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Shepherd's axe
Shepherd's axe
Shepherd's axe
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All-wood decorative replica of a ciupaga (Polish shepherd's axe)
Ancient Hungarian warrior with fokos
The Martyrdom of Saint Wiborada, c. 1451.(killed by a fokos)
Romanian ("Vlach") shepherd in Banat, sporting a shepherd's axe (Auguste Raffet, c. 1837)

The shepherd's axe is a long thin light axe of Eurasian origin used in past centuries by shepherds in the Carpathian Mountains and in other territories which comprise today Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine, Romania and Hungary.[1] The features of a shepherd's axe combine a tool with a walking stick, that could be used as a light weapon. It has symbolic historical and cultural connotations and is still used as a prop in many traditional dances, for example the odzemek.[2]

Names

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Depending on the language, the axe is called as follows: Hungarian: fokos; Czech: valaška;[3] Polish (depending on the region): ciupaga, rąbanica, obuszek, cekanka, wałaszka[a]; Romanian: baltag, secure; Rusyn: валашка, valaška; Slovak: valaška;[4] Ukrainian: бартка, bartka, топірець, topirets').[5]

Appearance

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A shepherd's axe is a light axe with a long and straight wooden shaft, often with a metal butt. The length of the shaft is usually slightly more than 1 metre. The shafts were usually engraved as their owners had plenty of time for crafting.

A small metal head-piece is sharp on one side while the other side is flat and can be used as a hammer. The head-piece is formed to fit comfortably into the hand so the shepherd's axe could be used as a walking stick.

Today's shepherd's axes are mostly decorative, some having golden or silver head-pieces (mostly brass, iron, chromed iron, wood or aluminum – it is rare that any axe head would be made of solid gold or silver). Many are considered works of art (esp. those made up to the 1960s by highlanders). They were skillfully stamped/adorned according to ancient tradition. The main motifs were the sun, stars (whirl), comets, tree of life, flowers, trees such as fir or spruce, and various geometric designs. Some smiths used many different, elaborated stamps.[6]

History and usage

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The first written mention of the shepherd's axe comes from Emperor Qin Shi Huang's court.[7] It is also depicted on Scythian imagery (see sagaris).[7] The first users of the shepherd's axe were Eurasian nomads.[7] Many of them were found in Avar graves.[7] Besides the common Eastern steppe varieties, Avar influence too can be felt on the Hungarian shepherd's axes.[8]

In the 9th century, Magyar warriors used light axes on long shafts, called fokos, in their military arsenal during their invasion of Central Europe.[8] Apart from them, the Bulgars and also the Alans and Slavs used similar weapons.[citation needed]

Vlach shepherds brought their shepherd's axes into Central Europe when they migrated along the Carpathian Mountains and Dinaric Mountains from the 14th through 17th centuries.[citation needed][better source needed][9] These were used by shepherds as versatile tools, providing a small axe, a supplemental hammer and a walking stick. Although a shepherd's axe could not be used to effectively cut down heavy trees, it was still able to cut smaller branches.

In Slovakia and Poland, shepherd's axes were inseparable tools of native shepherds, together with heavy decorative belts. In the Slovak culture, the shepherd's axe was popularized by local historical legend Juraj Jánošík.

In Hungary, modified axes were also used as martial weapons by Hungarian warriors in the early modern period, used, for example, in the 18th century in Rákóczi's War for Independence against Austrian soldiers. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hungarian Kuruc leader Imre Thököly and his soldiers used shepherd's axes as weapons. Hungarian shepherds in the northern regions used them also as tools.

Copy of a Fokos axe from Rákóczi's War
A Shepherd's Axe (or fokos in Hungarian) from Rákóczi's War for Independence

Many people of the Halychyna region were depicted holding bartka, particularly members of the local peasant resistance of the 19th century known as opryshky, often being associated with their more prominent leader Oleksa Dovbush.

Present-day usage

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At present, shepherd's axes are still made and sold as souvenirs and for decorative purposes. They are also still used in many traditional dances. Occasionally they may be seen in the rural parts of the country where older men still use them as walking sticks.

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Notes

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References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Shepherd's axe

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The shepherd's axe is a slender, lightweight, long-handled implement of Eurasian pastoral origin, primarily employed by shepherds in the Carpathian Mountains of Central and Eastern Europe for felling small trees, driving stakes, serving as a walking staff, and providing defense against wolves or intruders. Its distinctive design integrates a thin axe blade with an opposing hammer or adze poll on a handle often exceeding 80 centimeters in length, enabling efficient one-handed operation amid the demands of transhumant herding. Traced to 9th-century warrior tools used for combat by groups such as Hungarians and Bulgarians, it evolved into a core emblem of shepherd self-sufficiency, reflecting adaptations to rugged terrains where multi-functionality ensured survival without excess baggage. Regionally variant in nomenclature—including valaška among Slovaks, ciupaga in Polish highlands, and fokos in Hungarian contexts—it carries cultural weight in folk traditions, such as dances and festivals, underscoring its role beyond mere utility as a marker of regional identity and artisanal heritage.

Nomenclature and Terminology

Regional Names and Etymology

The shepherd's axe bears distinct regional names across the Carpathian Mountains and adjacent pastoral areas of Central and Eastern Europe, reflecting linguistic and cultural variations among highland communities. In Polish-speaking regions, particularly among the Goral highlanders of the Tatra Mountains, the tool is termed ciupaga, with etymology tracing to the verb ciupać, denoting "to hack" or chop wood. Alternative Polish designations include rabanica, uobuszek, and cekanka, varying by subregion but denoting the same implement. Slovak and Czech nomenclature employs valaška, derived from valach (or valasi in plural), a historical term for Vlach shepherds—nomadic herders of Romanian origin who migrated through the Carpathians and influenced local pastoral traditions. Hungarian speakers refer to it as fokos, a designation linked to traditional one-handed axes wielded by Eurasian steppe warriors, including Hungarians during their 9th-century migrations, later adapted for herding. In Ukrainian Hutsul communities of the eastern Carpathians, the axe is known as bartka, emphasizing its role as a multifunctional tool akin to variants in neighboring areas.

Physical Design and Construction

Blade and Head Features

The head of the shepherd's axe, forged from or low-carbon , integrates a narrow chopping on one side with a flat or slightly convex poll on the opposite face, enabling dual functionality for cutting and striking. The overall head length typically spans 14 to 16 centimeters, with the blade's measuring 5 to 7.5 centimeters, designed for light tasks such as trimming branches rather than heavy felling. The profile features a straight to gently curved edge, often ground convex for durability and ease of sharpening in field conditions, with a reinforced extending slightly below the eye to protect the user's hand when gripped as a walking aid. This positions the center of balance near the eye, allowing the head to nest securely in the palm without shifting during staff-like use, while maintaining a total head weight of 200 to 800 grams for portability. Regional variants exhibit minor adaptations; for instance, the Hungarian fokos emphasizes a broad, heavy blade with pronounced thrusting potential via an upper toe projection, whereas Carpathian valaška or ciupaga forms prioritize a poll for driving stakes or repelling predators. Some examples include forged-in decorative motifs like solar or floral engravings on the cheeks, enhancing cultural identification without compromising utility.

Handle and Ergonomics

The handle of the shepherd's axe consists of a straight wooden shaft, typically crafted from durable hardwoods such as or to withstand repeated impacts and environmental exposure. These materials provide the necessary strength and flexibility, allowing the handle to absorb shock during chopping tasks while maintaining structural over time. Shaft lengths generally exceed one meter, often measuring around 100 to 105 centimeters, which facilitates leverage for woodcutting and enables the tool to double as a walking staff for shepherds traversing mountainous terrain. This extended length promotes ergonomic efficiency by distributing weight to reduce arm fatigue during prolonged use, while the straight profile ensures balanced swings and straightforward grip adjustments for varied activities like felling small trees or defensive maneuvers. Many handles feature intricate engravings carved by their owners during idle periods, adding personalization without compromising functionality, and are often capped with a metal ferrule at the base to prevent splintering and enhance durability as a probing or stabilizing aid in rough landscapes. The overall lightweight construction, contributing to total tool weights of approximately 1 kilogram, further optimizes ergonomics for mobile pastoral work, allowing easy portability and quick deployment.

Historical Origins and Evolution

Early Warrior Use

The shepherd's axe, particularly its Hungarian variant known as the fokos, originated as a combat weapon among Eurasian steppe peoples during the Hungarian migrations in the 9th century. Magyar warriors utilized light, one-handed axes mounted on long shafts for horseback warfare, harnessing the momentum of charges to deliver powerful strikes. By the 14th century, the fokos had developed into a more specialized form featuring a extended pole, broad axe blade, and an opposing metal spike or hammer head, enabling versatile applications in battle such as chopping, thrusting, and dismounting opponents. This design was employed by both noble cavalry and common foot soldiers in medieval Hungarian armies, suited to the diverse terrains of the Carpathian region. Archaeological evidence and historical reconstructions indicate these axes provided reach and leverage advantages in close-quarters combat, distinguishing them from heavier felling tools and aligning with the mobile tactics of Central European warriors. Similar implements were used by Bulgarian warriors in the same era, suggesting broader Eurasian adoption before regional adaptations emphasized pastoral functions.

Transition to Pastoral Tool

The shepherd's axe evolved from a warrior's weapon to a pastoral implement through the migratory patterns of Vlach herders between the 14th and 17th centuries. Initially utilized by Hungarian cavalry in the 9th and 10th centuries as the fokos, a lightweight, long-shafted axe optimized for mounted combat and derived from earlier Eurasian steppe designs, the tool's balanced form lent itself to broader applications beyond warfare. Vlach shepherds, transhumant groups from the Romanian and Balkan regions, disseminated the axe northward via the Carpathian and Dinaric Mountains into Central Europe, encompassing modern Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, and Czech territories. This spread aligned with the demands of seasonal herding in isolated, mountainous areas, where the axe's extended handle functioned as a walking staff for traversing uneven terrain, while its blade and poll enabled efficient chopping of small branches for fuel or shelter and hammering for maintenance tasks such as trimming livestock hooves. The transition was facilitated by the axe's inherent multifunctionality, allowing shepherds to consolidate tools for utility and self-defense against wildlife or bandits without excess baggage, thereby preserving its martial utility in a pastoral context. By the 15th century, it had solidified as an essential accoutrement for highland pastoralists, often customized with engravings denoting ownership or regional motifs, underscoring its integration into everyday herding life.

Functional Applications

Woodworking and Shelter Building

The shepherd's axe, characterized by its lightweight head and long handle, served shepherds in the Carpathian Mountains for basic woodworking tasks unsuitable for heavier felling axes, such as trimming branches, cutting kindling, and shaping small timber. Its thin blade allowed penetration into wood for limbing saplings or preparing firewood during transhumance, while the hammer poll enabled pounding without dulling the cutting edge, facilitating tasks like driving wooden pegs or wedges in joinery. This versatility stemmed from the tool's design for portability over sustained heavy chopping, prioritizing precision in confined mountain environments over volume removal. In shelter building, the axe proved essential for constructing temporary pastoral huts or windbreaks, where shepherds harvested slender saplings and branches for framing and supports, rather than mature trees. The implement's length aided in leveraging cuts on steep , and its poll hammered stakes into rocky soil to secure lean-tos or rudimentary koliba extensions during seasonal . These applications aligned with the axe's Eurasian origins, emphasizing rapid assembly of lightweight structures from local materials to withstand alpine weather, as documented in traditional Carpathian practices.

Defensive and Protective Roles

The shepherd's axe served shepherds in the Carpathian Mountains as a primary tool for defending livestock against predators, particularly wolves and bears, due to its lightweight design allowing quick deployment from a staff-like handle. Its sharpened blade and hooked poll enabled slashing or hooking attacks to deter or dispatch threats while herding flocks in remote pastures. This dual functionality as a walking aid and impromptu weapon stemmed from the isolated, hazardous nature of transhumant pastoralism, where firearms were often unavailable or impractical before the 19th century. Beyond animal threats, the axe provided protection against human bandits or rustlers, functioning as a versatile self-defense implement that could parry strikes or deliver thrusts via its pointed rear spike. Regional variants like the valaška were employed in skirmishes by highland herders, leveraging the long haft—often 80-100 cm—for reach in close-quarters confrontations. Historical accounts from 19th-century Eastern Europe describe shepherds relying on such tools during seasonal migrations, where the axe's portability and concealability under clothing enhanced its role in warding off opportunistic attacks. In broader protective contexts, the tool's evolution from 9th-century Eurasian warrior implements retained combat utility for non-military users, including opryshky outlaws in the Ukrainian Carpathians who adapted it for ambushes and livestock raids defense around 1700-1800. Its balance facilitated throwing for ranged deterrence, a technique documented in Slovak and Polish pastoral traditions to intimidate intruders from afar. This protective versatility persisted into the early 20th century, as evidenced by ethnographic records of Carpathian shepherds using the ciupaga or fokos to secure mountain passes against both wildlife and rival herders.

Cultural and Symbolic Roles

Folklore and Traditional Practices

In Central and Eastern European folklore, particularly among Carpathian shepherds, the shepherd's axe symbolizes self-reliance, protection against wolves and bandits, and the rugged pastoral lifestyle. Variants such as the Slovak valaška and Hungarian fokos are embedded in oral traditions as tools that empowered shepherds to defend their flocks and autonomy in remote mountain terrains. The axe features centrally in folk hero narratives, including those of Slovak robber Juraj Jánošík (1688–1713), whose valaška was believed to confer supernatural strength, enabling feats of justice against oppressors. Similarly, in Ukrainian Carpathian lore, opryshky—social brigands active from the 16th to 19th centuries—wielded the bartka as a emblem of resistance to feudal lords, with figures like Oleksa Dovbush (1700–1745) romanticized as redistributors of wealth from the elite to the peasantry. Traditional practices integrate the axe into communal rituals and dances, where it serves as a prop to demonstrate agility and cultural continuity. In Slovak performances like odzemok, male dancers manipulate the valaška in synchronized routines evoking vigilance, a custom documented in regional ensembles since the 19th century. Hungarian dances from circa 1818 similarly incorporate the fokos, blending utility with expressive to honor agrarian heritage. These elements persist in modern folk revivals, underscoring the axe's transition from practical implement to cultural icon, though romanticized accounts in ballads and tales often exaggerate its mystical attributes without empirical basis in historical records.

Representation in Arts and Identity

The shepherd's axe features prominently in artistic representations of folk heroes and highland life across Central and Eastern Europe, often symbolizing resilience and defiance. In Slovak cultural depictions, it is inseparably linked to Juraj Jánošík (1688–1713), the historical outlaw romanticized as a champion of the oppressed, frequently illustrated wielding a valaška in woodcuts, paintings, and modern sculptures that emphasize his role in folklore. These portrayals, drawing from 18th-century legends, highlight the axe's dual role as a pastoral tool and improvised weapon, reinforcing Jánošík's image as a shepherd-turned-rebel executed on March 17, 1713. In Hungarian arts, modified forms like the fokos appear in historical illustrations of 17th-century Kuruc fighters, including leader Imre Thököly (1657–1705), where the axe underscores martial heritage derived from shepherd origins, as evidenced in period accounts of cavalry equipped with long-hafted variants for close combat. Polish representations in folk carvings and paintings depict the ciupaga as a carved walking aid integral to Góral highlander attire, with decorative motifs such as eagles and geometric patterns signifying clan or regional pride, as documented in ethnographic studies of Tatra Mountain artifacts. Ukrainian illustrations from the 19th century, including those by Severyn Obst (1882), portray the bartka in the hands of opryshky outlaws like Oleksa Dovbush (1700–1745), framing it as an emblem of Carpathian resistance against feudal lords, akin to a Robin Hood archetype in Hutsul oral traditions. These artistic motifs extend to traditional dances, such as the Slovak odzemek, where the axe serves as a rhythmic prop, preserving performative links to ancestral practices. As a marker of ethnic identity, the shepherd's axe embodies the self-reliant ethos of Carpathian pastoralists, from Slovak bača shepherds to Polish and Ukrainian highlanders, where personalized versions with engravings denote or origin, as seen in preserved 19th–20th-century examples used in rituals and festivals. In these communities, it transcends utility to represent cultural continuity amid historical upheavals, with modern replicas evoking heritage in ceremonial contexts across , , and as of 2024.

Regional Variants and Adaptations

Central European Forms

In Central Europe, particularly within the Carpathian highland regions encompassing Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, and Czechia, the shepherd's axe adapted into distinct variants suited to pastoral herding in rugged terrain. These forms, emerging from 10th-century Hungarian warrior axes known as fokos, spread through the Carpathians between the 14th and 17th centuries, transitioning from combat tools to multifunctional implements for shepherds facing isolation, predators, and harsh weather. The Slovak valaška, a hallmark of highland shepherds or bača, features a slender haft of 80-100 cm length, often hickory or ash, fitted with a forged iron head weighing around 500-700 grams. The head includes a narrow blade, typically 7-10 cm long with a for light chopping of branches or cheese molds, and a flat or hammer-like poll for driving stakes or strikes. Shepherds employed it as a walking staff during , leveraging its balance for stability on slopes, while its design allowed quick transitions to warding off wolves or bandits. This axe symbolized authority among bača leaders and gained folkloric prominence through association with the 18th-century outlaw , who reportedly wielded one in Robin Hood-like exploits against feudal lords. The Polish ciupaga, used by Tatra Górale highlanders, shares the valaška's elongated form but often incorporates regional engravings or hooked elements on the haft for securing ropes or . Dating to medieval holdovers into the , its lightweight head—forged with a thin bit and or hammer reverse—facilitated tasks like notching wood for shelters or tending flocks, while doubling as a defensive against bears or rustlers in remote pastures. Ethnographic records note its ceremonial role in highland festivals, where carved motifs evoked protective spirits, underscoring its cultural embedment beyond utility. Hungarian fokos variants, prevalent among northern shepherds, emphasize versatility with a long polearm-style haft up to 90 cm and a bearded blade extension for hooking branches or foes. Historical examples from the 17th-18th centuries, such as those in Rákóczi's War (1703-1711), illustrate militarized adaptations, yet pastoral use focused on hammering tent pegs, splitting kindling, and as a staff for navigating the Mátra or Bükk mountains. Its ergonomic curve aided in leveraging force for strikes, making it effective against threats without sacrificing portability for daily herding. Across these forms, shared Carpathian traits include tempered steel heads for durability in wet conditions and hafts notched for grip, reflecting convergent adaptations to similar ecological pressures rather than direct diffusion in all cases. Archaeological finds and ethnographic studies confirm their persistence into the early 20th century, with 19th-century specimens often featuring brass inlays for status among elite herders.

Other Eurasian Examples

In the Balkans, precursors to the Central European shepherd's axe emerged among Bulgarian shepherds, who utilized a similar long-hafted, light design for pastoral duties prior to the 15th century. This form then migrated northward from regions in modern-day Romania, where Wallachian and other herders employed it as a versatile tool for chopping kindling, crafting shelters, and defense, with the extended haft doubling as a staff for traversing mountainous terrain and warding off predators such as wolves. Romanian variants typically measured around 80-100 cm in total length, with slender blades forged from high-carbon steel to balance weight for prolonged carrying during transhumance. Further east in the Ukrainian Carpathians, Hutsul highlanders adapted the bartka, a regional iteration featuring a compact, often slightly curved blade mounted on a haft exceeding 90 cm, optimized for light woodworking, herding assistance, and as a walking aid in steep, forested slopes. The bartka's design emphasized portability and multipurpose utility, reflecting the Hutsuls' semi-nomadic shepherding lifestyle, where it also held cultural significance in folk traditions and identity, as evidenced by 19th-century ethnographic depictions. Historical accounts note its use persisting into the 20th century among Carpathian communities for both practical tasks and symbolic roles in regional folklore.

Contemporary Status and Preservation

Practical and Collectible Use Today

In contemporary settings, shepherd's axes such as the valaška, fokos, and ciupaga retain niche practical applications among bushcraft enthusiasts, hikers, and rural practitioners in Carpathian regions, valued for their integration of chopping, hammering, and staff functions in a lightweight, portable form typically 80-100 cm long and weighing under 1 kg. Modern reproductions, forged from high-carbon steel with ergonomic wooden hafts, facilitate tasks like trimming branches, driving stakes for shelters, and self-defense in remote terrain, as demonstrated in user reports emphasizing their efficiency in delivering forceful strikes with minimal effort. In Ukraine's Hutsul communities, the bartka variant persists for chopping firewood and as a walking aid in mountainous areas, reflecting adaptations to local needs despite mechanized alternatives. As collectibles, these axes attract from historical reenactors, practitioners, and cultural preservationists, with specimens—such as small Hungarian fokos heads from the —fetching prices around $85 on secondary markets to their battle-ready designs and regional provenance. Custom-forged replicas, often 94-100 cm in length with options for blades and sheaths, are produced by specialized smiths for around $200-400, appealing to buyers seeking functional heirlooms that double as display pieces tied to Carpathian . High-quality examples from makers like Gränsfors Bruk emphasize authenticity in materials and balance, enhancing their desirability among collectors who prioritize tools evolved from empirical shepherding demands over ornamental replicas. Preservation efforts focus on documenting variants to counter cultural erosion, though commercial availability underscores their transition from utilitarian relics to appreciated artifacts.

References

  1. https://www.czechcenter.org/blog/2024/8/3/shepherd-axe
  2. https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/fokos_hungarian_historical_versatile_weapon_tool/
  3. http://www.vikingsword.com/vb/showthread.php?t=22055
  4. https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/1983
  5. https://www.reddit.com/r/Slovakia/comments/1jdcyyv/research_on_the_valaska_axe/
  6. https://fadirtools.com/products/traditional-ukrainian-axe-hutsul
  7. https://www.gransforsbruk.com/en/info/shepherds_axe/
  8. https://shopsharpblades.com/product/valaska-shepherds-axe/
  9. https://www.wulflund.com/valaska-traditional-forged-carpathian-axe
  10. https://www.wulflund.com/wallachian-shepherd-s-axe-from-the-carpathians
  11. http://www.vikingsword.com/vb/showthread.php?t=18687
  12. https://www.arms-n-armor.com/blogs/news/hungarian-axe
  13. https://www.sillafineantiques.com/polish-ciupaga-shepherd-s-axe/
  14. https://www.facebook.com/slavicmartialsarts/posts/%25EF%25B8%258F-the-ciupaga-is-a-traditional-shepherds-axe-from-the-carpathian-region-combinin/1406552364807138/
  15. https://bladescave.com/product/valaska-heritage-pocket-axe/
  16. https://www.swordsviktor.com/spd/B05/Fokos-A-Magyar-axe
  17. https://bushcraftusa.com/threads/shepherds-axe-a-manly-cane.253819/page-3
  18. https://www.reddit.com/r/Axecraft/comments/1cv1xg1/working_with_the_fokosshepherds_axe_some_thoughts/
  19. https://wolfmaan.com/shepherds-axe-ciupaga/
  20. https://www.facebook.com/groups/AxeJunkies/posts/4266843190020882/
  21. https://www.faganarms.com/products/eastern-european-shepherd-s-axe-fokos-19th-century-1
  22. https://www.bladeforums.com/threads/ciupaga-shepherds-axe.1012445/
  23. https://warmaiden-and-berserk.de/en/products/hand-forged-shepherds-axe
  24. https://www.vikingsword.com/vb/showthread.php?t=19592
  25. http://woodsrunnersdiary.blogspot.com/2016/11/the-shepherds-axe.html
  26. https://socalfolkdance.org/articles/dances_of_slovakia_brown.htm
  27. https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CP%5COpryshoks.htm
  28. https://socalfolkdance.org/articles/slovak_folk_dances_brown.htm
  29. https://folkdancefootnotes.org/dance/a-real-folk-dance-what-is-it/1st-generation-dances/odzemok-slovakia/
  30. https://folklorethursday.com/legends/juraj-janosik-an-outlaw-who-became-the-slovak-national-hero/
  31. https://kurucz.ca/genealogy/history.php
  32. https://culture.pl/en/article/a-foreigners-guide-to-polish-folk-art
  33. https://www.ukrainiandanceworld.com/articles-blog/oleksa-dovbush-ukrainian-robin-hood
  34. https://www.etsy.com/listing/571766211/traditional-hutsul-axe-bartka-carpathian
  35. https://russianisland.com/itemInfopop.php?ID=15402&idstart=0&ShippingWeight=4
  36. https://www.ebay.com/shop/shepherds-axe?_nkw=shepherds%2Baxe
  37. https://www.walkbyfaith777.com/orcufowast.html
  38. https://www.etsy.com/market/valaska_shepherds_axe
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