List of ABS-CBN Corporation channels and stations

The list of ABS-CBN Corporation channels and stations catalogs the cable television networks, digital streaming services, and residual radio assets associated with ABS-CBN Corporation, the Philippines' largest media and entertainment conglomerate by audience reach and content production, which historically dominated free-to-air broadcasting until its mandated cessation in May 2020 following the congressional denial of franchise renewal and subsequent National Telecommunications Commission order.^[1][2] Post-shutdown, the company maintained operations through pay-TV providers via outlets such as Kapamilya Channel (general entertainment), ABS-CBN News Channel (ANC) (24-hour news), Cinema One (Filipino films), Jeepney TV (cultural programming), Knowledge Channel (educational content), Metro Channel (lifestyle), and Myx (music videos), alongside partnerships for select content airing on third-party free-TV like TV5 and A2Z Channel 11.^[3][4] Traditional radio stations, once numbering over 20 including flagship DZMM (news) and MOR stations (contemporary hits), largely discontinued analog broadcasts, with frequencies reallocated and operations pivoting to online audio streams and apps amid financial pressures and regulatory hurdles.^[5][6] This evolution underscores ABS-CBN's defining shift to digital dominance, achieving milestones like 50 million YouTube subscribers in 2024 while navigating controversies over alleged political reprisal for investigative reporting during the prior administration, though empirical records emphasize lapsed franchise compliance and tax disputes as cited triggers.^[7][8]

Historical Background

Origins and Pre-2020 Expansion

ABS-CBN's initial television operations centered in Manila during the 1960s, featuring key stations such as the flagship DWWX-TV on Channel 2. This period marked the network's foundational growth before expansion was disrupted by the declaration of martial law on September 22, 1972, when government forces seized its facilities nationwide the following day, leading to a complete shutdown and the termination of services for thousands of employees. Operations remained suspended until 1986, when control was restored to the Lopez family following the People Power Revolution and subsequent legal arbitration approved by the Supreme Court.^[9][10] Post-restoration, ABS-CBN initiated regional expansion in the late 1980s and 1990s, establishing provincial television and radio affiliates with localized content, including the launch of regional editions of programs like TV Patrol starting in Cebu in 1988. Satellite technology adoption in the late 1980s facilitated synchronized nationwide broadcasting, enabling broader reach beyond Manila. This buildup continued into the 2000s, with the addition of more relay stations to cover remote areas. In the 2010s, ABS-CBN advanced its infrastructure by adopting the ISDB-T digital terrestrial standard, positioning itself as an early adopter to transmit clearer signals and up to 10 subchannels per frequency, supplemented by services like ABS-CBN TV Plus for household access to free digital content. By 2019, the network operated 42 analog television stations, alongside 10 digital channels, 18 FM radio stations, and 5 AM radio stations, forming a comprehensive free-to-air system spanning the archipelago.^{[1][11][12][13]}

Regulatory Environment and Franchise Operations

The regulatory framework for broadcast operations in the Philippines mandates a congressional franchise for any entity seeking to construct, install, maintain, or operate radio or television stations, as established under Republic Act No. 3846, the Radio Control Act of 1964.^[14] This requirement ensures that spectrum usage aligns with public interest, with franchises typically granted for fixed terms subject to congressional approval and renewal. ABS-CBN Corporation's franchise, initially enacted via Republic Act No. 7832 in 1995 for a 25-year period, was extended through Republic Act No. 7966, setting an expiration date of March 30, 2020, during which ownership compliance faced periodic review under constitutional mandates.^{[15] [16]} Article XVI, Section 11 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution strictly limits mass media ownership to Filipino citizens or corporations or associations wholly owned and managed by such citizens, barring any foreign equity to preserve national control over information dissemination.^[17] This provision, reinforced by laws like Presidential Decree No. 1018, prohibits circumvention through indirect mechanisms, prompting pre-2020 congressional scrutiny of ABS-CBN's structure, including allegations that Philippine Depositary Receipts (PDRs) issued to foreign investors effectively exceeded ownership caps by granting economic benefits akin to equity.^{[18] [19]} The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC), as the primary regulatory body, oversees radio frequency spectrum allocation, assigning frequencies and issuing provisional authorities or certificates only to franchised entities in compliance with technical standards and public policy.^[20] NTC enforcement includes monitoring for interference and adherence to allocated bands, with spectrum treated as a scarce public resource under Republic Act No. 7925. Compliance challenges for ABS-CBN encompassed raised concerns over tax obligations, though the Bureau of Internal Revenue confirmed no delinquency, noting payments exceeding P71.5 billion from 2003 to 2019.^[21] House committee investigations prior to 2020 highlighted potential franchise violations, including foreign influence via proxies and PDRs, as well as operational practices alleged to undermine regulatory intent, though defenders argued PDRs conferred no voting or control rights, thus aligning with constitutional ownership definitions.^{[22] [23]} These probes underscored the interplay between legislative franchising and executive oversight, emphasizing causal links between ownership fidelity and spectrum stewardship without presuming partisan motives.^[19]

Former Free-to-Air Broadcast Television Stations

ABS-CBN Main Network Stations

The ABS-CBN Main Network served as the primary free-to-air television broadcast service of ABS-CBN Corporation, delivering general entertainment, news, and public affairs programming through a combination of high-power flagship transmitters and regional relays across the Philippines until operations ceased in May 2020 following a National Telecommunications Commission cease-and-desist order. The network maintained over 25 owned-and-operated and relay stations on VHF and UHF bands, enabling broad but not uniform national reach, with stronger coverage in urban centers via licensed frequencies and power levels set by the NTC. The flagship facility, DWWX-TV in Quezon City, operated on VHF channel 2 (55.25-59.75 MHz analog), with an effective radiated power supporting reception across Metro Manila and parts of Central Luzon.^[24] Digital terrestrial broadcasting supplemented analog signals using the ISDB-T standard, adopted by the Philippines in 2013, with initial tests and implementations in key regions prior to full analog simulcast requirements. In [Metro Manila](/page/Metro Manila), digital transmission occurred on UHF channel 43 (644-650 MHz), supporting multiple subchannels for high-definition main programming alongside standard-definition variants and ancillary services like emergency warnings via EWBS integration. Regional digital outlets, numbering around 10 active sites by 2019, included tests in areas such as Baguio and Cebu, but coverage remained fragmented due to infrastructure costs and regulatory hurdles, limiting penetration outside major islands.^[25] NTC records documented varying power outputs, from flagship levels exceeding 50 kW to low-power relays under 10 kW for remote extensions, ensuring compliance with spectrum allocations while prioritizing signal quality over ubiquitous digital rollout.^[26] Pre-2020 test broadcasts, including early ISDB-T pilots on channels like 16 in Manila, demonstrated potential for layered subchannels but were curtailed amid franchise disputes.^[27]

Analog UHF and VHF Stations

ABS-CBN's analog UHF and VHF stations comprised a nationwide network of originating, relay, and low-power transmitters that distributed the main network's programming via terrestrial signals until the 2020 shutdown. The flagship facility, DWWX-TV on VHF Channel 2, operated from transmitters in Quezon City, Metro Manila, serving as the central hub for national content origination and achieving wide coverage through high effective radiated power. Regional stations, such as DYCB-TV on VHF Channel 3 in Cebu City and DXAS-TV on VHF Channel 4 in Davao City, functioned as key affiliates with capabilities for local production and insertions while primarily relaying Manila-sourced feeds. These VHF assignments were selected for their superior propagation characteristics over UHF in the Philippine archipelago's terrain-challenged geography. Low-power relay stations, typically rated at 1-5 kW effective radiated power, extended signals to underserved rural and island areas, often under affiliate agreements with local operators; examples included operations in remote provinces like Cotabato (DXAI-TV, Channel 5) and Masbate (DYME-TV, Channel 10). While most stations maintained viability through the franchise period, select low-power outlets in economically marginal markets discontinued analog service prior to May 2020 due to insufficient revenue from advertising and viewership. All remaining analog transmissions halted pursuant to the National Telecommunications Commission's cease-and-desist orders, with the Manila flagship ceasing on May 5, 2020, coinciding with the franchise expiration, and the majority of regional and affiliate stations following by August 31, 2020, amid ongoing regulatory disputes.^[28][29]

Digital Terrestrial Television Stations

ABS-CBN Corporation launched digital terrestrial television (DTT) services in the Philippines using the ISDB-T standard, primarily through its ABS-CBN TV Plus set-top box, which facilitated access to the main ABS-CBN channel in high definition alongside subchannels such as Knowledge Channel, Cinema One, Hero, and later additions like Asianovela Channel. These subchannels, numbering up to six per multiplex in operational areas, provided educational, movie, and entertainment content, respectively, enhancing free-to-air offerings beyond analog broadcasts. The service required a dongle or receiver to decode signals, aiming to bridge the digital divide amid the government's mandated transition to DTT by 2020, though ABS-CBN's rollout remained limited to urban centers due to regulatory delays and infrastructure costs.^[30] The DTT hub operated from Manila on UHF Channel 43 (647.143 MHz), serving Metro Manila with test and limited operational broadcasts before full national expansion could occur. Regional testing occurred sporadically, such as in Cebu with UHF Channel 36 trials, but coverage did not extend comprehensively across the archipelago, leaving most provinces reliant on analog signals or without digital access. This partial deployment contrasted with competitors like GMA Network, which advanced further in rural areas, highlighting ABS-CBN's focus on multiplex efficiency in key markets rather than nationwide infrastructure at the time.^[30] DTT operations ceased following the expiration of ABS-CBN's congressional franchise on May 4, 2020, with the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) issuing a cease-and-desist order for digital transmissions on June 30, 2020, specifically targeting TV Plus services in Metro Manila. Digital licenses, while technically distinct, were effectively revoked as they were contingent on the underlying broadcast franchise, resulting in the abrupt termination of all DTT signals without separate adjudication between 2020 and 2022. This shutdown aborted any potential for expanded digital coverage, forcing ABS-CBN to pivot to cable and online platforms, and reallocated frequencies like Channel 43 to other entities.^[31]

S+A Sports Network Stations

The S+A Sports Network, an ABS-CBN subsidiary dedicated to sports broadcasting, maintained a limited free-to-air presence through analog UHF stations in select urban areas, prioritizing coverage of professional leagues, international events, and local athletics. Its operations emphasized simulcasts and relays rather than a nationwide network, distinguishing it from the broader ABS-CBN entertainment grid. Digital distribution expanded reach via subchannels on ABS-CBN's ISDB-T multiplex, receivable on TV Plus devices, which bundled S+A alongside the parent channel for enhanced sports viewing without additional fees in supported locales.^[32] All terrestrial signals for S+A halted on May 5, 2020, aligning with the ABS-CBN group's enforced broadcast cessation after franchise non-renewal and a National Telecommunications Commission directive.^[33] This affected fewer than ten primary outlets, with post-shutdown sports programming shifting to subscription-based cable integrations and online streams to sustain audience engagement amid regulatory constraints.^[34]

Analog and Digital Broadcast Outlets

S+A operated a limited network of analog UHF stations in major Philippine urban areas, focusing on sports programming via dedicated frequencies distinct from the main ABS-CBN network. The flagship outlet in Metro Manila was DWAC-TV on UHF channel 23, which functioned as a leading UHF broadcast channel for the company.^[35] This station supported both analog transmissions and digital terrestrial test broadcasts prior to the 2020 regulatory shutdown.^[36] Regional analog outlets numbered around 5-7, serving cities including Bacolod, Iloilo, Zamboanga, and General Santos, typically with UHF assignments in the 20-40 channel range and power outputs of 5-10 kW to cover urban populations. Digital operations were similarly constrained, often integrated on the same UHF frequencies as subchannels during early ISDB-T trials, such as channel 23 extensions in Manila, without full nationwide rollout. These outlets ceased operations on May 5, 2020, following franchise denial.^[2]

Radio Operations

Former AM Radio Stations

ABS-CBN Corporation operated a network of AM radio stations under the Radyo Patrol brand, primarily focused on news, public affairs, and emergency reporting, including real-time coverage of natural disasters such as typhoons in the Philippines' vulnerable regions.^[37] The flagship station, DZMM in Metro Manila, broadcast at 630 kHz with a power output of 50 kW from a transmitter in Obando, Bulacan, serving as the primary hub for national news dissemination.^[38] Regional outlets extended this coverage to key areas, emphasizing public service in typhoon-prone Visayas, Mindanao, and Palawan. These stations ceased free-to-air operations on May 5, 2020, after ABS-CBN's congressional franchise expired on May 4, 2020, prompting a cease-and-desist order from the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) and the recall of assigned frequencies.^[39][40] The House of Representatives later denied franchise renewal on July 10, 2020, by a vote of 70-11, halting AM broadcasts tied to the regulatory requirements for terrestrial operations.^[40] Prior to shutdown, the network maintained three AM outlets in strategic provinces for localized disaster reporting and public alerts.^[41]

Former FM Radio Stations

ABS-CBN Corporation's former FM radio stations, operated through its MOR Entertainment division, specialized in adult contemporary and pop music formats, including Original Pilipino Music (OPM) alongside international tracks, with programming centered on entertainment, listener requests, and DJ-hosted segments. These VHF-band outlets broadcast across frequencies from 88 to 108 MHz, employing effective radiated powers typically between 1 and 10 kW to reach urban hubs and extend coverage to rural locales via a network of owned-and-operated and affiliate stations. Unlike the news-oriented AM operations, FM stations prioritized stereo music playback and light-hearted content, evolving from earlier regional brands like Star FM—introduced in the 1990s for select markets—toward a unified MOR (My Only Radio) identity by the 2010s to streamline national syndication from the Manila flagship.^[42] The MOR network comprised approximately 18 stations prior to cessation, with the anchor facility DWRR-FM (MOR 101.9 MHz, Manila) delivering 10 kW output and serving as the content distribution core for affiliates in key regions. Provincial examples included DYLS-FM (97.1 MHz, Cebu), DXRR-FM (101.1 MHz, Davao), DYOO-FM (101.5 MHz, Bacolod), and DZRR-FM (103.1 MHz, Baguio), each adapting national feeds with local flavor to engage diverse audiences. Operations emphasized commercial viability through advertising and artist promotions, maintaining a dominant presence in music radio until regulatory changes intervened.^[42][43] Following the National Telecommunications Commission's cease-and-desist order amid franchise denial proceedings, all FM transmissions halted on May 5, 2020, ending over two decades of analog FM service without immediate digital terrestrial successors for these frequencies.^[43][44]

Post-Shutdown Digital and Online Radio Adaptations

Following the May 2020 shutdown of its terrestrial radio broadcasts due to franchise denial, ABS-CBN Corporation shifted its radio operations to digital streaming platforms, forgoing direct pursuit of new National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) licenses for AM or FM frequencies. This adaptation preserved key brands like DZMM and MOR through online-only delivery, emphasizing apps, websites, and social media to maintain audience reach without physical transmitters.^[45][46] MOR Entertainment, the successor to the former MOR FM network, operates exclusively via digital streams, providing music, entertainment, and podcasts on platforms including Facebook, Kumu, Spotify, YouTube, iWantTFC, the ABS-CBN Radio Service app, and ALTO. Relaunched in February 2021, it has sustained operations without terrestrial revival, focusing on on-demand and live audio content accessible globally.^[46][47][48] DZMM, centered on news and public service, continues online via YouTube live simulcasts of Radyo Patrol programming and companion apps, with content production largely Manila-based and skeletal in scale. In May 2025, the DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 brand returned to the 630 kHz AM frequency in Manila under Media Serbisyo Production Corporation (MSPC), a joint venture between ABS-CBN and Philippine Collective Media Corporation (PCMC), which holds the NTC-assigned frequency originally recalled from ABS-CBN in 2020. This marks a limited physical revival confined to the capital, without broader AM/FM expansion.^[49][50] All regional radio relays ceased post-shutdown, with former frequencies reassigned by the NTC to third parties, including FM slots to PCMC in 2023 and AM allocations to entities like Sonshine Media Network International (SMNI), a religious broadcaster. No verified physical operations have resumed in areas like Cebu, maintaining a digital-only footprint there through national streaming feeds as of October 2025.^[50][51]

Current Pay Television and Cable Channels

Domestic Channels

ABS-CBN Corporation operates several pay television channels focused on the Philippine market, enabling local viewer retention through cable and satellite providers after the cessation of free-to-air operations in May 2020. These channels deliver a mix of news, entertainment, lifestyle, music, and infomercial content tailored to domestic subscribers, distributed via platforms such as Sky Cable, G Sat, and Cignal.^[52][53][54] Kapamilya Channel functions as the flagship domestic service, launched on June 13, 2020, to carry ABS-CBN's core primetime teleseryes, variety shows, and news programs previously aired on free television. It operates 24 hours daily and is positioned on channel 15 in many cable lineups, prioritizing Filipino-language content for local households.^[52] The ABS-CBN News Channel (ANC), established in 1996, provides 24/7 English-language coverage of Philippine news, business, and public affairs, serving urban and informed domestic viewers with live updates and analysis.^[55] Niche channels include Cinema One, dedicated to Filipino films and premieres since its inception in 1994, marking 30 years of operations by June 2024 with a focus on mainstream and independent cinema. Metro Channel targets lifestyle programming for women, featuring fashion, beauty, and home content. Myx specializes in music videos, artist interviews, and local hits, expanding reach via additional platforms like Cignal starting July 1, 2021. O Shopping airs infomercials and direct-response television for consumer products, integrated into ABS-CBN's pay TV ecosystem.^[56][57][53]

International Channels

ABS-CBN International distributes pay television channels targeting overseas Filipinos through satellite, cable, and IPTV platforms in regions including North America, Europe, the Middle East, Japan, and Australia.^[58] These services reach millions of viewers, with content focused on entertainment, news, and cultural programming to maintain connections for the diaspora.^[59] The flagship offering, The Filipino Channel (TFC), operates as a 24-hour general entertainment and news service, featuring Philippine-produced shows, dramas, and live events.^[59] Launched in 1994, TFC is available in high definition in the United States via providers like DirecTV, where it is bundled in international packages alongside other Filipino channels.^[60] Similar HD feeds extend to Europe and the Middle East, supporting cable and satellite distribution for expatriate communities.^[58] ANC Global, the international version of ABS-CBN News Channel, provides 24-hour news coverage, including Philippine politics, business, and global events relevant to Filipinos abroad.^[59] It is distributed via the same platforms as TFC, often in bundled packages for comprehensive access.^[61] Myx International delivers music videos, concerts, and artist features from the Philippine scene, catering to younger overseas audiences.^[62] Available on DirecTV in the US and through global IPTV, it emphasizes original Pinoy music (OPM) content.^[61] Additional channels like Cinema One Global offer Filipino films and series, while Cinemo focuses on movies, both integrated into TFC's distribution network for pay TV subscribers worldwide.^[59] These services collectively span over 50 territories, prioritizing paid access over free streaming to sustain operations amid regulatory challenges in the Philippines.^[63]

Regulatory Shutdown and Controversies

Franchise Denial Process and Government Rationale

The legislative franchise for ABS-CBN Corporation, granted under Republic Act No. 7966 and set to expire after 25 years, lapsed on May 4, 2020, without congressional renewal.^[64] Prior to this, the House of Representatives Committee on Legislative Franchises initiated hearings in early 2020 to assess the network's compliance with franchise stipulations, including operational authorizations and regulatory adherence.^[15] These proceedings focused on evidentiary submissions regarding alleged infractions, such as unauthorized use of frequencies and structural violations of ownership rules. On May 5, 2020, the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) issued a cease-and-desist order directing ABS-CBN to immediately halt television and radio broadcasting operations nationwide, citing the absence of a valid legislative franchise as grounds for deeming such activities unlawful.^[65] The order emphasized that broadcasting entails the use of public airwaves, a finite spectrum resource under state sovereignty, and continued transmission without congressional approval constituted unauthorized interference potentially harming national regulatory integrity. This action followed a May 2 advisory from the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), which asserted that post-expiration operations violated Republic Act No. 11494 and related statutes, prioritizing legal enforcement over provisional extensions.^[66] Government scrutiny during the hearings centered on claims of franchise breaches, including circumvention of the 60% Filipino ownership cap in media via Philippine Depositary Receipts issued to foreign entities, which the OSG argued effectively transferred control and decision-making influence abroad.^[67] Additional probes addressed alleged illegal digital pay-per-view services, such as the Kapamilya Box Office, operated without explicit franchise provisions, and the aggregation of subsidiary frequencies beyond authorized scopes.^[68] The OSG's parallel quo warranto petition to the Supreme Court, filed in February 2020, reinforced these as forfeitable offenses under the principle that franchises are privileges revocable for non-compliance, aimed at safeguarding public interest in media regulation.^[69] The committee formalized its position on July 10, 2020, voting 70-11 against renewal, with the majority resolution underscoring that franchise grants demand strict adherence to constitutional and statutory limits to prevent monopolistic or extraneous influences on information dissemination.^[70] This outcome echoed historical precedents, such as the 1972 directive under martial law that compelled ABS-CBN's operational halt via NTC enforcement, illustrating the state's recurrent invocation of regulatory powers to realign broadcasting with legal mandates amid expired or contested authorities.^[71]

ABS-CBN Response and Allegations of Political Targeting

ABS-CBN Corporation maintained that it had complied with regulatory requirements throughout its operations and highlighted its substantial economic contributions to the Philippines, including employment for over 11,000 workers and generation of significant revenues that supported content production and advertising sectors prior to the 2020 shutdown.^[72][73] In appeals to Congress, the company emphasized its history of tax payments and operational legitimacy, arguing that the franchise denial overlooked these factors in favor of unresolved disputes.^[74] Critics and ABS-CBN executives alleged political targeting by the Duterte administration, pointing to President Rodrigo Duterte's public threats against the network dating back to the 2016 presidential campaign, when ABS-CBN aired an advertisement critical of him and declined to broadcast his unpaid campaign ads, prompting Duterte to vow non-renewal of the franchise.^[75][76] ABS-CBN issued an apology in February 2020 for the ad airing and payment issues, but opponents claimed the government's actions, including the House committee's rejection on July 10, 2020, reflected a grudge rather than legal merits, though such claims remain unproven amid cited violations like foreign ownership and tax discrepancies.^[77] Following the May 5, 2020, shutdown, ABS-CBN employees and supporters organized protests, including noise barrages and rallies with celebrities, decrying the closure as an assault on press freedom, while international groups like Reporters Without Borders (RSF) condemned it as part of a pattern under Duterte that contributed to the Philippines' drop in the World Press Freedom Index to 136th out of 180 countries in 2020.^[78][79] These reactions framed the denial as a chilling effect on critical media, though detractors noted ABS-CBN's dominance under Lopez family ownership, historically criticized as emblematic of oligarchic control over broadcasting and utilities, potentially warranting scrutiny beyond political motives.^[80][81] In response to the broadcast halt, ABS-CBN pivoted to digital platforms, forming partnerships for online content distribution and news collaborations, which sustained audience reach through shortened formats and streaming deals, though these did not restore full over-the-air operations.^[6][82] As of June 2025, the company abandoned pursuits of a new congressional franchise, opting instead for non-broadcast expansions amid ongoing bills that failed to advance, leaving free TV and radio absent without regulatory reversal.^[83][84]

Station Reallocations and Long-Term Impacts

Following the National Telecommunications Commission's (NTC) recall of ABS-CBN's frequencies on September 10, 2020, which encompassed over 70 television and radio channels nationwide, a significant portion were provisionally reassigned to new operators by early 2022.^[85][39] For instance, Mega Manila's Channel 2 (analog) and Channel 16 (digital) were granted to Advanced Media Broadcasting System (AMBS), a Villar family-linked entity that launched All TV, while Channel 23 went to Aliw Broadcasting Corporation and Channel 43 to Sonshine Media Network International (SMNI), a religious broadcaster affiliated with Pastor Apollo Quiboloy.^[50][30] Several former ABS-CBN FM radio frequencies, such as MOR 101.9 MHz in Manila, were reallocated to religious organizations including the Christian Bible Baptist Church.^[86] These reallocations facilitated the entry or expansion of smaller or niche players, including religious and community-oriented stations, but by 2023, most frequencies had been fully reassigned to various commercial and non-commercial entities, effectively repurposing ABS-CBN's infrastructure for competitors.^[87] The process, handled without direct Philippine Competition Commission oversight, shifted spectrum from a dominant private network to a mix of family-owned, religious, and state-adjacent broadcasters.^[88] In the television industry, the shutdown causally boosted rivals' dominance in free-to-air broadcasting, with GMA Network capturing approximately 93% market share post-2020, as audience and advertising revenues consolidated among fewer players including state-run PTV.^[89] ABS-CBN's free TV presence ended, reducing its overall broadcast market influence from a pre-shutdown range of 31-44% to reliance on pay TV and digital platforms, where it rebuilt audiences in the millions but at lower penetration than its former terrestrial reach.^[6] PTV and IBC also saw viewership spikes, doubling in some metrics, amplifying state media's role in a landscape with diminished private competition.^[90] Long-term, the reallocations have raised empirical concerns over media plurality, as free TV options contracted, potentially enabling advertiser concentration and reduced content diversity.^[89] Proponents, including government-aligned voices, frame the outcome as curbing monopoly power held by ABS-CBN's prior infrastructure control, fostering smaller entrants.^[91] Critics, such as competition watchdogs, argue it paradoxically entrenched GMA's near-monopoly in free TV while bolstering state outlets like PTV, risking censorship through spectrum control favoring aligned entities over independent voices.^[89][92]