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Gija language
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| Gija | |
|---|---|
| Kija | |
| Region | From Halls Creek to Kununurra, Western Australia |
| Ethnicity | Gija |
Native speakers | 266 (2021 census)[1] |
Jarrakan
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gia |
| Glottolog | kitj1240 |
| AIATSIS[2] | K20 |
| ELP | Kija |
 Kija is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Gija (variously spelled Kija, Kitja, Gidja[3]) is an Australian Aboriginal language today spoken by about 200 people, most of whom live in the region from Halls Creek to Kununurra and west to Lansdowne and Tableland Stations in Western Australia. It is a member of the Jarragan language family, a non-Pama-Nyungan family in the East Kimberley.[3] The Argyle Diamond Mine, on the south-western corner of Lake Argyle, is on the borders of Gija and Miriwoong country. The Purnululu National Park (Gija orthography: 'Boornoolooloo'[3]), which contains the Bungle Bungle Range, is located mostly in Gija country.
Kuluwarrang and Walgi may have been dialects.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Stop | p | k | t̪ | c | t | ʈ |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | n̪ | ɲ | n | ɳ |
| Lateral | ʎ | l | ɭ | |||
| Rhotic | r | ɻ | ||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
- Voiceless stops /p, k, t̪, c, t, ʈ/ can have voiced allophones [b, ɡ, d̪, ɟ, d, ɖ] when in intervocalic positions or when following nasals or liquid consonants. They can also be heard as unreleased when in word-final position.
- /p, k/ can also be heard as fricatives [β, ɣ] in intervocalic positions or when following liquid consonants.
- /t̪/ can freely be heard as an affricate [t̪θ] when in initial positions, and also be heard as either voiced fricative [ð] or affricate [d̪ð] sounds when in intervocalic positions.
- /t, ʈ/ can be heard as flap sounds [ɾ, ɽ] when in intervocalic positions.
- /r/ can have a voiced flap sound [ɾ] when in intervocalic positions. In word-final positions, it has a voiceless trill [r̥] allophone.
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| Low | a aː |
| Phoneme | Allophones |
|---|---|
| /i/ | [i], [ɪ] |
| /ɨ/ | [ɨ], [ɯ] |
| /u/ | [u], [ʊ] |
| /a/ | [ä], [e], [ʌ], [ɔ] |
See also
[edit]- Frances Kofod; Eileen Bray; Rusty Peters; Joe Blythe; Anna Crane et al. (2022). Gija Dictionary. 1st edn. Canberra, ACT: Aboriginal Studies Press. ISBN 9781922752109.
- Shirley Purdie; Peggy Patrick; Lena Nyadbi; et al. (2018). Gija Plants and Animals: Aboriginal Flora and Fauna Knowledge from the east Kimberley, north Australia. Northern Territory Botanical Bulletin. Vol. 47. Batchelor: Batchelor Press. ISBN 978-1-74350-130-6. OCLC 1066318745. S2CID 155990126. Wikidata Q109466091.
References
[edit]- ^ "SBS Australian Census Explorer". Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ K20 Gija at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ a b c Kofod, Frances; Bray, Eileen; Peters, Rusty (2022). Gija Dictionary (1st ed.). Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. ISBN 978-1-922752-10-9.
- Blythe, J. Yuwurriyangem Kijam (our Language Kija): a Phrasebook of the Kija Language. Halls Creek: Kimberley Language Resource Centre.
- Kofod, F. M. (1996). Introduction to the Kija Language. Halls Creek: Kimberley Language Resource Centre.
- Kofod, F. M. (2016). Gija~Kija-English Dictionary. Warmun: Warmun Arts.
- Taylor, P.; Taylor, J. (1971). "A tentative statement of Kitja phonology". Papers on the Languages of Australian Aboriginals: 100–19.
- Taylor, P.; Hudson, J. (1976). "Metamorphosis and Process in Kija". Talanya. 3: 25–36.
External links
[edit]- Bibliography of Kija people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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