Hubbry Logo
JagnaJagnaMain
Open search
Jagna
Community hub
Jagna
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Jagna
Jagna
Jagna
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Jagna, officially the Municipality of Jagna (Cebuano: Munisipalidad sa Jagna; Tagalog: Bayan ng Jagna), is a municipality in the province of Bohol, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 35,832 people.[6]

Key Information

The town celebrates St. Michael's festival on September 29.[7] Highlights are cultural activities such as parades and street dancing. The month of May is also of interest, especially to returning Jagna-born Filipinos from across the islands and abroad. Celebrations of barangay fiestas occur almost every day.

History

[edit]

On January 24, 1744, an Italian Jesuit curate in-charge of the town parish was killed by a native insurgent known to be Francisco Dagohoy. This event signaled the beginning of the Dagohoy Rebellion – the longest uprising in Philippine history.

The Lonoy Massacre in 1901 was a bloody American surprise attack launched on Filipino insurgents – the latter being led by Captain Gregorio Caseñas[a] – which killed over 400, in the Philippine–American War. It was fought in the mountain village of Lonoy, north of the town proper.

A major earthquake devastated the town in 1990. The local residents were evacuated to the nearby hills for a few days, as local authorities warned of a possible tsunami that might hit the coastal area. However, such event did not happen. Some damage occurred to the church bell tower by the earthquake but has been completely repaired.

Jagna has a new market; the last one burned down in 1998 and a temporary market was set up in the grass field across the church. The new market is in operation – built on the site of the previous one that burned down. A recreational plaza is on the grass field that was once the temporary market area.

Geography

[edit]

Jagna is located on the southern coast of Bohol. It is one of the commercial trading centers of the province with daily market and port operations. Of interest to visitors is the town church built during the Spanish era, with its ceiling frescoes and baroque architecture. A waterfall and a spring reservoir can be found on the highlands, accessible by road travel north. A marine sanctuary zone has been set up by the local government just off the shore. A double reef is protected inside the sanctuary zone and marked off by buoys to restrict access from fishers.

Like Tagbilaran, Jagna is a port town. Ferries travel daily to and from other islands. Routes to Mindanao are available via Cagayan de Oro and Butuan. The island of Camiguin is visible from Jagna and a ferry operates from Jagna to the port of Balbagon in peak seasons. Jagna is 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Tagbilaran.

Barangays

[edit]
Map of Jagna showing its barangays

Jagna is politically subdivided into 33 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.


PSGC Barangay Population ±% p.a.
2024[8] 2010[9]
071225001 Alejawan 2.2% 817 843 ▾ −0.22%
071225002 Balili 3.4% 1,233 1,263 ▾ −0.17%
071225003 Boctol 3.0% 1,103 1,023 ▴ 0.52%
071225005 Bunga Ilaya 2.7% 994 816 ▴ 1.37%
071225006 Bunga Mar 4.0% 1,459 1,385 ▴ 0.36%
071225004 Buyog 0.9% 344 386 ▾ −0.79%
071225007 Cabunga‑an 3.7% 1,344 1,179 ▴ 0.91%
071225008 Calabacita 3.9% 1,419 1,362 ▴ 0.28%
071225009 Cambugason 2.9% 1,071 993 ▴ 0.52%
071225010 Can‑ipol 1.4% 505 511 ▾ −0.08%
071225014 Can‑uba 1.0% 378 343 ▴ 0.67%
071225015 Can‑upao 5.6% 2,067 2,037 ▴ 0.10%
071225011 Canjulao 7.8% 2,870 2,752 ▴ 0.29%
071225012 Cantagay 2.5% 915 834 ▴ 0.64%
071225013 Cantuyoc 2.3% 830 884 ▾ −0.43%
071225016 Faraon 1.6% 581 547 ▴ 0.42%
071225017 Ipil 0.9% 321 319 ▴ 0.04%
071225018 Kinagbaan 1.3% 466 436 ▴ 0.46%
071225019 Laca 0.7% 257 316 ▾ −1.41%
071225020 Larapan 2.1% 778 764 ▴ 0.13%
071225021 Lonoy 3.5% 1,286 1,259 ▴ 0.15%
071225022 Looc 2.0% 740 865 ▾ −1.07%
071225023 Malbog 2.9% 1,078 1,031 ▴ 0.31%
071225024 Mayana 6.1% 2,235 1,482 ▴ 2.87%
071225025 Naatang 1.6% 583 580 ▴ 0.04%
071225026 Nausok 1.0% 349 348 ▴ 0.02%
071225027 Odiong 2.7% 979 1,023 ▾ −0.30%
071225028 Pagina 3.5% 1,297 1,405 ▾ −0.55%
071225029 Pangdan 3.2% 1,177 1,197 ▾ −0.12%
071225030 Poblacion (Pondol) 2.4% 885 1,020 ▾ −0.97%
071225031 Tejero 3.9% 1,440 1,412 ▴ 0.14%
071225032 Tubod Mar 1.5% 538 516 ▴ 0.29%
071225033 Tubod Monte 4.2% 1,553 1,435 ▴ 0.55%
Total 36,674 32,566 ▴ 0.82%

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Jagna, Bohol
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28
(82) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		30
(85)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23
(73) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		24
(74)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 102
(4.0) 		85
(3.3) 		91
(3.6) 		75
(3.0) 		110
(4.3) 		141
(5.6) 		121
(4.8) 		107
(4.2) 		111
(4.4) 		144
(5.7) 		169
(6.7) 		139
(5.5) 		1,395
(55.1)
Average rainy days 18.6 14.8 16.5 16.7 23.9 26.4 25.6 24.1 24.4 26.3 23.7 20.5 261.5
Source: Meteoblue[10]

Government

[edit]

The municipality is governed by the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Jagna, which is headed by the Municipal Mayor.[11]

  • Cruz Abrenilla (1882–1884)
  • Severo Salas (1886–1898)
  • Quintin Abrenilla (1902–1906)
  • Agustin Abrenilla (1906–1912)
  • Catalino Caseñas (1912–1916)
  • Agustin Abrenilla (1916–1922)
  • Juan Virtudes (1922–1931)
  • Simplicio Cagampang (1931–1940)
  • Ubaldo Yap (1941–1946)
  • Antonio Galope (1946–1955)
  • Teodoro B. Galagar (1955–1965)
  • Agripino Jamisola (1965–August 1967)
  • Glicerio Madrazo (November–December 1967)
  • Alexander C. Villacastin (1968–1971)
  • Hitty Domingo Bagaipo (1972–1980)[12]
  • Alexander C. Villacastin (1980–1986)
  • Cesar M. Cagulada (1986–1988)
  • Alexander C. Villacastin (1988–1995)
  • Marciana O. Tsurumi (1995–2001)
  • Exuperio C. Lloren (2001–2010)
  • Fortunato R. Abrenilla (2010–2018)
  • Bonifacio J. Virtudes Jr. (2018–2019)
  • Joseph A. Rañola (2019–2025)

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of Jagna
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 4,331—    
1918 6,643+2.89%
1939 12,384+3.01%
1948 15,804+2.75%
1960 12,177−2.15%
1970 14,338+1.65%
1975 15,903+2.10%
1980 16,769+1.07%
1990 21,135+2.34%
1995 23,927+2.35%
2000 26,826+2.48%
2007 27,852+0.52%
2010 32,566+5.86%
2015 33,892+0.76%
2020 35,832+1.18%
2024 36,674+0.56%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[13][14][9][15][16]

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Jagna

10
20
30
40
2000
32.31
2003
19.81
2006
34.20
2009
36.43
2012
19.63
2015
23.32
2018
17.90
2021
37.56

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

Education

[edit]

Jagna as a key center for learning, the municipality boasts a cluster of respected educational institutions. It hosts many notable educational institutions in the southern part of Bohol including:

  • Bohol Institute of Technology
  • Calabacita National High School
  • Central Visayan Institute Foundation
  • Colegio de la Medalla Milagrosa
  • Faraon National High School
  • Jagna High School
  • Lonoy Heroes Memorial High School
  • San Miguel Academy
  • Tubod Monte Integrated School
[edit]
  • Pagina, Jagna
    Pagina, Jagna
  • Public market of Jagna
    Public market of Jagna
  • Jagna Bay
    Jagna Bay
  • St. Michael the Archangel Parish, Jagna
    St. Michael the Archangel Parish, Jagna

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Jagna

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Jagna, officially the Municipality of Jagna, is a third-class municipality in the province of Bohol, Philippines. As of the 2020 census, it has a population of 35,832 distributed across 7,506 households, covering an area of 96.74 square kilometers. Situated on the southeastern coast of Bohol facing the Bohol Sea, Jagna functions as a port town facilitating ferry services to neighboring islands and serves as a hub for local commerce. The municipality's economy centers on agriculture, utilizing over 6,400 hectares of land for crops and livestock, alongside fisheries and burgeoning ecotourism drawn to its beaches, highlands, and heritage sites. Historically, Jagna was first noted in Spanish records in 1565 when Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition anchored there amid adverse winds, with the parish and town formally founded on September 29, 1631, by Jesuit priest José Sánchez under the patronage of St. Michael the Archangel. Key landmarks include the coral stone St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church and Jagna Bay, while annual events like the town's fiesta underscore its cultural traditions rooted in Visayan heritage.

History

Origins and Pre-Colonial Period

The name Jagna derives from the Cebuano expression hagna na, uttered by early inhabitants to signify that was nearly done simmering in cooking, a phrase that evolved into the town's designation over time. Alternative local legends link the to phrases referencing abundant (hagupit) in nearby waters or the readiness of cooked like tigue along the Boho River, reflecting the fishing-oriented lifestyle of the original communities. The earliest known settlers originated from indigenous groups in Loboc and , northern municipalities, who launched expeditions southward toward using traditional vinta sailboats but were deterred by storms and anchored permanently in the Jagna area. This internal migration underscores the mobility of pre-colonial Visayan populations within the region, where coastal sites like Jagna served as natural harbors for and inter-island . By the mid-16th century, Jagna hosted an established indigenous settlement, as evidenced by its encounter with Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi's fleet on March 15, 1565, when adverse winds redirected the expedition to its shores—predating formal colonization and confirming organized habitation. Like other Boholano communities, pre-colonial Jagna's society operated under the barangay system, with datus leading kinship-based groups focused on marine resource exploitation, including ray fishing traditions that local records suggest persisted from ancient practices. Archaeological artifacts from broader Bohol sites, such as pottery and tools unearthed in coastal zones, indicate a mature Austronesian-derived culture emphasizing seamanship, swidden agriculture, and trade networks across the Visayas by at least the early 1500s.

Spanish Colonial Era

Jagna's recorded contact with Spanish explorers occurred on March 15, 1565, when Miguel López de Legazpi's fleet anchored off its coast, driven by unfavorable winds. This early arrival marked the initial European presence in the area, preceding Legazpi's blood compact with local chieftain Sikatuna elsewhere in Bohol. The municipality and its parish were formally established on September 29, 1631, by Jesuit priest José Sánchez, who founded both simultaneously under the patronage of St. Michael the Archangel. The , constructed during the Spanish period, exemplifies with features including ceiling frescoes and elements. Jesuit missionaries administered the parish until 1768, after which Augustinian Recollects took over, continuing until the end of Spanish rule. Throughout the colonial era, Jagna endured raids by Tausug pirates from , who targeted the settlement during periods of and coastal vulnerability. These incursions, part of broader Moro affecting Visayan coasts, prompted defensive measures but disrupted local development. As a peripheral eastern in , Jagna served limited roles in Spanish trade and governance, overshadowed by more central settlements like .

American Occupation and Path to Independence

Following the Spanish-American War, American forces established control over the , including , where Jagna is located. U.S. troops from the 44th , numbering about 200 under Major Harry C. Hale, landed in on March 17, 1900, initiating amid ongoing Filipino resistance to foreign rule. Local revolutionaries in , continuing the fight against colonial powers after the Spanish era, engaged in guerrilla tactics against , who responded with scorched-earth policies, burning over 20 of Bohol's 35 towns to suppress insurgents. In Jagna, resistance culminated in the Battle of Lonoy on March 8, 1901 (Easter Sunday), where approximately 450 Filipino revolutionaries under Gregorio "Goyo" Casenas prepared an ambush in Barangay Lonoy but were surprised by U.S. forces led by David B. Harts. Informed of the insurgent positions by pro-American local Francisco Acala, the former Spanish mayor of Jagna, the Americans killed 406 Filipinos in the ensuing , with U.S. casualties limited to three wounded. In retaliation for the ongoing insurgency, U.S. Andrew S. Rowan ordered Jagna burned later in March 1901, sparing only the church, convent, and a few houses; the town was razed again in October 1901. Guerrilla warfare persisted in Bohol into 1902, with leaders like Nicolas Samson coordinating attacks, prompting further U.S. reprisals including town burnings and civilian relocations to concentration zones. By mid-1902, organized resistance collapsed after key insurgent captures, transitioning Bohol to civil governance under the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, which established local assemblies and reduced direct military rule. Under American administration, Jagna and Bohol benefited from infrastructure projects like roads and schools, but political evolution toward self-rule accelerated with the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, creating the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935 with limited autonomy. Full independence arrived nationally on July 4, 1946, via the Treaty of Manila, ending U.S. sovereignty; Jagna, as a municipality, integrated into the newly sovereign Republic of the Philippines without unique local variances.

Post-Independence and Modern Developments

Following Philippine independence in 1946, Jagna, like the broader province of , transitioned into a period of relative peace and gradual centered on , , and localized , with limited industrialization due to the region's rural character and geographic isolation from major ports. On October 15, 2013, a magnitude 7.2 along the North Bohol Fault struck the region, affecting all 33 barangays of Jagna with intense shaking lasting approximately 66 seconds, though the municipality reported minimal damage to infrastructure and property compared to more central areas of . Rehabilitation efforts post-2013 aligned with provincial recovery initiatives, emphasizing resilient infrastructure amid ongoing seismic risks. In the ensuing decade, the municipal government prioritized public works, including the 10 million Philippine peso Calmayon River Control project to mitigate flooding, concreting of barangay roads such as Sta. Cruz Street, and improvements to bridges like Calamayon Bridge. By 2020, collaborations with the Department of Public Works and Highways accelerated developments such as multi-purpose buildings for community use, road rehabilitations to enhance connectivity, and additional flood control structures, reflecting a focus on sustainable resource allocation for resident welfare.

Geography and Environment

Physical Features and Topography

Jagna is situated along the southeastern coast of island in the , facing the Mindanao Sea, with a total land area of 120.50 square kilometers. The municipality's coastline features bays and ports conducive to maritime activities, including Jagna Bay, which supports ferry services and fishing operations. The topography of Jagna varies from level coastal plains near the shoreline to rolling hills and steeply sloping inland areas, formed primarily from coralline typical of Bohol's landscape. Elevations range from along the coast to higher inland ridges, with an average elevation of approximately 99 meters above . The terrain includes chains of low-altitude mountains and extensive hill systems, contributing to a diverse that influences local and settlement patterns. Several short rivers and creeks originate from the hilly interiors and flow eastward to the Mindanao Sea, providing limited but essential drainage and for . Prominent inland features include Mount Matunog (also known as Mayana Peak) in Mayana, regarded as Bohol's highest elevation at approximately 820 meters above , offering panoramic views and opportunities amid cooler microclimates. This peak exemplifies the municipality's transition from coastal lowlands to elevated, forested uplands.

Administrative Divisions

The Municipality of Jagna is politically subdivided into 33 s, the primary administrative divisions that function as the smallest units of . Each is headed by an elected and council, responsible for local services, , and enforcement of municipal ordinances within their jurisdiction. serves as the central urban , encompassing key such as the municipal hall, public market, and St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church, while the majority of the other 32 s are rural, supporting , , and small-scale trade. Approximately 13 s are coastal, contributing to the municipality's maritime economy through and related activities. As of the 2020 Census of Population and Housing by the , the 33 s collectively housed the municipality's population, with 17 s exceeding 1,000 residents each and the largest being Canjulao at 2,795 persons. This distribution reflects a mix of densely populated inland and coastal settlements alongside smaller, more dispersed rural communities. s may further be organized into puroks or sitios for hyper-local management.

Climate and Natural Risks

Jagna exhibits a Type IV under the Modified Corona Classification System, characterized by rainfall that is evenly distributed throughout the year with no distinct . The mean annual temperature is approximately 27.7°C, with monthly averages typically ranging from 23°C to 26°C; for instance, temperatures average 22.9–25.9°C, while July averages 23.9–26.8°C. Annual rainfall totals around 1,360 mm, equivalent to a daily mean of 3.73 mm, influenced by the southwest from to September and the northeast from October to March. The municipality faces multiple natural hazards, primarily seismic activity, flooding, and landslides, owing to its position in the tectonically active region. Jagna recorded high seismic impacts from the October 15, 2013, magnitude 7.2 earthquake, which lasted 66 seconds and affected all 33 barangays through ground shaking and associated . Earlier events, such as the February 1990 magnitude 6.8 earthquake near Anda, underscore the area's vulnerability to intraplate faulting along the fault system. Flooding occurs periodically in low-lying coastal and riverine areas, exacerbated by heavy rains, while rain-induced and earthquake-triggered landslides threaten hilly terrains. Although Bohol lies outside the primary belt, reducing direct frequency, occasional tropical depressions or indirect effects from storms can generate intense rainfall, amplifying and risks. Local disaster plans identify additional coastal threats like storm surges and potential tsunamis, prompting vulnerability mapping for rain-induced , ground shaking, and across barangays.

Demographics

Population Dynamics and Growth

The population of Jagna, as enumerated in the 2020 Census of Population and Housing conducted by the (PSA), stood at 35,832 residents. This figure represented an increase from 33,892 in the 2015 census and 32,566 in the 2010 census, reflecting a pattern of steady expansion over the preceding decade. Earlier censuses indicate further growth from 30,643 in 2000, with the municipality's reaching 370 inhabitants per square kilometer by 2020 across its 96.74 square kilometers of land area.
Census YearPopulationHouseholdsAnnual Growth Rate (Previous Period)
200030,643--
201032,566-~0.6% (2000-2010 approx.)
201533,892-~0.8% (2010-2015)
202035,8327,5061.1% (2015-2020)
The table above summarizes key PSA census data, with growth rates calculated geometrically between enumeration points; the 2015-2020 period showed an average annual increase of approximately 1.1%, lower than national rural averages but consistent with province trends influenced by moderate fertility and limited net migration. By 2020, Jagna accounted for 2.57% of 's total population of about 1.4 million, underscoring its role as a mid-sized coastal with growth tempered by outmigration to urban areas like for employment. Post-2020 estimates from local registries, such as the 2021 Registry of Inhabitants reporting 40,321 residents, suggest continued upward momentum, though these figures exceed census counts due to inclusion of temporary residents and undercount adjustments not yet verified in official enumerations. Overall, Jagna's dynamics align with broader patterns of decelerating growth rates—from around 2% annually in the 1990s to below 1.5% in recent decades—attributable to declining birth rates and aging demographics in agrarian communities.

Ethnic and Linguistic Composition

The ethnic composition of Jagna is predominantly Boholano, an ethnic subgroup of the broader Visayan people native to the island province of , reflecting the homogeneity typical of rural municipalities in the region. This aligns with provincial demographics where Boholanos form the overwhelming majority, with minimal reported influx of other ethnic groups such as Tagalogs or Ilonggos based on migration patterns observed in . Linguistically, Boholano—a dialect of Cebuano (locally referred to as Binisaya)—is spoken by 99.88% of the , serving as the primary medium of daily communication and cultural expression. English and Filipino (based on Tagalog) are also understood due to national education policies, but their use remains secondary in household and community settings. Small pockets of other Visayan languages may exist due to inter-provincial movement, though no municipal-level data indicates significant linguistic diversity beyond the dominant Boholano variant.

Religious and Cultural Demographics

The population of Jagna is predominantly Roman Catholic, with 89 percent affiliation recorded in 1990 data from the Provincial Government of . This aligns closely with Bohol province-wide figures, where Roman Catholics comprised 90.6 percent of the population according to the 2015 of Population and Housing analyzed by the . Smaller religious groups exist but lack specific enumeration in available municipal data; national trends indicate Protestant denominations, , and as minorities in the overall, though their presence in rural remains limited. Culturally, Jagna's residents are overwhelmingly of Visayan ethnicity, reflecting the broader Boholano identity shaped by Austronesian roots and Spanish colonial influences. The Boholano dialect of Binisaya (Cebuano) is spoken by 99.88 percent of the population. Cultural practices emphasize Catholic devotion integrated with local traditions, evident in annual fiestas honoring patron saints. The primary religious-cultural event is the Fiesta of St. Michael the Archangel on September 29, featuring parades, street dancing, and processions that draw community participation. Other notable observances include the Calamay Festival, which celebrates the town's signature rice-based sweet delicacy originating from Barangay Can-upao, involving traditional preparation demonstrations and cultural performances to preserve culinary heritage. The Sinu-og Estokada reenacts historical mock battles in honor of St. Michael, while the Kurus-kurus gagmay tradition in select barangays maintains Spanish-era Lenten customs with community-carved wooden crosses. These events underscore a cultural fabric centered on familial ties, agrarian rhythms, and syncretic Catholic rituals, with minimal external influences reported in demographic profiles.

Government and Politics

Local Governance Structure

The Municipality of Jagna adheres to the decentralized governance model established by Republic Act No. 7160, the Local Government Code of 1991, which vests executive and legislative powers in the local government unit (LGU). As a third-class in province, its structure features an executive branch under the municipal , responsible for policy execution, administrative management, and service provision across key sectors such as , welfare, planning, and . The mayor oversees a of departments and offices, including the Municipal Planning and Development Coordinating Office (MPDCO), which formulates comprehensive and development plans; the Municipal Office (MHO); the Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office (MSWD); and specialized units for agriculture, engineering, treasury, budgeting, and environmental management (MENRO). Additional support comes from offices handling (HRMO), (MDRRM), civil registry, assessment, and accounting. Legislative authority resides in the , presided by the vice mayor and comprising eight elected sanggunians tasked with enacting ordinances, approving the annual budget, and conducting oversight of executive actions through committees on areas like , appropriations, and . Ex-officio members include the president of the municipal and the pederasyon president of the , ensuring representation from the level. At the base, Jagna encompasses 33 s, each governed by a barangay council led by an elected captain, punong , which manages hyper-local affairs including peace and order, basic services, and , while channeling inputs to the municipal level via federations. This tiered system promotes participatory governance, with barangay assemblies and councils integrating resident feedback into higher decision-making.

Key Political Figures and Elections

The of Jagna serves a three-year term, elected alongside the vice mayor and municipal councilors during synchronized Philippine local elections held every three years. The current is Mark Louie R. Monungolh, who took office on June 30, 2025, after winning the mayoralty in the May 12, 2025, election at the age of 31, making him the youngest to hold the position. Monungolh's predecessor, Joseph A. Rañola, held the office from July 1, 2019, to June 30, 2025, securing re-election in 2022. During his tenure, Rañola facilitated over 1 billion pesos in national government projects, developed the Jagna Baywalk Belt for coastal protection and , and earned the municipality top rankings in Bohol's competitiveness indices for third- to fourth-class municipalities, alongside high public approval ratings exceeding 92%. Prior to Rañola, attorney Fortunato "Bic-bic" R. Abrenilla served as from 2013 to 2016. The Abrenilla family has been influential in Jagna's politics since the late , producing multiple mayors including Cruz Abrenilla (1892–1894), Quintin Abrenilla (1902–1906), and Agustin Abrenilla (1906–1912), reflecting dynastic patterns common in Philippine local governance. The Virtudes family has also held key positions, with Bonifacio J. Virtudes Jr. serving as vice mayor in recent terms. Elections in Jagna typically feature competition among local political clans affiliated with national parties like NPC and PDP-Laban, with and outcomes influenced by family networks and development promises rather than ideological divides.

Governance Achievements and Criticisms

Under the administration of former Joseph Rañola, who served until the 2025 elections after a tenure marked by expertise in national budgeting from 30 years at the National Budget Commission, Jagna pursued significant developments. In January 2025, Rañola unveiled projects worth ₱300 million, focusing on enhancing local facilities and connectivity. These efforts contributed to the municipality's recognition for balanced development, as evidenced by strong performances in Bohol's competitiveness indices in November 2024, highlighting commitments to effective across economic, , and social categories. Earlier accolades include the 2012 award for Most Outstanding Municipal in and first place in 2011 for ecological solid waste management practices. Key projects emphasized sustainable resource management and public services. In April 2025, groundbreaking occurred for a ₱244 million integrated potable water system, funded partly by the World Bank, aimed at providing 24/7 access to clean water and reducing health risks from contaminated sources. In February 2025, the Department of Agriculture turned over agri-fishery initiatives worth ₱261 million to bolster local productivity. Environmental efforts included the publication of a Forest Land Use Plan in June 2025 to guide community-based forest management, alongside initiatives like the Jagna Baywalk Belt for coastal protection. A analysis in April 2025 affirmed the broader societal benefits of these developments, including improved economic opportunities and community welfare. In 2024, ₱102.99 million from the Local Support Fund supported further upgrades. Criticisms have centered on administrative disputes and isolated allegations, though many resolved without sustained findings of wrongdoing. In June 2023, the Ombudsman dismissed a criminal against Rañola for alleged violation of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, citing insufficient . Similar outcomes included the dismissal of graft charges against a former councilor and the junking of counter-s filed by Rañola. Post-2025 election tensions arose in June between incoming officials, led by Mayor-elect Mark Louie Monungolh, and outgoing administrators over budget approvals and contractual deals, sparking public exchanges but no formal legal escalations reported. Rañola's administration drew praise for fiscal transparency, with accounts of rigorous auditing inspiring regional figures, though local media noted the political friction as typical of transitions. No major convictions or systemic failures have been documented in independent probes, contrasting with broader provincial issues in .

Economy

Primary Sectors: Agriculture and Fisheries

in Jagna centers on (palay) production, which serves as the principal crop and supports and . As of recent surveys, palay is cultivated across 438 hectares of irrigated land and 264 hectares of rainfed areas, positioning Jagna as a leading producer within province. The sector employs around 3,850 farmers and 660 farm workers, reflecting its role as a foundational amid the municipality's average farm sizes aligned with Bohol's provincial norm of approximately 0.60 hectares. Complementary crops include , , and , which underpin value-added industries such as calamay production—a traditional sticky rice confection using and , for which Jagna earns the moniker "Calamay County" of . These perennial and root crops contribute to diversified output, though dominates due to irrigated and market , including local buyback programs that procure palay at P17 per for milling and subsidized retail sales. Fisheries form the second pillar of primary production, leveraging Jagna's eastern coastal position along the Bohol Sea and employing about 680 fishermen who target municipal catches such as squid, threadfin bream, and other demersal species prevalent in regional waters. The Jagna Fish Port in Barangay Bunga-Mar enhances post-harvest handling, reducing spoilage and supporting commerce via the town's daily market and port operations. Historically, the area sustained a specialized mobulid ray (devil ray) fishery for over a century, though contemporary focus has shifted toward sustainable municipal practices amid broader Bohol trends of fluctuating catches due to overfishing pressures. Both sectors face constraints like limited facilities and nurseries, prompting initiatives such as the Jagna Agri-Fishery Modernization and Industrialization Program, bolstered by Department of investments exceeding P261 million in infrastructure and support projects as of February 2025. These efforts aim to boost and resilience, with and fisheries collectively underpinning household incomes in a where such primary activities rank among major industries alongside related trades like calamay making.

Trade, Port Operations, and Commerce

Jagna functions as a primary commercial in eastern , driven by its facilities and daily market operations that facilitate the exchange of agricultural products, fisheries, and other goods. The municipality's strategic coastal location supports active inter-island , with activities handling both passenger ferries and shipments essential for regional supply chains. The Port of Jagna, a modern (RoRo) terminal managed under the , accommodates vessels primarily on routes to and other Visayan areas, recording 657 ship calls and 288,485 metric tons of throughput in documented statistics. RoRo operations on the Jagna-Balingoan route alone process 214,415 tons of annually, including , agricultural exports like and , and imported essentials. expansions, such as berth improvements, aim to increase capacity and efficiency, with ongoing projects reflecting investments in port modernization as of 2021. Commerce thrives through the Jagna Public Market, a daily venue where local vendors trade fresh , , and processed foods sourced from surrounding barangays and fisheries. Budget allocations for market enhancements, including structural improvements totaling over 1.26 million in recent fiscal plans, underscore commitments to bolstering retail and supporting small-scale traders. These activities integrate with to enable efficient distribution, contributing to Jagna's projected of 1% over the medium term amid expanding commercialization.

Fiscal Policies and Economic Challenges

The Municipality of Jagna relies heavily on the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) from the national government as its primary revenue source, supplemented by local taxes, business taxes, regulatory fees, and non-tax revenues such as service charges and economic enterprise receipts. In line with the Local Government Code, the annual budget must allocate at least 20% to development projects and 5% to disaster risk reduction, guiding fiscal priorities through the Annual Investment Program (AIP), which distributes funds across economic, social, and environmental sectors. Under Mayor Joseph Rañola, a fiscal specialist, policies emphasize cost containment, including reductions in non-essential official travel and administrative expenses, yielding savings of ₱19.3 million in 2019 and ₱6.17 million in 2020, amid efforts to address revenue shortfalls and maintain service delivery. Economic challenges in Jagna stem from its dependence on , fisheries, and small-scale , which are vulnerable to seasonal fluctuations, typhoons, and the lingering effects of the . Poverty incidence in , encompassing Jagna, declined to 14.8% among families in 2023 from 19.1% in 2021, per data, yet municipal-level vulnerabilities persist due to limited industrial diversification and high reliance on IRA transfers, which constituted the bulk of local revenues historically. Micro-enterprise failures, particularly in barangays like Looc, are driven by inadequate management, capital shortages, and market competition, hindering broader income generation. These factors, combined with post-pandemic recovery pressures, necessitate sustained local revenue enhancement and poverty alleviation strategies outlined in the Municipal Poverty Reduction Action Plan.

Infrastructure and Transportation

Port and Maritime Facilities

The Port of Jagna, situated at 9.64507°N, 124.371°E along the southern coast of , functions as the municipality's main maritime gateway, supporting inter-island ferry services and cargo transport. Managed by the (PPA), it connects Jagna to key destinations including , , , , , and other ports, positioning the facility as a critical route for passengers and goods between and . Daily operations handle roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) vessels, fastcrafts, and regular ferries, with routes like Jagna to taking about 8 hours and accommodating vehicle cargo such as jeeps and trucks at specified rates (e.g., ₱6,140 for single-tire passenger jeeps). Facilities include berths for passenger and cargo vessels, with ongoing expansions to boost capacity, such as the Jagna Port Expansion Project and construction of a deck apron to facilitate efficient loading and unloading. Recent repairs have targeted operational areas, underground utilities, and entrance gates to maintain functionality amid regular traffic. The port's role extends to supporting local commerce, including exports of agricultural products and fisheries, though it has experienced operational incidents like vessel groundings due to weather conditions. Complementing the main , the Jagna Fishport provides dedicated for handling, featuring four compartments for fish, agricultural products, and meat, plus an ice-making unit to aid local fisherfolk in preserving catches for market distribution. These maritime assets underpin Jagna's as a trading hub, enabling efficient movement of goods and people despite reliance on regional operators for scheduled services.

Road Networks and Public Transport

Jagna's road network primarily features the Tagbilaran East Road, a national secondary road classified under the Philippine highway system, which links the municipality to City and facilitates inter-municipal connectivity along Bohol's eastern corridor. Local roads, including access routes, form part of Bohol's Local Road Network Development Plan (LRNDP) 2021-2025, aimed at improving rural connectivity and maintenance, with Jagna benefiting from upgrades to support and . The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) has invested significantly in Jagna's , allocating ₱124.5 million in 2023 for projects such as the ₱50 million upgrade of the Malbog-Balili-Buyog to enhance local access and tourism, and a ₱50 million diversion in Pangdan to improve traffic flow. In 2022, DPWH expenditures reached ₱138.5 million, focusing on rehabilitation and drainage along national routes like the Tagbilaran-Jagna segment to mitigate flood risks and landslides. Recent initiatives include the 2025 inauguration of an access in Alejawan, funded through programs to boost barangay-level mobility. Public transportation in Jagna relies on tricycles for short intra-municipal trips, jeepneys for barangay-to-town routes, and buses for longer distances to destinations like City. Bus services, operated by companies such as Ceres and Dory Transit, run along the main highway with fares around ₱70 for the Jagna- route, providing scheduled departures from the municipal terminal. Jeepneys serve local networks, connecting barangays to the town center and port, though routes operate flexibly without fixed timetables, typical of Bohol's municipal systems. These modes support daily commuting for residents engaged in , farming, and trade, but face challenges from unpaved secondary roads during rainy seasons.

Utilities and Basic Services

Electricity in Jagna is provided by Bohol II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BOHECO II), a non-stock, non-profit electric distribution utility with its main office located in Barangay Cantagay. BOHECO II serves the eastern part of , including Jagna, and operates area offices to handle distribution and consumer services. is managed by the Jagna Waterworks System (JWS), a local government-operated utility established in 1925, which currently serves 11 of the municipality's 33 barangays from spring sources. In April 2025, the local government unit broke ground on a ₱244 million Integrated Potable System, funded by a World Bank grant and the Department of Agriculture, aimed at delivering 24/7 potable water to 30 barangays, including Alejawan, Balili, and Boctol, to reduce fetching time and improve health outcomes. Solid waste management follows the Jagna Solid Waste Management Code of 2009, with revisions ongoing as of December 2024, emphasizing segregation, collection schedules, and reduction efforts. The municipality launched Bohol's first high-tech Material Recovery Facility in December 2022 at the Eco Park in Tubod Mar, supporting a 10-year Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan focused on ecological practices. Jagna has been recognized as a for in , ranking fifth provincially in 2023 for initiatives reducing dependency. Telecommunications services include basic telephone provision by Cruzteelco and mobile network coverage for , , and signals across the area. Local providers such as Kinahugan Bojol Communications, Inc., based in , Jagna, offer telecommunications and related engineering services, while fiber internet options like Megafiber are available for residential and use.

Education and Human Capital

Primary and Secondary Education

Primary education in Jagna, Bohol, encompasses through Grade 6 and is primarily delivered through 25 public elementary schools operated under the Department of Education (DepEd). These schools serve the municipality's 33 barangays, focusing on foundational literacy, numeracy, and basic competencies as per the national K-12 curriculum implemented since 2013. Enrollment data specific to Jagna remains limited in public records, but national DepEd trends indicate high participation rates in rural areas like , with elementary net enrollment exceeding 90% in recent school years. Secondary education, covering Grades 7-12 including junior and senior high levels, is provided by 5 high schools and 4 private high schools. institutions, such as those in the Jagna District, emphasize completion rates amid challenges like resource constraints and geographic dispersion across hilly terrain, with studies noting factors like family income and access influencing Grade 10 completers in local secondaries. Private schools offer alternatives, often with smaller class sizes, though they represent a minority of options. DepEd oversees , teacher training, and infrastructure via the Schools Division of , with recent emphases on post-pandemic to address disruptions. Overall, in Jagna aligns with provincial averages, where cohort survival rates hover around 75% for elementary to secondary transition, constrained by economic pressures in an agriculture-dependent locality.

Higher Education Institutions

The primary higher education institution in Jagna is the Jagna campus of BIT International College, a private, non-sectarian institution that is part of the BIT International College system originating from the Bohol Institute of Technology founded in 1981. This campus provides undergraduate programs tailored to local needs, emphasizing teacher training and fields. Key offerings include bachelor's degrees in , such as the Bachelor of Elementary Education and Bachelor of Secondary Education with majors in , English, Filipino, General , and . The campus also houses the College of Criminal Justice, which prepares students for careers in ; its graduates demonstrated competence by passing the August 2025 Criminology Licensure Examination administered by the . Annual tuition for bachelor's programs at the Jagna campus ranges from ₱32,000 to ₱36,000, reflecting accessibility for regional students. While BIT International College Jagna serves as the main local provider, higher education options in the remain limited compared to larger centers like City, where institutions such as the University of and Holy Name University offer broader programs; many Jagna residents commute or relocate for specialized studies. No public universities or additional private colleges operate directly within Jagna boundaries as of 2025.

Literacy and Skill Development Challenges

Jagna exhibits a high basic literacy rate, recorded at 97% in 2002, encompassing functional and higher levels, with a subsequent survey in 2009 reporting 99.1% among households. However, provincial data for , which includes Jagna, indicates a basic literacy rate of 98.4% but a functional literacy rate of approximately 79.2% as of recent assessments, highlighting a gap where individuals can read and write basics yet struggle with comprehension, computation, and application in practical contexts. This discrepancy poses challenges for transitioning basic literacy into employable skills, particularly in a rural reliant on , fisheries, and emerging , where —estimated at 21% provincially—limits productivity and innovation. Public elementary schools in Jagna face overcrowded classrooms, with student-teacher ratios reaching 45:1, straining instructional quality and individualized attention, especially in multi-grade settings common in remote barangays. Teachers in the Third Congressional District, encompassing Jagna, report difficulties in engagement, resource scarcity, and managing diverse learning needs during early stages, as documented in studies from 2015–2016, exacerbating skill gaps from foundational levels. Multi-grade further compounds issues, with educators experiencing burnout from simultaneous lesson delivery across grades, inadequate materials, and administrative burdens, hindering effective skill-building in core competencies like problem-solving and . Skill development challenges stem from a mismatch between available training and local economic demands, where traditional sectors dominate but require modernization—such as mechanized farming or eco-tourism services—yet micro-enterprises in areas like Looc, Jagna, frequently fail due to deficiencies in , , and market adaptation skills among operators. While the TESDA Provincial Training Center in Jagna offers technical-vocational courses, enrollment and completion rates remain constrained by , geographic isolation, and limited , resulting in low uptake of programs tailored to high-value skills like or sustainable fisheries. Outmigration of youth seeking urban opportunities further depletes the local skilled labor pool, perpetuating reliance on under-skilled informal work and impeding community-level growth.

Tourism and Cultural Heritage

Natural and Eco-Tourism Attractions

Jagna's natural attractions emphasize low-impact eco-tourism, featuring waterfalls, caves, coastal areas, and upland landscapes that promote sustainable visitation with minimal infrastructure. These sites attract visitors seeking serene environments over mass tourism, with activities centered on hiking, swimming, and observation of endemic flora and marine life. Kinahugan Falls, located in Barangay Cabungaan, consists of three cascading tiers dropping into natural pools amid lush vegetation, accessible via a short 3-5 minute trail from the road with no formal entrance fee, only a voluntary . The site's clear waters and secluded setting support swimming and picnicking, drawing eco-conscious travelers for its unspoiled condition and proximity to Jagna town, approximately 5 km away. Eva Cave in Barangay Odiong, named for the large "Isa" tree at its entrance, reveals expansive chambers upon exploration beyond its narrow opening, surrounded by wild orchids and tropical tree ferns that enhance its value. Local communities derive economic benefits from guided visits, which highlight the cave's geological features without extensive development, preserving its natural state. Luinab Rice Terraces in Barangay Mayana offer panoramic views of hillside carvings between two mountains, exemplifying traditional wet-rice integrated with through observational trails that minimize environmental disturbance. Visitors access the site via motorcycle or , appreciating the terraces' scenic integration with the landscape. Canuba Beach in Barangay Can-uba features a 400-meter pebble shoreline with clear turquoise waters and minimal crowds, suitable for sunbathing and shallow amid rocky substrates rather than , fostering eco-friendly recreation without heavy commercialization. Mount Mayana, Bohol's highest peak at approximately 870 meters above in Barangay Mayana, supports and for outdoor enthusiasts, providing elevated views and access to highland eco-activities like strawberry picking at nearby organic farms that emphasize . The trail requires about an hour of trekking, promoting physical engagement with the terrain while limiting visitor numbers to sustain the . Jagna's shoreline, particularly near the bay, hosts formations comparable to renowned dive sites, enabling that underscores efforts amid the municipality's emphasis on preserving coastal biodiversity.

Historical and Faith-Based Sites

The St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church, the principal faith-based site in Jagna, was established on September 29, 1631, by Father Jose Sanchez, coinciding with the founding of the parish and town under the patronage of St. Michael the Archangel. The current stone edifice began construction in 1808 under Father F. Blas using forced labor and was completed in 1867 during the tenure of Father Ramon, reflecting Spanish colonial architectural influences typical of 's early churches. During the American occupation, the church was spared when U.S. forces burned much of the town in retaliation, underscoring its enduring role as a community sanctuary. The Ilihan Shrine, located on Ilihan Hill approximately half a kilometer from the town center via a winding road, serves as a key destination offering panoramic views of and the Bohol Sea. This hilltop site attracts the faithful for devotional visits, emphasizing its significance in local Catholic practices. Another notable religious landmark is the Birhen sa Barangay Shrine in Barangay Pangdan, accessible by foot from the municipal center, functioning as a favored spot for pilgrimages and personal prayer. These sites collectively highlight Jagna's deep-rooted Catholic heritage, shaped by Spanish efforts dating back to the 16th century when the area was first documented in 1565 during Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition.

Cultural Events and Preservation Efforts

Jagna's primary cultural events revolve around its annual festivals, which emphasize local traditions, cuisine, and religious heritage. The Calamay Festival, typically held from April 28 to 30, celebrates the municipality's status as the origin of Bohol's iconic calamay—a and from Can-upao—with activities including cooking demonstrations by traditional makers, free tastings, and contests at the municipal plaza and national highway. This event, which began in 2015, underscores Jagna's 190-year-old calamay-making industry and draws participants to showcase production techniques. The Sinu-og Estokada Festival forms the centerpiece of the September 29 fiesta honoring St. Michael the Archangel, the town's , reenacting 19th-century Christian victories over Moro pirates through synchronized rhythmic beats on bamboo poles, dances, costume parades, and symbolic depictions of celestial battles between . Practiced for over a century, it features community processions and performances that integrate historical narratives with , often culminating in evening searches for local participants. Additional events, such as the Jagna Baywalk Festival on , incorporate modern elements like music, dance competitions, and public gatherings to engage locals and visitors. Preservation initiatives prioritize documentation and institutional support to sustain these traditions amid modernization. A 2025 academic study documented the Sinu-og Estokada's distinctive polyrhythmic beat via transcription, notation, and , aiming to archive it as intangible Boholano heritage and prevent loss through oral transmission alone. The Municipal Development Council coordinates festival planning, promotes eco-cultural sites, and invests in facilities to bolster heritage-based . Local government plans, including the 2023 Annual Investment Program, allocate resources to embody and respect foundational cultural practices, complemented by restorations like the renovated historic municipal building to maintain architectural legacy. These efforts align with broader provincial strategies to integrate heritage preservation into .

Recent Developments and Future Prospects

Economic Initiatives Post-2019

In response to the economic disruptions from the and Odette in December 2021, Jagna's unit (LGU), under Joseph A. Rañola, prioritized agricultural support and programs. The Buyback Program, originating during the , procures palay directly from farmers at ₱17 per kilogram, processes it through and milling, and retails the at ₱29 per kilogram to residents, stabilizing supply chains, ensuring affordable staples, and providing guaranteed markets for producers amid volatile prices. This initiative expanded to include fish, meat, and vegetables, with a dedicated cold storage facility and processing infrastructure to mitigate post-harvest losses and inflation pressures on essentials. Infrastructure and agri-fishery enhancements formed another pillar, with the Department of Agriculture Region 7 handing over projects totaling ₱261,238,198 in 2025, including irrigation canal extensions in Capahan and components of the to improve crop yields and resilience against events. Complementing this, Rañola announced a ₱300 million package in 2025, incorporating buyback support facilities and road improvements to enhance market access and reduce logistics costs for farmers and fisherfolk. Sustainable farming efforts advanced through the Jagna Agri-eco Park in Barangay Tubod Mar, featuring bio-composting operations that produced 210 kilograms in initial batches to promote organic enrichment and reduce dependency on chemical inputs. Water security initiatives addressed a critical bottleneck for economic , with a ₱244 million World Bank grant-approved project breaking ground in April 2025; it includes three deep wells, pumping stations, an elevated reservoir, and rehabilitation of existing lines to supply potable water, thereby supporting health, agro-processing, and household-based enterprises. Labor support measures included a January 2025 hike for job order workers to bolster disposable incomes and stimulate local spending. These efforts, evaluated via analyses, underscore Jagna's emphasis on inclusive recovery and value-chain integration over the period.

Environmental and Sustainability Issues

Jagna, a coastal in , , contends with solid challenges exacerbated by , which has prompted local regulatory measures. Plastic bags were identified as a primary component of collected solid waste through integrated solid waste management assessments, leading to a municipal ban on their use implemented via a Technical Working Group proposal. This policy aligns with national efforts to curb , as the ranks among global leaders in marine plastic waste generation, with studies in examining its impacts on household behaviors and food purchasing. Deforestation and land degradation pose ongoing risks, with satellite data from Global Forest Watch recording 5 hectares of natural forest loss in Jagna between 2021 and 2024, accounting for 12% of total tree cover reduction and emitting approximately 2.45 kilotons of CO₂ equivalent. Earlier reports highlighted illegal quarrying and in upland areas near Jagna, such as the "Little Baguio" region, contributing to as of 2016. These activities, combined with broader challenges like of land resources and agricultural stagnation, amplify vulnerability to and reduced quality, including saline intrusion from declining water tables. Marine and coastal ecosystems in Jagna Bay face pressures from and threats, necessitating initiatives for resource protection. Local government workshops have focused on operational planning for preservation, including consultations on sustainable practices for mobulid rays in the Bohol Sea. Initial studies in Jagna Bay underscore prospects and challenges in tropical marine biosciences, such as assessing amid anthropogenic pressures, while community-driven coastal cleanups and waste segregation efforts aim to mitigate debris accumulation. Agricultural sustainability efforts address resilience, with the municipality promoting to counter and environmental stressors affecting food sufficiency. Recent revisions to waste disposal plans, as of December 2024, seek enhanced compliance with national standards to tackle constraints and promote zero- practices, though Jagna has not ranked among Bohol's top units for exemplary solid from 2021 to 2023. The Municipal Environment and Resources (MENRO) oversees these domains, enforcing policies for preservation amid tourism and agro-industrial growth.

Community Resilience and Local Innovations

Jagna's Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (MDRRMC) has prioritized establishing an (ICS) to enhance coordinated responses to natural calamities, drawing lessons from events like in 2012 and subsequent disasters. This framework supports rapid activation during emergencies, as demonstrated in efficient recoveries from localized flooding and landslides, underscoring the community's through structured local . Following the 7.2-magnitude earthquake on October 15, 2013, Jagna allocated Bohol Earthquake Assistance (BEA) funds totaling billions of pesos province-wide for rehabilitation, including repairs to the Units (RHUs) 1 and 2, which sustained partial damage. These efforts, part of a broader Post-Great Bohol Earthquake Rehabilitation Plan, restored essential health infrastructure and reinforced community preparedness via updated comprehensive plans spanning 2012–2016 and beyond. In agriculture, Jagna promotes initiatives to achieve food sufficiency and build resilience against climate variability and pressures, integrating sustainable practices to mitigate vulnerabilities observed in prior typhoons. Complementing this, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) has introduced technological safeguards for traditional calamay production—a sticky rice-based confection central to local economy—ensuring microbial safety through innovation while preserving artisanal methods. Local innovations extend to women-led enterprises, with convergence programs enhancing the calamay-making sector by providing , , and market linkages, fostering economic diversification in a fishing- and agriculture-dependent area. A 2025 social return on investment (SROI) analysis of municipal development projects, including like flood control and farm-to-market roads, quantified benefits in community empowerment and reduced , attributing gains to targeted local governance. These measures reflect causal linkages between proactive planning, empirical risk assessments, and sustained local capacity-building, prioritizing verifiable outcomes over unsubstantiated narratives.

References

  1. https://www.philatlas.com/visayas/r07/bohol/jagna.html
  2. https://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/AIP_2023.pdf
  3. https://citypopulation.de/en/philippines/visayas/admin/bohol/071225__jagna/
  4. https://jagna.gov.ph/jagna-home-of-the-original-calamay/history/
  5. https://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Jagna-Agri-Fishery-Modernization-and-Industrialization-Program-1.pdf
  6. https://theboholtribune.com/2023/01/22/mayor-ranola-focuses-on-agri-tourism-as-key-drivers-for-jagnas-economy-2/
  7. https://www.facebook.com/100093037006942/posts/what-is-the-history-of-jagna-boholjagna-a-coastal-municipality-in-bohol-philippi/671996035911624/
  8. https://jagna.gov.ph/about-jagna/
  9. https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/07/bohol-island-boholano-history-culture.html
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5004919/
  11. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/profile/bohol-facts-and-figures/bohol-an-area-profile/history/
  12. https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Bohol_Province%2C_Philippines_Genealogy
  13. https://bangonbohol.weebly.com/jagna.html
  14. https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/scriptorium/scriven/bohol-history.html
  15. https://jagna.gov.ph/fil-american-war-heroes-commemorated/
  16. https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/jagna-martyrs/
  17. http://nhcphistoricsites.blogspot.com/2021/12/jagna-martyrs.html
  18. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1111444.pdf
  19. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/july-4-1946-philippines-independence
  20. https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1583/today-in-philippine-history-july-4-1946-the-treaty-of-manila-was-signed
  21. https://www.bohol.ph/article.php?id=28
  22. https://jagna.gov.ph/quake-jolts-bohol-affects-jagna/
  23. https://jagna.gov.ph/2013/page/3/
  24. https://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/PROJECTS-2016-2024-1.pdf
  25. https://jagna.gov.ph/projects-and-accomplishment-reports/
  26. https://jagna.gov.ph/exe-2/
  27. http://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Jagna-CLUP-2013-2020.pdf
  28. https://bohol-philippines.com/bohol-geography/
  29. https://en-ca.topographic-map.com/map-3mmx18/Jagna/
  30. https://adrenalineromance.com/2017/05/31/fascinating-jagna-a-fresh-heritage-and-adventure-destination-in-bohol/
  31. https://jagna.gov.ph/jagna-home-of-the-original-calamay/tourism/
  32. https://www.aroundbohol.com/bohols-best-mountains-trails-and-national-parks-for-hiking-enthusiasts-and-nature-lovers/
  33. https://rsso07.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-population-municipality-jagna-based-results-2020-census-population-and-housing
  34. https://bohol.gov.ph/about/municipalities/3rd-district/jagna/
  35. https://jagna.gov.ph/brgy-new/
  36. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/ppdofiles/PRNDP/PRNDPv1.pdf
  37. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/profile/bohol-facts-and-figures/fast-facts-about-bohol/
  38. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/ppdofiles/BAMPv4.pdf
  39. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/ppdofiles/BAMPv1.pdf
  40. https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/5222
  41. http://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Jagna-DRRMC-Plan-4-1-2011.pdf
  42. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/maps/hazard-maps/
  43. https://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Jagna-5-Year-DRRM-Plan-Final.pdf
  44. https://rsso07.psa.gov.ph/system/files?file=infographics/2022-IG12-033.pdf
  45. https://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Chapter-3_Jagna.pdf
  46. https://beta.psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684059978
  47. https://rsso07.psa.gov.ph/system/files/attachment-dir/Special%2520Release_POPCEN_Bohol.pdf
  48. https://beta.psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing
  49. https://jagna.gov.ph/about-jagna/festivities/
  50. https://jagna.gov.ph/kurus-kurus-gagmay/
  51. https://jagna.gov.ph/organizational-chart/
  52. https://jagna.gov.ph/org_structure_mpdco/
  53. http://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/7th-SB-Internal-Rules-of-Procedure.pdf
  54. https://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/7th-Sangguniang-Bayan-Committees-on-Internal-Rules-of-Procedures.pdf
  55. https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/644434/mark-monungol-jagnas-first-openly-lgbtqia-mayor-makes-history
  56. https://cmci.dti.gov.ph/lgu-profile.php?lgu=Jagna
  57. https://www.boholchronicle.com.ph/2023/12/18/jagna-mayor-not-resigning-in-december/
  58. https://www.bworldonline.com/opinion/2022/08/14/468159/the-jagna-baywalk-mangrove-belt-and-mayor-joseph-ranola/
  59. https://jagna.gov.ph/jagna-shines-in-bohol-competitiveness-summit-bags-multiple-awards/
  60. https://jagna.gov.ph/info-resources/municipal-officials-2/
  61. https://jagna.gov.ph/jagna-home-of-the-original-calamay/municipal-officials/
  62. https://halalanresults-aws.abs-cbn.com/local/bohol/jagna
  63. https://www.facebook.com/jagnaofficial/posts/mayor-ra%25C3%25B1ola-unveils-300m-worth-of-infrastructure-projects-for-jagnajagna-bohol-/929578392694510/
  64. https://jagna.gov.ph/mayor-joseph-ranola-shares-his-expertise/
  65. https://jagna.gov.ph/jagna-home-of-the-original-calamay/awards-and-recognitions/
  66. https://www.facebook.com/jagnaofficial/posts/da-lgu-jagna-break-ground-for-244-m-integrated-potable-water-system-a-historic-m/995408079444874/
  67. https://www.boholchronicle.com.ph/2025/03/05/p244-million-world-bank-grant-for-jagna-water-project-okd/
  68. https://rfo7.da.gov.ph/index.php/da7-turns-over-agri-fishery-projects-in-jagna-bohol/
  69. https://pia.gov.ph/news/bohol-town-completes-plan-to-institutionalize-forest-management/
  70. https://www.boholchronicle.com.ph/2023/06/19/ombudsman-drops-complaint-vs-jagna-mayor/
  71. https://theboholtimes.com/?p=5874
  72. https://theboholtribune.com/2021/11/21/ombudsman-junks-ranolas-cases-vs-jamora-2/
  73. https://theboholtimes.com/?p=15415
  74. https://politiko.com.ph/2025/04/30/transparency-at-its-best-meet-the-bohol-town-mayor-who-inspired-lacsons-budget-crusade/politiko-lokal/
  75. https://qa.philstar.com/nation/2025/08/16/2465848/graft-raps-ordered-filed-vs-bohol-governor
  76. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/profile/bohol-facts-and-figures/bohol-an-area-profile/the-economy-agricultural-productivity/
  77. https://jagna.gov.ph/welcome-to-jagna/
  78. https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/06/14/2450342/special-report-how-small-bohol-town-sells-rice-p29kilo
  79. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/profile/socio-economic-profile/economic-development/agriculture/fisheries/marine-municipal-fisheries/
  80. https://jagna.gov.ph/infra-da-2020/
  81. https://verafiles.org/articles/diminishing-catch-in-overfished-bohol-waters
  82. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/profile/socio-economic-profile/infrastructure-development/transport-and-access/seaport/
  83. https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11866654_03.pdf
  84. https://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/BUDGET-BOOK_oct_2024.pdf
  85. https://boholislandnews.com/2025/06/22/jagnas-balancing-act-to-budget-cuts-savings/
  86. https://blgf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/By-LGU-ARI-and-Dependencies-2019.xlsx
  87. https://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/01-Jagna2021_Audit_Report.pdf
  88. https://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/AIP-2019.pdf
  89. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1937320800433066&id=100024654936607&set=a.145276709637493
  90. http://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Jagna-CDP-2010-2016.pdf
  91. https://www.facebook.com/BoholGovPH/posts/poverty-incidence-among-families-in-bohol-eased-to-148-in-2023-from-191-in-2021-/972420534929474/
  92. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/profile/bohol-facts-and-figures/bohols-development-challenges/
  93. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389518950_Factors_Influencing_the_Failure_of_Micro-enterprises_in_Looc_Jagna_Bohol
  94. http://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/MPRAP-Jagna-1st-draft.pdf
  95. https://thefreight.net/port/jagna-phjag/
  96. http://www.pmocdo.ppa.com.ph/fare-rates-for-rolling-cargo-balbagon-to-jagna-and-vice-versa/
  97. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZQoJxw-J4U
  98. https://www.jfapconstruction.com/projects/construction-of-rc-deck-apron-port-of-jagna-bohol/
  99. https://www.ppa.com.ph/ppa-projects?field_office_value=PMO%2520Bohol&keys=&page=1
  100. https://www.marineinsight.com/shipping-news/ferry-runs-aground-near-philippines-coast-all-506-passengers-rescued/
  101. https://jagna.gov.ph/jagna-holds-successful-dry-of-buy-back-program/
  102. https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/webform/civil_works/notice_to_proceed/24ha0054_-_ntp.pdf
  103. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/plan-reports/development-plans/local-road-network-development-plan-lrndp/lrndp-2021-2025/
  104. https://jagna.gov.ph/infra-dpwh-2023/
  105. https://jagna.gov.ph/infra-dpwh-2022/
  106. https://www.facebook.com/ByahengGAAbante/posts/residents-of-barangay-alejawan-in-jagna-bohol-blessed-and-inaugurated-a-new-infr/1276704650795609/
  107. https://timetravelbee.com/en/places/bohol-public-transport/
  108. https://www.traveltabai.com/travel-guide-jagna-tagbilaran-bohol/
  109. https://bohol-philippines.com/bohol-bus-routes-guide/
  110. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/plan-reports/development-plans/local-road-network-development-plan-lrndp/
  111. https://www.boheco2.com.ph/about
  112. https://www.boheco2.com.ph/
  113. https://jagna.gov.ph/info-resources/legislative/jagna-waterworks-system-office/
  114. http://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Jagna-Solid-Waste-Management-Code-2009.pdf
  115. https://theboholtribune.com/2024/12/15/town-news-jagna-104/
  116. https://jagna.gov.ph/launching-of-first-high-tech-material-recycling-facility/
  117. https://boholislandnews.com/2023/12/14/10-lgus-solid-waste-management-cited-as-role-models-in-bohol/
  118. https://region7.ntc.gov.ph/regional-profile/telecommunication-provider/
  119. https://www.kinahugan.com/
  120. https://www.facebook.com/megafiber.jagna/
  121. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/5-Data-Bits-Enrollment-Data-May.pdf
  122. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/2317496
  123. https://www.depedbohol.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DM-No.-318-s.-2024.pdf
  124. https://www.teacherph.com/basic-education-statistics-philippines/
  125. https://www.bitic.edu.ph/about/
  126. https://www.bitic.edu.ph/jagna/
  127. https://www.finduniversity.ph/universities/bit-international-college-jagna-campus/undergraduate-courses/
  128. https://www.facebook.com/criminologydepartment.jagna/
  129. https://www.finduniversity.ph/universities/bit-international-college-jagna-campus/
  130. https://www.finduniversity.ph/universities/province-bohol/
  131. https://ched.gov.ph/list-of-higher-education-institutions-2/
  132. https://jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/ICRM-Plan-Draft-Jagna.pdf
  133. https://rsso07.psa.gov.ph/system/files/publication/Stats%2520in%2520a%2520Flash_Bohol_April%25202025.pdf
  134. https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/639911/filipinos-in-central-visayas-92-out-of-100-can-read-and-write-but
  135. https://www.facebook.com/theboholmonitor/posts/bohol-ranks-7th-in-philippines-literacy-surveythe-philippine-province-of-bohol-r/1262559565232939/
  136. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381643811_Challenges_Faced_by_Public_School_Teachers_in_Teaching_Pupils_in_the_Third_District_of_Bohol
  137. https://scispace.com/pdf/challenges-faced-by-public-school-teachers-in-teaching-3pwazevxs9.pdf
  138. https://jippublication.com/index.php/jip/article/view/1473
  139. https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/factors-influencing-the-failure-of-micro-enterprises-in-looc-jagna-bohol/
  140. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/395251566_Factors_Influencing_the_Failure_of_Micro-Enterprises_in_Looc_Jagna_Bohol
  141. https://sites.google.com/a/tesda.gov.ph/tesda-regional-office-vii/corporate-information/tesda-vii-operating-units/bohol/jagna
  142. https://www.tesda.gov.ph/Tvi/sch?sch=1692
  143. https://thefroggyadventures.com/kinahugan-falls-bohol/
  144. https://www.jonnymelon.com/kinahugan-falls/
  145. https://forevervacation.com/bohol/kinahugan-falls
  146. https://www.localphilippines.com/attractions/eva-cave
  147. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g1439399-d7142241-Reviews-Luinab_Rice_Terraces-Jagna_Bohol_Island_Bohol_Province_Visayas.html
  148. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g1439399-d7142287-Reviews-Canuba_Beach-Jagna_Bohol_Island_Bohol_Province_Visayas.html
  149. https://bohollocal.ph/products/can-uba-beach
  150. https://theboholana.blog/2020/06/20/things-to-do-in-jagna-bohol/
  151. https://www.tripadvisor.com/AttractionProductReview-g1066348-d21162323-Bohol_Strawberry_Farm_Tour-Tagbilaran_City_Bohol_Island_Bohol_Province_Visayas.html
  152. https://www.alltrails.com/philippines/bohol
  153. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g1439399-Activities-Jagna_Bohol_Island_Bohol_Province_Visayas.html
  154. https://jagna.gov.ph/jagna-holds-first-calamay-festival/
  155. https://eazytraveler.net/2017/05/calamay-festival-jagna-bohol/
  156. https://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index_title_ProvinceofBohol_func_all_pid_3765_tbl_0.html
  157. https://jagna.gov.ph/jagna-baywalk-festival-celebration-of-music-dance-and-fun/
  158. https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/preserving-heritage-sinu-og-estokada-beat-of-jagna-bohol/
  159. https://jagna.gov.ph/info-resources/special-bodies/municipal-tourism-development-council/
  160. https://ppdo.bohol.gov.ph/profile/bohol-facts-and-figures/bohols-development-path/overall-development-framework/
  161. https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/06/13/2450114/special-report-how-small-bohol-town-sells-rice-p29kilo
  162. https://jagna.gov.ph/mayor-ranola-unveils-%25E2%2582%25B1300m-worth-of-infrastructure-projects-for-jagna/
  163. https://jagna.gov.ph/growing-agriculture-municipality-of-jagna-food-sufficiency-and-resilience/
  164. https://www.facebook.com/jagnaofficial/posts/lgu-jagna-increases-daily-wages-for-job-order-workersjagna-bohol-mayor-joseph-a-/932284712423878/
  165. https://jagna.gov.ph/use-of-plastic-bags-banned-in-jagna/
  166. https://reserds.vsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Vol9_1_2025_p5_Sajulga-et-al.pdf
  167. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/PHL/15/26?category=forest-change
  168. https://www.boholchronicle.com.ph/2016/08/16/little-baguio-of-bohol-ravaged-by-illegal-quarrying-and-logging/
  169. https://jagna.gov.ph/jagna-firm-in-marine-ecosystem-protection/
  170. https://jagna.gov.ph/protecting-the-bohol-sea-for-future-generations/
  171. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319148435_Initiatives_prospects_and_challenges_in_tropical_marine_biosciences_in_Jagna_Bay_Bohol_Island_Philippines
  172. https://theboholtribune.com/2024/04/28/town-news-jagna-73/
  173. https://jagna.gov.ph/exe-2/menro/
  174. https://jagna.gov.ph/mdrrmc-establishes-ics/
  175. https://theboholtribune.com/2024/03/10/town-news-jagna-66/
  176. http://www.jagna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/BoholRehabPlan.pdf
  177. https://jagna.gov.ph/bea-updates/
  178. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/cordova-public-college/bs-hospitality-management/jagna-bohol-5-year-comprehensive-disaster-risk-reduction-plan-2012-2016/141691953
  179. https://www.facebook.com/DOST.Region7/posts/behind-every-sweet-bite-of-jagnas-famous-calamay-is-the-power-of-science-keeping/1132960229008766/
  180. https://library.pcw.gov.ph/?sdm_process_download=1&download_id=10044
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.