured through standard regulatory processes for such commercial redevelopments.

Construction details and completion

Construction of Chater House commenced shortly after the of the previous House structure, which began in October 1998, with appointed as the main contractor following the award of the HK$1,000 million contract that year. The project utilized a Guaranteed Maximum Price contract model, incorporating innovative techniques such as mini-table and jump lifts to enhance efficiency and safety. Key milestones included foundation work starting with the installation of bored piles from September 1999 to April 2000, followed by diaphragm wall construction and toe grouting between March and September 2000 to support the deep basement. Structural framing advanced with the completion of the basement and superstructure by December 2001, marking the topping out of the 30-storey tower. Curtain wall installation, featuring double-glazed vision panels and monolithic spandrel panels, took place in 2002 as the building neared finish. Significant challenges arose from the site's constrained urban , particularly the need to excavate a three-level, 15-meter-deep through the remnants of the existing Swire House while maintaining stability. Top-down methods, temporary pipe pile walls, and a were employed to enable local and trimming without compromising adjacent structures. Integration with the underlying Central station, situated only 4 meters away, required diaphragm walls to be offset for clearance and rigorous monitoring of ground movements to limit settlement to 10 mm—below the predicted 18 mm. Similarly, connections to elevated walkways involved close oversight of a nearby , 7 meters from the site, to prevent disruptions to the dense Central district network. The project reached practical completion with an occupation permit issued in June 2002, though official opening occurred in March 2003, after which it was handed over to owner Hongkong Land for initial occupancy. The completed building provides a total of approximately 493,000 square feet (45,800 square meters) gross, encompassing 23 office levels above a three-level retail podium, for a total of 29 stories above ground.

Architecture and design

Structural and exterior features

Chater House is situated at 8 Connaught Road Central in the Central district of , occupying a prominent site at the intersection with Chater Road and Pedder Street. The building stands at 30 storeys tall, reaching a of 137 meters, with 23 office floors positioned above a three-storey dedicated to retail and entrance facilities. This configuration emphasizes verticality in the overall massing, creating a sleek tower that integrates seamlessly into Hong Kong's dense while providing a grounded base for commercial activity. The exterior design, crafted by (KPF), features a strong vertical emphasis through slender proportions and aligned fenestration, enhancing the building's upward thrust. A notable element is the translucent corner "urban lantern" formed by a three-storey light box at the Pedder Street entrance, which appears ethereal during the day and glows with nighttime illumination to serve as a in the urban fabric. The façade employs a glass curtain wall system, modified with customized accents that add texture and durability to the otherwise transparent envelope. Large display windows punctuate the podium levels at the main entrances, allowing retail visibility and drawing pedestrians into the structure. The design incorporates a structural system providing resilience against the wind loads from typhoons and potential seismic activity common in Hong Kong's coastal environment. Vertical recesses along the northwest , not only defining spaces but also forming a signature that reinforces the building's presence. This combination of materials and ensures the tower's stability in a region prone to , while the gridded glass screen elevations with stone plaques offer a refined aesthetic that balances corporate elegance with retail appeal.

Podium and interior facilities

The of Chater House comprises a three-storey commercial base dedicated to high-end and retail brands, featuring large display windows and customizable facades integrated with the building's curtain wall. This retail level, spanning ground to second floor and connected via elevated bridges to the adjacent Landmark Atrium shopping mall, facilitates seamless flow through an internal shopping street that links directly to office access points. Interior facilities emphasize efficiency and user comfort, with customized lobbies illuminated by modern high-power LED fixtures for enhanced ambiance and visibility. The building includes 16 zoned gearless traction passenger elevators and two service lifts, providing high-speed vertical transport to the 23 office floors above the podium, alongside two dedicated car park lifts. Flexible floor plates support adaptable corporate layouts, featuring raised flooring systems and a consistent false height of 2.75 meters to accommodate diverse tenant configurations. Sustainability is prioritized through energy-efficient systems, including 24-hour zoned central air-conditioning with (V.A.V.) controls and designs that maximize natural lighting in common areas via floor-to-ceiling windows and open atriums. Chater House holds a BEAM Plus Existing Buildings V2.0 Final rating, reflecting its advanced HVAC efficiency and overall environmental performance. In 2023, portions of the building achieved Gold certification for commercial interiors. Supporting amenities include a three-level car park with public access and monthly parking fees around HK$6,800, equipped for 112 vehicles. Security features incorporate smart-gate systems for restricted entry, while a lobby lounge offers convenience for occupants. The podium's retail functions integrate with office access via covered elevated footbridges and direct connections, enabling efficient urban mobility for up to 6,000 people per hour.

Location and connectivity

Transportation access

Chater House offers direct access to the Central station via Exit E, providing seamless underground connectivity to the for commuters traveling across and . The building's location atop the station facilitates quick entry from the concourse level, integrating rail transit into daily access for office and retail visitors. Through an underground passageway linking to the adjacent Hong Kong station, Chater House also connects to the Airport Express and Tung Chung lines, serving international travelers and cross-boundary routes. This linkage enhances multi-line accessibility without surface exposure. Pedestrian bridges further enhance overall access to the broader network. For international arrivals, the Airport Express train reaches Hong Kong station from in 24 minutes, with an additional short walk through the underground connection to Chater House, resulting in total journey times of approximately 30 minutes. The building fronts Connaught Road Central, a primary accommodating extensive bus services operated by franchised companies such as Citybus and , along with nearby routes on parallel streets for efficient vehicular transit. Ground-level drop-off zones on Connaught Road Central support taxi stands and private vehicle access, streamlining arrivals for short-term visitors. As of 2025, Hong Kong's expanding network includes charging facilities in central car parks, with Chater House's three-level basement parking aligning with citywide provisions for options. in the vicinity supports eco-friendly commuting, complemented by nearby bike-sharing stations. Chater House integrates seamlessly into Hong Kong's Central Elevated Walkway system through four dedicated pedestrian bridges that link it to surrounding commercial structures, facilitating efficient foot traffic across the district. These bridges, part of a broader network pioneered by Hongkong Land in the , connect Chater House directly to adjacent properties such as The Landmark, Prince's Building, and Alexandra House, creating an interconnected retail and office ecosystem that spans multiple city blocks. This linkage enhances pedestrian flow by allowing seamless transitions between high-end shopping arcades and business facilities without descending to street level. The building's position extends the utility of the Mid-Levels Escalator network, completed in 1993, by serving as a key node in the elevated pathway that funnels commuters from the escalator's lower terminus near Connaught Road Central into the . Pedestrians can access Chater House from the escalator via covered walkways, promoting a continuous urban promenade that supports daily commutes and leisure movement uphill from the harborfront. This integration underscores Chater House's role in alleviating ground-level congestion while directing foot traffic toward premium business and retail zones. Accessibility within these pedestrian links is prioritized through a combination of escalators, staircases, and ongoing enhancements to ensure barrier-free for diverse users. Recent initiatives have installed lifts at multiple Central walkways, including those near Chater House, in compliance with Hong Kong's Design Manual: Barrier Free Access standards, which mandate ramps with a maximum of 1:20 and adequate spaces for users. These features, including air-conditioned enclosures and non-slip surfaces, accommodate up to 6,000 s per hour while maintaining safety and comfort in the high-density environment. As a pivotal element in the Central Business District's urban fabric, Chater House bolsters overall pedestrian circulation by bridging isolated developments into a cohesive high-end hub, where office workers and shoppers can navigate efficiently amid the district's intense activity. Its direct adjacency to further amplifies this connectivity, drawing in commuters via short elevated paths.

Commercial use

Office tenants

Chater House primarily accommodates high-profile financial institutions on its upper floors, reflecting its status as a premier Grade A tower in Hong Kong's Central district. The building's spaces, spanning 30 levels with typical floor plates of approximately 18,500 net square feet, are predominantly leased to firms in banking, , and trading, drawn by the location's prestige and proximity to key financial hubs. JPMorgan Chase has served as the anchor tenant since the building's completion in 2003, establishing its headquarters across multiple floors including the 18th and 20th to 29th levels, encompassing over 200,000 square feet to support regional operations in and . This long-term occupancy underscores the tower's appeal for multinational financial giants seeking expansive, high-efficiency office environments. Other key occupants include (Asia) Limited, which maintains its regional headquarters on the 17th floor, focusing on and client services for and broader markets; the firm occupies around 18,500 square feet in this space as of 2025. Similarly, quantitative trading firm Jane Street holds significant presence with leases on several floors, recently expanding by two additional levels in early 2025 to total approximately six floors or over 100,000 square feet, supporting its growing operations in market-making and liquidity provision before a planned partial relocation. These tenants exemplify the building's draw for innovative entities, with major leases typically ranging from 10,000 to 20,000 square feet per floor across one or more levels to accommodate specialized trading floors and executive suites. Historically, the (SFC) occupied the 8th floor as an early tenant following the building's 2003 opening, utilizing the space for regulatory oversight until its relocation to in phases concluding by 2013, and subsequently to in 2020. Lease trends at Chater House demonstrate sustained high occupancy rates above 90% for premium financial tenants, driven by the site's symbolic prestige in Central and robust demand from investment firms amid Hong Kong's status as a global finance center, even as broader market vacancies hover around 11-13% in 2025.

Retail occupants

The retail podium of Chater House, known as Chater, houses a collection of high-end luxury and brands, serving as a key component of the building's mixed-use design by attracting affluent shoppers to complement the daytime footfall from office tenants above. Notable occupants include Cartier, , , , [Louis Vuitton](/page/Louis Vuitton), and , which occupy multi-storey spaces dedicated to immersive brand experiences, alongside Maison, a 24,000-square-foot exhibition and retail venue that integrates galleries with luxury retail, opened in July 2024. Since its completion in 2003, Landmark Chater has evolved from a standard retail base to a premium destination focused on ultra-luxury boutiques, aligning with Hongkong Land's strategy to enhance the overall vibrancy of Central's commercial core by catering to global high-net-worth clients. This shift has been accelerated by a HK$7.8 billion (US$1 billion) investment announced in 2024, involving Hongkong Land and its tenants to expand and upgrade retail spaces across the portfolio, including Chater House, with one new Maison development planned here to double the footprint of select brands. The podium spans three levels with approximately 100,000 square feet dedicated to shops, providing a curated environment for exclusive retail concepts that blend , , and offerings. These spaces host events such as fashion pop-ups and exhibitions, including Tory Burch's 2024 installation celebrating its heritage and Burberry's 2021 Olympia bag showcase, which draw international visitors and reinforce the podium's role in elevating Chater House's commercial appeal. As of 2025, updates include the ongoing implementation of the 2024 investment plan, with expanded luxury galleries for brands like enabling larger art and jewelry displays, further integrating retail with cultural events to sustain the podium's position as a hub.

Surrounding area

Nearby buildings

Chater House is situated in the heart of Hong Kong's Central district, surrounded by a cluster of prominent commercial structures that anchor the area's financial enclave. Developed primarily by Hongkong Land since the late , this enclave evolved from colonial trade hubs into a modern center of banking and commerce, with mid-20th-century buildings like those nearby exemplifying post-war and . These structures, all within 200 meters, foster business synergies through seamless connectivity, enabling efficient movement for professionals in finance and retail. The , a key 1980s development, stands immediately adjacent to Chater House, connected via elevated pedestrian walkways that integrate it into the broader network. With Gloucester Tower completed in 1980 and Edinburgh Tower in 1983, it comprises two office towers—Gloucester Tower and Tower—alongside the Landmark Atrium retail podium, housing luxury boutiques and professional offices that complement Central's high-end commercial ecosystem. This complex, part of the LANDMARK brand, underscores the district's shift toward interconnected, upscale workspaces during Hong Kong's economic boom. To the south, Prince's Building and the adjacent Mandarin Oriental Hotel form another cornerstone of the enclave, originating in the early as part of Hongkong Land's expansion. Prince's Building, rebuilt as a 29-storey office and retail tower between 1962 and 1965, replaced earlier structures and introduced modern facilities linked directly to the hotel via a covered bridge completed in 1965. The Mandarin Oriental, opening in 1963 on the site of the former Queen's Building, established itself as a luxury icon, enhancing the area's appeal to travelers and reinforcing the financial district's prestige. Both properties, under the Hongkong Land portfolio, contribute to the enclave's historical role in blending commerce, retail, and elite services. Slightly eastward lies St. George's Building, a 1969 modernist office tower that epitomizes the era's embrace of innovative curtain-wall construction. At 275 feet tall, it was among Hong Kong's first to feature an aluminum facade, providing 183,000 square feet of premium in a 24-storey structure owned by the . Positioned less than 150 meters from Chater House, it bolsters the financial enclave's density of Grade A offices, supporting the concentration of global firms in this compact zone. Together, these buildings—linked by pedestrian bridges—create a cohesive core that has driven Central's status as Asia's premier financial hub since the mid-20th century.

Adjacent public spaces

Chater Garden lies immediately adjacent to Chater House, across Chater Road in 's Central district, serving as a key green oasis developed on the site of the former Hong Kong Cricket Club. Opened to the public on October 20, 1978, the garden was created as part of 1970s efforts to provide recreational space amid the area's rapid commercialization, featuring tree-lined paths, fountains, and seating areas that accommodate daily practitioners and lunchtime crowds. To the east, Hong Kong Park extends the network of public greenery, accessible via pedestrian links from Chater House's vicinity, and was constructed on former military barracks land as a modern . Completed and opened on May 23, 1991, at a cost of HK$398 million, it includes the Aviary—a 3,000-square-meter enclosure housing over 550 birds from 70 species—and the adjacent Conservatory with climate-controlled zones for tropical and orchids, designed to offer educational and leisurely respite in the high-density environment. Nearby, Statue Square and Rest Garden contribute to the civic landscape around Chater House, with Statue Square located just south of Chater Garden as a historic pedestrian plaza on late-19th-century reclaimed land. Established in the to honor colonial figures through statues, the square has evolved into a venue for public gatherings, including pro-democracy rallies and cultural events that highlight its role in Hong Kong's . Rest Garden, situated in the adjacent Admiralty area near Cotton Tree Drive, provides a smaller shaded retreat with fountains and benches; in 2025, it was revitalized as the Henderson Art Garden by Henderson Land, incorporating nature-inspired sculptures to enhance public interaction and creativity in the urban core. These spaces collectively support Central's by offering vital breathing room in one of Asia's densest financial hubs, where limited land scarcity amplifies their importance for relaxation, community events, and amid skyscrapers. Chater Garden and Statue Square, for instance, host occasional markets and performances, fostering social connectivity while buffering the intensity of office towers like Chater House.

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  55. https://www.leasinghub.com/building/st-george-s-building/1287
  56. https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/2169096/when-old-hong-kong-cricket-club-made-way-chater
  57. https://gwulo.com/node/35933
  58. https://www.chinahighlights.com/hong-kong/attraction/hongkong-park.htm
  59. https://www.discoverhongkong.com/us/interactive-map/hong-kong-park.html
  60. https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/2184584/hong-kongs-seat-power-statue-square-its-colonial-history
  61. https://www.timeout.com/hong-kong/news/a-new-art-garden-has-opened-in-central-040725
  62. https://www.hld.com/en/our-news/press-releases/the-henderson-art-garden-is-now-open-to-public
  63. https://www.j3consultantshongkong.com/j3c-blog/then-and-now-hong-kong-chater-garden-in-central-district
  64. https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/article/3248516/if-it-looks-strange-it-sparks-discussion-why-new-hong-kong-skyscraper-henderson-central-was-designed
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