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Dog Latin
Dog Latin
Dog Latin
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Broken "Latin" inscription in Fishguard

Dog Latin, or cod Latin, is a phrase or jargon that imitates Latin.[1] This is often done by what is referred to as "translating" English words (or those of other languages) into Latin by conjugating or declining them, as if they were Latin words. Dog Latin is usually a humorous device used for mocking scholarly seriousness. The term can also refer to a poor-quality attempt at writing genuine Latin.[2]

Origins and history

[edit]

The origins of Dog Latin can be traced back to early examples in literature. For example, Dog Latin predates Shakespeare, whose 1590s play, Love's Labour's Lost, includes a reference to dog Latin:

Costard: Go to; thou hast it ad dungill, at the fingers' ends, as they say.
Holofernes: O, I smell false Latine; dunghill for unguem.[3][4]

The term was also mentioned by Thomas Jefferson in 1815, indicating its use in scholarly and literary contexts:

Fifty-two volumes in folio, of the acta sanctorum, in dog-latin, would be a formidable enterprise to the most laborious German.[5]

Examples

[edit]
  • Illegitimi non carborundum, interpreted as "Don't let the bastards grind you down." Offred, the protagonist of the novel The Handmaid's Tale, finds a similar phrase scratched into the wall of her wardrobe: Nolite te bastardes carborundorum.
  • Semper ubi sub ubi is unintelligible in Latin, but translates word for word as 'always where under where', interpreted as 'always wear underwear'.[6]
  • A once-common schoolboy doggerel which, though very poor Latin, would have done a tolerable job of reinforcing the rhythms of Latin hexameters:

Patres conscripti took a boat, and went to Philippi;
Boatum est upsettum, magno cum grandine venti.
Omnes drownderunt qui swim away non potuerunt.
Trumpeter unus erat, qui coatum scarlet habebat;
Et magnum periwig, tied about with the tail of a dead pig.[7]

Which translates to:

The conscript fathers [i.e. Senators] took a boat and went to Philippi.
The boat was upset by a great hailstorm of wind.
All drowned who could not swim away.
There was a trumpeter, who had a scarlet coat,
and a great periwig, tied about with the tail of a dead pig.

The meter uses Latin vowel quantities for the Latin parts, and to some extent follows English stress in the English parts.
Another variant has similar lines in a different order:

Stormum surgebat et boatum oversetebat
Excipe John Periwig tied up to the tail of a dead pig.[8]

The meaning here is "The storm rose up and overturned the boat" and "Except for John Periwig", etc.

Caesar adsum jam forte
Brutus aderat
Caesar sic in omnibus
Brutus sic in at

When read aloud using traditional English pronunciation of Latin, it sounds like the following:

Caesar 'ad [had] some jam for tea
Brutus 'ad a rat
Caesar sick in omnibus
Brutus sick in 'at [hat]

But really means:

I, Caesar, am already here by chance
Brutus was present
Caesar thus in all things
Brutus thus in but

  • The following spoof of legal Latin, in the fictional case of Daniel v Dishclout (from George Alexander Stevens' "Lecture on Heads", 1765),[10] describes a kitchen:

camera necessaria pro usus cookare, cum saucepannis, stewpannis, scullero, dressero, coalholo, stovis, smoak-jacko; pro roastandum, boilandum, fryandum, et plumpudding mixandum, pro turtle soupos, calve's-head-hashibus, cum calipee et calepashibus.

In English, this is:

A necessary room for the purpose of cooking, with saucepans, stewpans, scullery, dresser, coalhole, stoves, smoke-jack; for roasting, boiling, frying, and mixing plum pudding, for turtle soups, calves'-head hashes, with calipee and calipashes.

  • In a similar vein, a humorous love song of 1782, the text of which is attributed to John O'Keefe, states:

Amo, amas, I love a lass,
As a cedar tall and slender;
Sweet cowslip's grace is her nominative case,
And she's of the feminine gender.

Chorus:
Rorum corum sunt divorum,
Harum scarum divo;
Tag rag merry derry, periwig and hatband,
Hic hoc horum genetivo.

Can I decline a nymph divine?
Her voice as a flute is dulcis;
Her oculus bright, her manus white,
And soft when I tacto her pulse is.

(Chorus)

O how bella my puella
I'll kiss sæcula sæculorum;
If I've luck, sir, she's my uxor,
O dies benedictorum.

  • Starting with its second season, The Red Green Show closes each episode with the recitation of the Possum Lodge motto, Quando omni flunkus moritati – which can be translated as "When all else fails, play dead". In one episode, some of the members break away to form the rival Salamander Lodge, whose motto is Quando omni flunkus terra retreatum ("When all else fails, climb under a rock").
  • Finnish death metal band Omnium Gatherum gets its name from 1500s era butchered Latin meaning "a hodgepodge of various things".
  • The title of death/folk metal Verbal Deception's debut album Aurum Aetus Piraticus is Dog Latin for "Golden Age of Piracy".
  • The songs of Era, a musical project by Eric Lévi, usually have nonsensical lyrics written in Dog Latin.
  • Many of the Roman military officials in the English version of the cartoon Asterix by René Goscinny have Dog Latin names, e.g. "Crismus Bonus"
  • The magazine name Atlas Obscura, while not wrong in and of itself, is improper Latin. In Latin, Atlas is the name of either the Greek Titan, or the mountain range named after him, and does not refer to a collection of maps.
  • A running gag in the series of Looney Tunes cartoons starring Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner assigns different fake Dog Latin species names in each episode to Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner, i.e. "Eatibus Anythingus" and "Acceleratti Incredibilus".[11] The actual Latin species names for the coyote and road runner were used in a 2003 episode of the series, Whizzard of Ow.
  • The Warhammer 40,000 wargame universe makes frequent use of pseudo-Latin (which is referred to in-universe as 'High Gothic') in its product names and background material.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Dog Latin

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Dog Latin, also known as mock Latin, Cod Latin, macaronic Latin, or Latinicus, is a form of spurious or poorly constructed Latin used for humorous, satirical, or derisive purposes, typically by applying Latin grammatical endings and declensions to words from other languages, such as English, to mimic scholarly or pretentious . This pseudo-language often results in mangled phrases that sound superficially authentic but deviate from proper and vocabulary, serving as a of classical learning or legalistic jargon. The term "Dog Latin" emerged in the mid-17th century, with the earliest recorded use dating to 1661 in the writings of George Carew, though similar mock-Latin constructions appear earlier in English literature, such as in William Shakespeare's (1597), where characters employ "false Latin" for comedic effect. Etymologically, the prefix "dog-" conveys contempt or inferiority, akin to other English compounds like "" for crude verse, reflecting a long-standing tradition of using "dog" to denote something bastardized or low-quality. Historically, Dog Latin has been associated with illiterate attempts at Latin composition, as seen in medieval and texts where non-native speakers pieced together Latin words using native grammatical rules, and it gained popularity in satirical works, legal parodies, and to lampoon pedantry. Notable examples include phrases like Caesar adsum jam forte from 19th-century humorous and schoolboy parodies, or modern adaptations such as pencilicus (from "pencil") and Instagramus (from ""), which append Latin suffixes like -us, -ium, or -icus to everyday terms. In broader usage, Dog Latin appears in spells from the series (e.g., Expecto Patronum) and in science fiction, blending English roots with Latin morphology to evoke an air of ancient while remaining intentionally flawed. Despite its playful origins, it underscores the cultural reverence for Latin in Western education and underscores how linguistic imitation can both honor and mock classical heritage.

Definition and Characteristics

Definition

Dog Latin is a form of mock or pseudo-Latin created primarily for humorous or satirical effect, often by deliberately mangling , vocabulary, or syntax, or by translating words from modern languages—such as English—into superficially Latin-like forms through improper conjugation, , or coinage. This approach results in phrases that mimic the appearance and sound of while lacking its structural integrity. Unlike genuine Latin, which is an Indo-European language with a well-defined , standardized vocabulary, and historical use in , , and from onward, Dog Latin is intentionally flawed and not intended as a functional , variant, or legitimate linguistic evolution. It serves as a rather than a serious attempt at communication in Latin. The term "Dog Latin" emerged in the mid-17th century, with its earliest recorded use in 1661 by George Carew, drawing on the English word "dog" in its attributive sense to denote something inferior, mongrel, or debased, thereby suggesting a corrupted or low-quality imitation of Latin. Alternative names for this pseudo-language include Latin, mock Latin, macaronic Latin, and Latinicus, the last of which literally means "dog-like Latin" in actual Latin. As a member of the broader category of pseudo-languages—constructed systems that imitate real languages without full grammatical coherence—Dog Latin specifically targets Latin for its imitation, emphasizing comedic distortion over secrecy or utility, as seen in other pseudo-languages like Pig Latin.

Linguistic Features

Dog Latin exhibits deliberate grammatical distortions that parody classical Latin while adhering loosely to its superficial forms, primarily through the misapplication of declensions and conjugations to non-Latin elements. English words or phrases are often treated as Latin roots and altered with incorrect endings, such as nominative -us for masculine nouns or accusative -um, but these follow English subject-verb-object word order rather than Latin's flexible syntax. A core technique involves literal translations of English idioms or expressions into pseudo-Latin structures, where modern vocabulary is fitted into Latin grammatical frameworks without regard for authentic morphology or semantics. This results in pseudo-verbs formed from English bases using Latin or tense endings, and pseudo-nouns declined across cases but retaining meanings. Morphologically, Dog Latin relies on added suffixes like -us, -a, -um, or -is to English or other non-Latin stems, creating hybrid words that evoke Latin authenticity through phonetic resemblance, such as aspirated or vowel terminations typical of Romance influences. Phonetically, it incorporates Latin-like intonation and rhythm but blends in sounds, often exaggerating diphthongs or eliding syllables for comedic effect. These features distinguish Dog Latin from , a syllable-shifting code designed for playful secrecy rather than scholarly imitation, and from macaronic verse, which interweaves multiple languages for artistic multilingualism instead of focusing on faux-Latin pedantry.

Historical Development

Origins

Dog Latin, as a form of mock Latin, traces its earliest roots to medieval , where linguistic mixtures of Latin and vernaculars appeared in religious and literary texts as early as the , though these were often functional rather than deliberately parodic. By the late 15th century in Renaissance , the phenomenon crystallized into macaronic Latin, a deliberate blend of with Italian vernacular words, used primarily in to satirize pedantic scholars and corrupt clergy. The genre's name derives from "macaroni," implying a crude, hodgepodge mixture akin to peasant food, and it served as a vehicle for humorously critiquing intellectual pretensions and ecclesiastical abuses. A pivotal example is Teofilo Folengo's Baldus (1517), a macaronic epic that chivalric romances and medieval through grotesque linguistic distortions, marking the evolution of these mixtures into intentional parody. In 15th- and 16th-century poetry across , macaronic Latin influenced the development of Dog Latin by providing a template for hybrid forms that exaggerated grammatical errors and vernacular intrusions for comic effect. Poets like Folengo employed it to lampoon the overly ornate styles of humanist scholars, transforming earlier bilingual experiments—seen in English plays such as Mankind (c. 1470), where "dog-Latin" phrases like "bredibus" mocked clerical pomposity—into a broader tool of . This evolution highlighted tensions between and emerging vernaculars, positioning mock Latin as a critique of elite education and religious authority during the era. The first documented use of the term "Dog Latin" in English appears around 1661, in the writings of George Carew, reflecting its association with burlesques that ridiculed educational pedantry and anti-Catholic sentiments in post-Reformation . In this context, it often appeared in satirical pamphlets and plays targeting Catholic rituals or Jesuit sophistry, such as hybrid phrases parodying liturgical Latin to underscore Protestant critiques of "popish" . The advent of the in the mid-15th century played a crucial role in disseminating these works, enabling wider circulation of affordable texts that made mock Latin humor accessible to non-Latin-speaking audiences and fueling its spread as popular entertainment.

Evolution and Spread

In the , Dog Latin proliferated in British satirical during the Enlightenment, serving as a tool to mock the pretensions of classical and elitist . frequently incorporated mock Latin passages in his pamphlets and essays, such as in (1704), where phonetic distortions and hybrid forms ridiculed pedantic verbosity, facilitating its dissemination through printed media and intellectual discourse. This usage aligned with broader Enlightenment critiques of , spreading via newspapers, satirical pamphlets, and theatrical farces that lampooned academic pomposity. By the 19th century, Dog Latin had embedded itself in British and American educational contexts, particularly as schoolboy humor and anti-elitist satire amid the expansion of classical curricula in public schools. Percival Leigh's The Comic Latin Grammar (1840) exemplified this, parodying standard grammars like those from Eton to expose Latin's role as a social barrier, appealing to middle-class readers through accessible jests while winking at the educated elite. Its popularity grew with the proliferation of grammar books and extended to American contexts via transatlantic print culture, reinforcing its role in humorous critiques of institutional rigidity. In the , Dog Latin adapted to , appearing in wartime slang and to evoke levity amid modernity. During , the phrase "" ("Don't let the bastards grind you down") emerged as a morale-boosting among British and American troops, its pseudo-Latin form drawing on earlier satirical traditions for ironic resilience. Postwar, it surfaced in jingles and media, such as mock mottos in product promotions, blending humor with faux antiquity. Globally, variations of Dog Latin manifested in non-English contexts, adapting mock Latin structures to local vernaculars for satirical effect. In , macaronic Latin—a close relative—influenced forms like Italian balato maccheronico in 16th-century poetry and later German Küchenlatein (kitchen Latin) for everyday , with early modern samples showing nonce borrowings across 11 language pairs from Romance and Germanic tongues. These adaptations preserved its humorous essence while tailoring it to regional linguistic norms.

Notable Examples and Uses

Common Phrases

Dog Latin phrases often mimic the structure of classical Latin while incorporating English words, literal translations, or grammatical errors for humorous effect, resulting in pseudo-Latin that conveys everyday English sentiments through faux grammar. These constructions typically involve treating English nouns and verbs as Latin equivalents, adding incorrect endings, or using real Latin words in absurd combinations to parody formal language. A seminal collection of such phrases appears in Percival Leigh's 1840 satirical work The Comic Latin Grammar: A New and Facetious Introduction to the Latin Tongue, which provides numerous examples illustrating the playful debasement of Latin syntax and vocabulary. Among motivational or cautionary phrases, "" stands out as a modern Dog Latin , fabricated around 1939 and popularized during , literally suggesting "bastards not grind down" to mean "Don't let the bastards grind you down." This phrase exemplifies the technique of anglicizing English idioms into Latin-like forms by altering "illegitimate" to "illegitimi" (a non-existent ablative ) and inventing "carborundum" from the abrasive material's name to evoke "grinding." Similarly, "Semper ubi sub ubi," a mid-20th-century schoolyard dating to at least the , breaks down word-for-word as "always where under where," humorously interpreted as "Always wear underwear," relying on phonetic similarity to English rather than grammatical coherence. Historical examples from Leigh's grammar demonstrate literal translations and parodic warnings. For instance, "Mens tuus ego" renders "Mind your eye" as a faux imperative, using "mens" (mind) and "tuus" (your) incorrectly to mimic a vigilant command. "Cave canem" itself, meaning "Beware of the dog" in genuine Latin, inspired Dog Latin parodies like "Illic vadis cum oculo tuo ex" ("There you go with your eye out"), a cautionary twist warning of injury through mangled ablatives and prepositions. Another everyday query, "Quomodo est mater tua?" ("How’s your mother?"), applies real Latin interrogatives to an informal English greeting, highlighting the absurdity of direct substitution. In legal and medical contexts, phrases parody professional jargon. "Bona et catalla" (" and chattels") twists English legal terms into Latin neuters for comic formality, while "Fiat haustus ter die capiendus" ("Let a draught be made, to be taken a day") satirizes prescriptions with passive infinitives that sound authoritative yet overly literal. Literary and proverbial themes abound in Leigh's examples, often drawing from classical allusions. "Judæi ad commodandum nobis vivunt" ("The live to accommodate us") plays on ambiguous gerunds for satirical , questioning whether it means lending or something more sinister. "Maritum quies plurimum juvat" ("Rest very much delighteth a married man—when he can get it") uses excess to humorously lament spousal demands. Comparisons like "Ajacem 'Surdo' componere sæpe solebam" ("I was often accustomed to compare Ajax to the 'Deaf un'—not because he was hard of hearing, but hard in hitting") mock epic similes with slangy English embedded in imperfect subjunctives. "Comparo Pompeium cum globo nivali" ("I compare with a snow-ball") extends the parody to historical figures, absurdly likening a general to melting ice. Finally, "Menelaus Paridi fustuarium promisit" (" promised a drubbing") translates a Homeric threat into colloquial "drubbing" as a , underscoring the hybrid nature of Dog Latin humor. These phrases collectively showcase Dog Latin's reliance on word-for-word English-to-Latin translation, grammatical faux pas, and cultural satire, making the obscure seem comically accessible.

Applications in Literature and Media

Dog Latin has been employed in literature to satirize classical scholarship and bureaucratic pomposity, as seen in the works of . In his exchanges with Thomas Sheridan, Swift crafted elaborate Anglo-Latin jeux d'esprit, blending English syntax with pseudo-Latin forms to mock pedantic language use between 1730 and 1737. These playful distortions, evolving from schoolboy dog Latin, appear in satirical pieces like fragments of Polite Conversation, where Swift parodies formal discourse through mangled Latin phrases. In modern fantasy literature, Terry Pratchett's series frequently incorporates "Latatian," a fictional analog to dog Latin, for humorous effect in guild mottos and titles. For instance, in Jingo, awards an honorary degree titled Doctorum Adamus cum Flabello Dulci, a punning pseudo-Latin phrase evoking scholarly absurdity. Pratchett uses such constructions to lampoon academic and heraldic traditions, often twisting English idioms into Latin-like forms for comedic wordplay. Dog Latin features prominently in film and animation for character names and dialogue that parody historical settings. In Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979), the graffiti scene showcases Brian's inept inscription "Romanes eunt domus," corrected by a centurion to the proper "Romani ite domum," highlighting grammatical errors typical of dog Latin to underscore themes of linguistic authority and rebellion. The film also employs punning names like Biggus Dickus and Sillius Soddus to mock Roman nomenclature through vulgar, faux-Latin compounds. Animated media, such as the Road Runner cartoons, uses dog Latin in mock to label characters, enhancing the slapstick humor. Wile E. Coyote is repeatedly named variants like Eatius Birdius or Carnivorous Vulgaris, while the Road Runner appears as Accelleratii Incredibus, deliberately mangling scientific Latin conventions for ironic effect in chases dating back to the 1949 short . These pseudo-classifications satirize pedantic while tying into the characters' predatory dynamic. In the fantasy genre, J.K. Rowling's series relies on dog Latin for spell incantations, creating an aura of ancient magic through pseudo-Latin roots. Spells like Expelliarmus (from Latin expellere, "to drive out," and arma, "weapons") and Lumos (echoing lumen, "light") blend real etymologies with invented forms to evoke incantatory power, as Rowling intended Latin as the wizards' "dead language" for charms. This approach, often termed or pseudo-Latin, reinforces the series' scholarly tone without requiring fluency. Dog Latin appears in educational texts and to gently mock classical studies, making Latin accessible through . Percival Leigh's The Comic Latin Grammar () parodies traditional grammars by defining "Dog Latin" as a barbarous form used for humorous effect, with examples like mangled declensions to illustrate errors in a lighthearted way. In like and Albert Uderzo's series, Roman characters bear punning dog Latin names such as , poking fun at imperial bureaucracy while educating readers on through wordplay.

Cultural and Modern Significance

Humorous and Satirical Role

Dog Latin functions primarily as a vehicle for humor and , parodying the pretentious use of to mock academic , scholarly seriousness, and religious . By deliberately mangling , vocabulary, and syntax with vernacular elements, it creates accessible imitations that deflate the grandeur associated with the language of the learned. This approach allows creators to expose the absurdities of authority without requiring deep linguistic knowledge, turning elite into a shared . In medieval contexts, such as the Mankind (c. 1470), dog-Latin served to satirize clerical authority, with vice characters like New-gyse and Nought employing distorted Latin phrases—such as perverted biblical quotations—to ridicule the solemn diction of the virtuous figure and undermine pomp. This technique highlighted the hypocrisy and inaccessibility of Latin as a tool of religious control, appealing to largely illiterate audiences through coarse, irreverent comedy. Similarly, in the , Teofilo Folengo's epic Baldo (1517, expanded 1552) utilized macaronic verse, a sophisticated form of dog-Latin blending Latin hexameters with Italian dialects, to the pretensions of ancient epics and chivalric romances while critiquing monastic life and scholarly excess, drawing from Folengo's own rebellious experiences as a former Benedictine . The psychological appeal of dog-Latin derives from its role in democratizing an elitist language, enabling those outside scholarly or clerical circles to engage in and thereby subvert established hierarchies. By juxtaposing "high" Latin with everyday , it fosters a inversion where the lowly triumph over the official, promoting ideological pluralism and challenging monolithic , as theorized by in his analysis of macaronic forms during Latin's canonization. This subversive dynamic resonates because it empowers the audience to laugh at symbols of power, transforming exclusionary knowledge into inclusive critique. Throughout history, dog-Latin has targeted figures of , from medieval enforcing doctrinal rigidity to modern politicians whose grandiose rhetoric is lampooned in satirical advertisements mimicking pretentious legalese or mottos. Unlike other satirical devices such as or irony, which operate more visually or rhetorically, dog-Latin uniquely leverages Latin's enduring prestige as the of Western , church, and academia to amplify the of , creating a linguistic hybrid that underscores cultural divides.

Contemporary Usage

In the digital age, Dog Latin has found renewed life in internet memes and visual media, where its humorous mangling of Latin serves as a vehicle for and motivation. Phrases like "" ("Don't let the bastards grind you down"), a classic example of faux Latin, frequently appear in memes and shared online content to convey resilience amid adversity. This pseudo-phrase, popularized in the but persisting in 21st-century digital humor, exemplifies how Dog Latin twists classical language for relatable, lighthearted commentary on modern stresses. Similarly, motivational posters often feature such inventions, like "Cowsendux" as a playful faux Latin on "cows and ducks," blending with encouragement in or home decor. Tattoos incorporating Dog Latin elements have become a staple of contemporary body art, though they frequently result in unintended comedy due to reliance on unverified translations. Common pitfalls include garbled attempts at inspirational mottos, such as misspelled versions of "per aspera ad astra" ("through hardships to the stars") or fabricated phrases meant to signify "strength" but yielding nonsensical Latin, highlighting the risks of non-expert sources like online translators. These errors, documented in collections of tattoo fails, underscore Dog Latin's role in viral social media discussions about linguistic accuracy versus aesthetic appeal. In branding, particularly within the , pseudo-Latin enhances immersive worlds and atmospheric tension. For instance, the 2022 game employs faux Latin lyrics in its soundtrack to evoke mystery and epic scale, with director intentionally using resembling Latin for chants that avoid direct translation. This technique draws on Dog Latin's tradition of sounding authoritative while remaining opaque, a practice echoed in other 21st-century titles with ominous chanting. Educational tools have embraced Dog Latin for parody-based learning, reviving interest in classical languages through accessible apps and . The "Dog Latin 2.0" app, released in 2022, translates user-input English text into mock Latin, complete with optional audio playback, positioning it as an entertaining gateway to linguistic play that indirectly familiarizes users with Latin structures. platforms amplify this revival, with accounts and challenges using Dog Latin parodies to teach vocabulary humorously, such as twisting "" into absurd variants for viral engagement. Global adaptations of Dog Latin in non-Western media remain niche but appear in hybrid cultural contexts.

References

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  2. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dog-latin_n
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  5. https://blog.oup.com/2016/06/etymology-dogs-conclusion/
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  7. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/dog-latin
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  12. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3550/1/2012BoehmeMres.pdf
  13. https://www.academia.edu/38040921/Macaronic_Latin
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  19. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367006920930547
  20. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29456
  21. https://www.etymonline.com/word/carborundum
  22. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/semper_ubi_sub_ubi
  23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3816215
  24. http://popclassicsjg.blogspot.com/2009/05/short-note-discworld-jingo.html
  25. https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=48017
  26. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/whats-in-a-latin-name/
  27. https://www.cambridge.org/elt/blog/2017/10/20/harry-potter-english-language/
  28. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:603300/fulltext01.pdf
  29. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/29456/29456-h/29456-h.htm
  30. https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=69910
  31. https://asterix.com/en/characters/gluteus-maximus/
  32. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/387062
  33. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674025219
  34. https://opendoclab.mit.edu/research-forum-macaronic-dialogues-and-interactive-media-part-3/
  35. https://www.allposters.com/-sp/Faux-Latin-Cowsendux-Cows-and-Ducks-Humor-Poster-Print-Posters_i8840695_.htm
  36. https://medium.com/idle-musings/bad-latin-and-greek-tattoos-for-every-type-fbce98c7e30
  37. https://www.boredpanda.com/funny-language-tattoo-fail/
  38. https://www.reddit.com/r/PS5/comments/wqy5z4/miyazaki_wanted_elden_ring_song_lyrics_to_be/
  39. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/dog-latin-2-0/id1610806395
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