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Hadrut ((listen)ⓘ, Armenian: Հադրութ) is a town in the Khojavend District of Azerbaijan, in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh.

Key Information

The town had an ethnic Armenian-majority population prior to the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.[2] Numerous Armenian civilians were killed in and around Hadrut by Azerbaijani forces during or after the battle.[3][4][5][6] Subsequently, Azerbaijani soldiers vandalized Armenian-owned property, including the local church and cemetery, obliterating its gravestones.[7]

Toponymy

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The name Hadrut is of Persian origin and means "between two rivers". This is explained by the fact that the older part of the settlement was located between two streams, Guney-chay and Guzey-chay. Hadrut later expanded beyond the two rivers to the east and west.[8][9]

The town is also infrequently called Getahat (Գետահատ) by Armenians.[10][11][12] In Azerbaijan, the town is also called Aghoghlan (Ağoğlan).[13][14][15][16]

History

[edit]
The 14th-century White Cross Church (Spitak Khach’) on the road between Hadrut and Vank.
The Holy Resurrection Church (Surb Harut’yun Yekeghets’i) of Hadrut, built in 1621.

The date of Hadrut's foundation is unknown. Fragments of monuments and historical artifacts dated to pre-Christian, early Christian and medieval times have been found in and around Hadrut. There are several ruins of ancient fortresses and walls in the valley surrounding Hadrut. From medieval times until the early 19th century, Hadrut was a part of the Armenian Principality of Dizak, one of the five Melikdoms of Karabakh.[9] In the 15th and 16th century, many of the fortifications, churches and settlements around Hadrut were destroyed by Ottoman and Safavid forces as they fought for control of the South Caucasus. A small number of these structures were rebuilt under the rule of the meliks of Dizak.[9] The Melikdom of Dizak was subordinated to the Karabakh Khanate before the Russian conquest of Karabakh.[citation needed]

During the Russian period, Hadrut was governed as part of different administrative divisions: first as a part of Karabakh Province (1822–1840), then in the Shusha uezd of the Caspian Oblast (1840–1846), then in the Shusha uezd of the Shemakha Governorate (1846–1859), then of the Shusha uezd of the Baku Governorate (1859–1868), and finally, of the Shusha uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate (1868–1873) and later the Jebrail uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate (1873–1917) successively.

In the Soviet period, Hadrut became the centre of the Hadrut District of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within Azerbaijan SSR and was given the urban settlement status in 1963.[17] Some of the earliest activities of the Karabakh movement occurred in Hadrut, beginning with the collection of petitions in 1986 for the transfer of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast to the Armenian SSR and culminating in a demonstration of one thousand people in Hadrut in February 1988, which then spread to the capital of the NKAO, Stepanakert.[18] Following the Armenian victory in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Hadrut became the administrative center of the Hadrut Province of the Republic of Artsakh.

In the midst of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, heavy fighting took place in Hadrut, marked by the usage of cluster munitions by the Azerbaijani Army.[19] Azerbaijan captured Hadrut on or around 9 October 2020.[20][21] Although most of the civilian population was evacuated, Armenian authorities reported that a number of civilians were killed by Azerbaijani forces in Hadrut and the surrounding area during or after the battle.[4][5][6] Following the battle, a video of an execution of two unarmed and bound Armenian men in the town by Azerbaijani soldiers spread online, prompting investigations.[22][23]

The town was vandalized and looted by Azerbaijani soldiers after its capture, with people's belongings strewn throughout the streets and the contents of homes upturned. The Armenian cemetery of the town's church was vandalized as well, with its gravestones having been kicked down and smashed.[7] In January 2021, as part of the reconstruction work in Hadrut, new Azerbaijani-language street signs were erected in Hadrut with new street names based on the names of fallen Azerbaijani soldiers and historical Azerbaijani personalities.[24] In June 2021, Azerbaijani authorities installed an "Iron Fist" monument in the town to celebrate the outcome of the 2020 war.[25][26] Construction of a mosque started in October 2021, and the finished mosque was officially inaugurated on 14 September 2025[27].

In November 2022 Azerbaijani Government has completed the development of general plans for Hadrut.[28] The master plan for Hadrut was drawn up by SP Architects.[29] Construction of a new residential quarter in the southern part of the town was started in May 2023.[30] In August 2025 Azerbaijani Reconstruction, Construction, and Management Service, strategically positioned within the Aghdam, Fuzuli, and Khojavend districts, has commenced preliminary operations for the enhancement and refurbishment of multi-unit residential structures will be executed within the Hadrut locality. The aggregate expenditure for the initiatives is anticipated to be 4.6 million manat ($2.7 million).[31] Post-war resettlement of the town was started in September 2025, when 10 Azerbaijani families (41 people) settled there.[32]

Historical heritage sites

[edit]

Historical heritage sites in and around the town include the 14th-century church of Spitak Khach’ ('White Cross') located on a hill to the south of Hadrut, on the road towards the neighboring village of Vank,[33][34] the 13th-century bridge of Tsiltakhach’, the Holy Resurrection Church (Surb Harut’yun Yekeghets’i) built in 1621, a cemetery from between the 17th and 19th centuries, as well as a 19th-century bridge, watermill and oil mill.[35]

Notable people

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Sar Sargsyan, Armenian baritone singer

Economy

[edit]

The town was home to the Mika-Hadrut Winery, which produced brandy, vodka, and wine.[36]

Demographics

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According to the 1910 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, Hadrut—then known as Gadrud in Russian—had a mostly Armenian population of 2,700 in 1908.[37]

The earliest recorded census of the town of Hadrut showed a population of around 2,400 registered inhabitants in 1939, of which more than 90% was Armenian.[38] Hadrut kept an Armenian-majority population throughout the First Nagorno-Karabakh War,[2] up until the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, during which the town was captured by Azerbaijani forces and the Armenian population was expelled.

Year Armenians Azerbaijanis Russians Ukrainians Total
Number % Number % Number % Number %
1939[38] 2,200 91.4 51 2.1 129 5.4 22 0.9 2,408
1970[39] 1,845 88.6 137 6.6 68 3.3 18 0.9 2,082
1979[40] 1,955 90.0 188 8.7 19 0.9 2 0.1 2,173
2005[41] 2,936 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2,936
2015[42] 3,102 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3,102
October 2020: Seizure by Azerbaijani forces. Exodus of Armenian population

In September 2025 the first 10 Azerbaijani families, totaling 41 individuals, have been resettled in Hadrut settlement of Khojavend District. [32]

[edit]
  • The center of Hadrut
    The center of Hadrut
  • Scenery
    Scenery
  • View of Hadrut streets
    View of Hadrut streets
  • A hotel in Hadrut
    A hotel in Hadrut
  • Spring in Hadrut
    Spring in Hadrut
  • Hadrut regional hospital
    Hadrut regional hospital
  • Hadrut mosque (2025)
    Hadrut mosque (2025)

Climate

[edit]

Hadrut has a Temperate climate with hot summers(Cfa) according to the Köppen climate classification.

Climate data for Hadrut
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		20.2
(68.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		28.3
(82.9) 		29.2
(84.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		11.6
(52.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		16.6
(61.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		0.8
(33.4) 		6.5
(43.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.9
(62.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		7.4
(45.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 22
(0.9) 		28
(1.1) 		42
(1.7) 		54
(2.1) 		79
(3.1) 		59
(2.3) 		25
(1.0) 		24
(0.9) 		31
(1.2) 		44
(1.7) 		34
(1.3) 		23
(0.9) 		465
(18.2)
Source: http://en.climate-data.org/location/52897/

International relations

[edit]

When the town was under Armenian control, Hadrut was twinned with the following cities:

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Hadrut

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Hadrut is a town serving as the administrative center of Khojavend District in Azerbaijan, located in the southeastern part of the Nagorno-Karabakh region at an elevation of approximately 750–800 meters above sea level.
The town came under Armenian control during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in the early 1990s and functioned as the capital of Hadrut Province in the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh until Azerbaijani forces captured it between October 5 and 10, 2020, during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Prior to the 2020 conflict, Hadrut had an ethnic Armenian-majority population of around 3,000 in the urban area, but following Azerbaijan's victory, most residents fled, leading to a near-total displacement of Armenians from the region.
In the years since, Azerbaijan has pursued extensive reconstruction, addressing war damage to infrastructure including hundreds of uninhabitable houses, and in September 2025 began resettling the first groups of internally displaced Azerbaijanis, with 41 individuals returning to restored homes.
The Battle of Hadrut exemplified urban warfare dynamics in the conflict, contributing to Azerbaijan's strategic gains in southern Nagorno-Karabakh.

Name and Etymology

Origins and Historical Naming

The name Hadrut derives from Persian origins, literally meaning "between two rivers," a designation attributed to the settlement's early location astride two local watercourses in the Khojavend region's terrain. Historical records from the era document Hadrut as a village within the uezd of , where it retained this name amid administrative divisions of the . The surrounding Hadrut region appears in Armenian historical accounts under the name Dizak, a term used to denote its medieval and early modern extent as a cultural and administrative subunit of Artsakh, though this primarily references the provincial area rather than the central settlement itself. Soviet administrative reforms formalized the nomenclature in 1939 by establishing Hadrut District () named after the village, which served as its center; this structure persisted until the region's partial dissolution amid ethnic conflicts in the late .

Azerbaijani and Armenian Designations

In Armenian, the town is designated Հադրութ (romanized as Hadrut or Hadrout), reflecting its role as the administrative center of Hadrut Province (Հադրութի շրջան) within the from the early 1990s until its dissolution in 2023 following Azerbaijani military advances. This name, adapted from the Persian "Hadrud," underscores the settlement's position between rivers, though some historical Armenian references occasionally employ Getahat (Գետահատ), literally "river crossing," to evoke its geographical setting astride waterways. In Azerbaijani, the town bears the designation Hadrut, integrated as a settlement within (Xocavənd rayonu) since Azerbaijan's reassertion of control in November 2020. Azerbaijani official records and uniformly apply this name, aligning with pre-occupation administrative usage in Soviet Azerbaijan, where the area fell under regional divisions without distinct Armenian provincial status. While certain Azerbaijani accounts invoke Ağoğlan as a purported historical or ethnolinguistic variant tied to local Turkic heritage, this term lacks consistent endorsement in governmental documentation and appears primarily in informal or nationalist discussions rather than standardized nomenclature.

Geography

Location and Terrain

Hadrut is a town serving as the administrative center of in , located in the southern part of the region. Its geographic coordinates are 39°31′12″ N and 47°01′54″ E longitude. The town is situated approximately 334 kilometers southeast of , the capital of . covers an area of 1,460 square kilometers. The terrain around Hadrut consists of a bowl-shaped at an of 733 meters above , encircled by rugged, high mountains typical of the range. The surrounding landscape features prominent peaks, high mountain ridges to the west and south, and a mix of mountainous areas interspersed with fertile . This contributes to diverse environmental conditions, including snow-covered peaks and forests in winter. The region's varies, with average heights around 872 meters in the immediate vicinity of the town.

Climate and Environment

Hadrut experiences a classified as Cfa under the Köppen system, featuring hot, dry summers and relatively mild, wetter winters influenced by its position in the foothills at elevations around 800–1,000 meters. Average annual temperatures range from lows of approximately -1.6°C in winter to highs exceeding 32°C in summer, with and marking the warmest months at mean highs of 30–35°C. totals about 500–600 mm annually, concentrated in spring and autumn, supporting seasonal vegetation but contributing to occasional flooding risks in the Aras River basin tributaries. The surrounding environment encompasses semi-mountainous terrain with oak-dominated , grasslands, and riparian zones along streams, fostering moderate typical of the region's transitional ecosystems between steppe and woodland. Pre-occupation in the broader , which includes Hadrut, spanned over 20,000 hectares, harboring endemic flora such as certain Caucasian oak varieties and wildlife including deer, , and small mammals. However, the area faced significant ecological strain from extensive and fires during the Armenian occupation from 1992 to 2020, resulting in the documented loss of approximately 3,500 hectares of and damage to 12 monuments in Khojavend. Post-2020 liberation, environmental recovery efforts have emphasized and restoration, with Azerbaijani initiatives targeting damaged woodlands to revive native species amid ongoing challenges from wartime and . The 44-day war itself inflicted additional harm through infrastructure damage and fires, exacerbating pre-existing degradation from mining-related pollution and inadequate reported in the region. Regional projections indicate potential declines in water availability due to variability, with rainfall possibly dropping up to 52% by 2040, threatening local and ecosystems.

History

Pre-Modern Period

![Spitak Khach Church in Hadrut][float-right] The Hadrut region exhibits evidence of prehistoric human activity, particularly through the Azokh Cave complex, located near Azokh village, which spans occupations from the Middle Pleistocene to the . Archaeological excavations have uncovered stone tools and faunal remains indicative of presence around 500,000–300,000 years ago, alongside later layers associated with early Homo sapiens migrations through the corridor. In antiquity, the area formed part of broader South Caucasian polities, including influences from Urartian and subsequent Achaemenid administrations, though specific settlements in Hadrut remain sparsely documented beyond cave sites and scattered artifacts reported in regional surveys. From the medieval period onward, Hadrut emerged as a key settlement within the Dizak melikdom, the southernmost of the five Armenian principalities in Karabakh, operating semi-autonomously under Safavid Persian suzerainty from the . The meliks, hereditary lords often from families like the Yeganians, controlled fortified towns and villages, with Hadrut serving as an administrative center amid feudal alliances and conflicts with neighboring khans. The Dizak melikdom persisted until the early , when Russian imperial expansion incorporated the region into the Karabakh Province (1822–1840) and later , marking the transition from Persian to tsarist oversight. Historical chronicles note local resistance and alliances during this shift, reflecting the area's strategic position along trade and migration routes. Surviving medieval structures, such as the 14th-century Spitak Khach Church, underscore Christian architectural continuity amid successive Islamic and Christian dominations.

Soviet Era and Early Independence

During the Soviet period, Hadrut served as the administrative center of , an administrative unit within the of the . The was established in , when the settlement received urban-type status and the region was renamed Hadrut from its historical designation Dizak. Under Soviet governance, Hadrut saw modest development, including industrial facilities and communal structures, though was constrained by its mountainous and distance from major routes. The 1979 Soviet recorded a of 14,792, with ethnic constituting approximately 84.5% (12,489 individuals) and the remainder, reflecting a long-standing Armenian majority in the area. Ethnic tensions in Hadrut escalated in the late amid Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, which encouraged open expression of grievances. On February 12, 1988, a large rally in the town demanded the unification of with , serving as one of the initial sparks for the broader conflict between Armenian and Azerbaijani communities in the region. These demonstrations led to intercommunal violence, including pogroms and forced migrations, as Soviet authorities struggled to maintain control. By 1989-1990, Azerbaijani residents began fleeing Hadrut due to escalating hostilities, reducing their presence significantly before the USSR's collapse. Following the Soviet Union's dissolution, restored its state on August 30, , through a declaration by its , affirming the continuity of pre-1920 Azerbaijani statehood while inheriting Soviet-era administrative boundaries, including . In response, the regional soviet declared from on September 2, , followed by a on December 10, , where 99.89% of participating voters (predominantly , as boycotted) supported separation. Hadrut, as part of this territory, experienced immediate instability, with Armenian irregular forces initiating armed incursions into the district in late . Azerbaijani defenses held initially, but by October-November , attacks targeted Azerbaijani settlements in Hadrut and adjacent Khojavend areas, displacing around 30 Azerbaijani communities and setting the stage for full-scale war in 1992.

Armenian Occupation (1992–2020)

Armenian forces of the Defense Army captured the town of Hadrut and surrounding areas on October 2, 1992, during offensives in the , displacing the local Azerbaijani population amid reports of violence and forced expulsion. This seizure extended Armenian control beyond the enclave into adjacent Azerbaijani districts, including Khojavend (of which Hadrut formed part), in violation of Azerbaijan's as affirmed by UN Security Council resolutions such as 822 (1993) demanding immediate withdrawal.) The occupation resulted in the near-total exodus of Azerbaijani inhabitants, with systematic expulsions documented as part of broader policies against non-Armenians in seized territories, as recognized in resolutions. Under Armenian administration from 1992 to 2020, Hadrut was integrated into the unrecognized ( Republic) as Hadrut Province, governed by local Armenian authorities backed by 's and economic support. The pre-occupation Azerbaijani-majority , primarily engaged in agriculture and , was replaced by Armenian settlers from and the diaspora, with investments from organizations like the Hayastan All-Armenian Fund funding infrastructure such as roads, schools, and a regional to sustain the settlement. By the , the area's demographics shifted to predominantly ethnic Armenian, with estimates of around 20,000-30,000 residents in the province, though exact figures varied due to the region's isolation and lack of independent censuses; this resettlement pattern mirrored 's strategy to consolidate control over the 20% of Azerbaijani territory occupied beyond proper. The occupied zone functioned as a militarized frontline, with Armenian defenses fortifying Hadrut against Azerbaijani counteroffensives, while economic activity remained limited to subsistence farming, , and aid-dependent development amid international embargoes and the Minsk Group process's failure to enforce withdrawals. Reports from Azerbaijani sources and post-liberation assessments indicate neglect or targeted alteration of Azerbaijani cultural sites, including mosques repurposed or razed, contributing to the erasure of pre-occupation heritage, though Armenian authorities attributed infrastructure decay to war damage and underinvestment. Ceasefire violations persisted throughout the period, with sporadic clashes underscoring the unresolved status until the 2020 escalation.

Azerbaijani Liberation (2020)

The Azerbaijani Army initiated a large-scale counter-offensive on September 27, 2020, targeting Armenian-occupied territories in the southern sector of the , including the Hadrut region. This operation followed Azerbaijan's claims of Armenian provocations, such as shelling of Azerbaijani positions, and aimed to reclaim districts held by Armenian forces since the . Azerbaijani advances involved coordinated use of artillery, drones for reconnaissance and strikes, and ground infantry, enabling rapid territorial gains against entrenched Armenian defenses. Intense fighting for Hadrut, the district's administrative center, began in early October 2020, encompassing urban combat in the settlement from approximately to 10, followed by operations in surrounding rural and mountainous areas until mid-October. Azerbaijani forces captured key heights and villages encircling Hadrut, disrupting Armenian supply lines and forcing retreats. On October 9, 2020, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense announced the full liberation of Hadrut city from Armenian control, with troops raising the over central buildings. President confirmed the victory in a national address, describing it as a historic restoration of Azerbaijani over the district, which had been under occupation for nearly 28 years. The liberation of Hadrut represented a pivotal breakthrough in the war's southern flank, contributing to Azerbaijan's momentum ahead of further advances, including toward . Armenian authorities contested the immediacy of complete control, reporting ongoing skirmishes, but Azerbaijani forces maintained possession, integrating the area into restored administrative structures by the November 10, 2020, trilateral ceasefire agreement brokered by . Casualty figures specific to Hadrut remain disputed, with Azerbaijan reporting minimal losses due to technological superiority, while Armenian sources cited hundreds of military deaths in the district's battles.

Post-Liberation Reconstruction (2020–Present)

Following its liberation on October 9, 2020, during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, initiated comprehensive reconstruction in Hadrut, focusing on repair, , and preparation for civilian return. Initial efforts prioritized road restoration, with the 12.5 km Fuzuli-Hadrut highway completed between 2021 and 2023, featuring four lanes, 3.75 m wide traffic lanes, and 252,000 m² of pavement. Power was rebuilt, including the "Hadrut" junction substation, a digital control center, a transformer substation, and restored power lines, alongside repairs to eight water reservoirs and installation of new water, sewage, and gas pipelines. Internal roads were renovated, and social facilities such as a , commercial buildings, and public catering outlets were established. Demining operations, led by Azerbaijan's National Agency for Mine Action (ANAMA), have been critical, with plans for a mobile base in Hadrut as part of broader efforts that cleared over 218,000 hectares across liberated territories since 2020. Housing assessments revealed severe damage from the prior occupation: of 541 structures, 462 were deemed uninhabitable and 79 partially habitable, with 10 houses restored and ready for occupancy by September 2025. The committed to fully restoring all 79 partially habitable houses by the end of 2025, alongside new by firms like PMD Group, which began 28 two-story homes on 3.6 hectares. Resettlement under the "Great Return" program commenced in September 2025, with the first 10 families (41 individuals, primarily former IDPs from districts like Beylagan and Agdam) returning to Hadrut settlement. Plans target an additional 69 families for relocation by year-end, contributing to Khojavend district's goal of resettling over 1,500 families overall. These efforts align with Azerbaijan's allocation of $2.35 billion for 2025 Karabakh reconstruction, part of $10.3 billion invested since liberation, though progress has been slowed by extensive wartime destruction and ongoing mine clearance.

Cultural Heritage

Ancient and Azerbaijani Sites

The Hadrut region, part of Azerbaijan's , hosts significant prehistoric archaeological sites evidencing early occupation in the southern . The Azokh Cave, located near Azokh village approximately 5 km from Tugh, contains stratified deposits from the Middle Pleistocene onward, with key findings including a lower jawbone of an archaic dated to 350,000–400,000 years ago, attributed to early hominins such as , alongside stone tools and faunal remains indicative of hunting practices. Excavations, initiated in 1960 by Azerbaijani archaeologist M. M. Huseynov, have revealed continuous occupation layers extending into the , underscoring the site's role in migration routes from to . Similarly, the Taghlar Cave, situated 2 km from Tugh village along the Guruchay River, represents a culture encampment from the period, with artifacts including stone tools and evidence of prehistoric human activity uncovered through excavations starting in 1963. Both caves, nominated jointly for World Heritage status, highlight the region's antiquity, with Azokh and Taghlar featuring among 's oldest known settlements tied to the Kuruchay culture. These sites predate ethnic-specific attributions, providing empirical data on tool technologies and environmental adaptations without direct linkage to later populations. Azerbaijani cultural heritage in Hadrut emphasizes early medieval monuments associated with , an ancient kingdom in the eastern that Azerbaijan regards as ancestral to its pre-Islamic , featuring Christian predating Turkic and Islamic influences. The Tugh State Historical, Cultural, and Natural Reserve, encompassing Tugh village in the foothills, preserves such sites, including Saint John's Church, the oldest Christian structure there, with sarcophagus-type graves bearing medieval stone carvings registered as a . The Gtishvang Monastery Complex, serving as an 8th-century episcopal center and expanded in the 13th century, includes wall inscriptions and architectural elements reflecting Albanian ecclesiastical traditions. These monuments, embodying traditional , are framed by Azerbaijani authorities as integral to the nation's historical continuity, distinct from later Armenian constructions in the area. Archaeological layers in Tugh reveal settlements, reinforcing claims of long-term indigenous presence aligned with Albanian heritage narratives.

Armenian Monuments and Structures

The Hadrut region features numerous Armenian Apostolic churches and monastic complexes, with over 50 structures documented prior to 2020, dating primarily from the 17th to 19th centuries, though some trace to earlier medieval periods. These include single-nave and domed basilicas, often accompanied by khachkars (cross-stones) and cemeteries, reflecting continuous Armenian Christian presence. Prominent examples encompass the St. Harutyun Church (Holy Resurrection) in Hadrut town, constructed in 1621, a local-importance site serving as a central . The Gtchavank monastic complex near Togh village, built between the 9th and 18th centuries with a main church dated 1241–1246, includes a single-nave , , and surrounding khachkars, classified as nationally important. Similarly, the Spitak Khach (White Cross) monastic complex in Vank village spans the 13th to 17th centuries, featuring church ruins and ancillary structures. Other notable sites include the Okht Drni Church near Mokhrenes village, a ruined domed likely from the 6th–7th centuries on a tetraconch plan, part of a former . In villages like Togh and Jrakus, churches such as St. Hovhannes (1736) and Kavakavank (late ) exhibit typical Armenian architectural elements, including vaulted halls and inscribed facades. These monuments, many designated of national or local importance by Armenian authorities, incorporate Armenian script, donor portraits, and cross motifs diagnostic of medieval and early modern Armenian ecclesiastical design. Following Azerbaijan's recapture of Hadrut in autumn , these structures came under state control, with Azerbaijani officials asserting some originate from Caucasian Albanian heritage rather than Armenian, prompting debates over their attribution based on architectural and epigraphic evidence. Restoration efforts have been announced for select sites, though access remains limited due to ongoing and security measures.

Controversies Over Heritage Preservation and Destruction

During the Armenian occupation of Hadrut from 1992 to 2020, Azerbaijani authorities documented the systematic destruction, , and neglect of Islamic cultural sites, including and cemeteries, as part of a broader policy to erase traces of Azerbaijani presence in the region. In Hadrut proper, the 19th-century Hadrut , originally built during Azerbaijani settlement, was repurposed for secular uses such as storage and reportedly suffered structural damage from deliberate neglect, with minarets partially collapsed by the time of liberation in 2020. Azerbaijani investigations post-liberation revealed that out of 65 across occupied territories including Hadrut, most had been vandalized, with graves in adjacent Muslim cemeteries or bulldozed to accommodate Armenian settlements. These acts were attributed by Azerbaijani officials to efforts following the expulsion of the pre-occupation Azerbaijani , which numbered around 30,000 in Hadrut district before 1992. Following Azerbaijan's recapture of Hadrut in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War on October 20, 2020, Armenian advocacy groups and satellite monitoring projects alleged deliberate targeting of Armenian Christian heritage sites by Azerbaijani forces. Caucasus Heritage Watch, a Cornell University-led initiative using high-resolution satellite imagery, reported the complete demolition of the 18th-19th century St. Sargis Church in Mokhrenes village (Azerbaijani name: Susanlyg), Hadrut region, between July and October 2022, claiming the structure vanished entirely from imagery. Similarly, in January 2022, imagery and reports indicated the removal of the cross from the dome of Spitak Khach (White Cross) Church in Hadrut city, interpreted by Armenian sources as an act of de-Christianization or appropriation. These claims, echoed in UNESCO expressions of concern over unverified reports of heritage damage in Nagorno-Karabakh, have fueled accusations of cultural erasure, though the organization has been denied independent access to sites by Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani officials countered that such sites, often medieval churches, represent Caucasian Albanian Christian heritage predating Armenian settlement, with later Armenian inscriptions and crosses added as "falsifications" during the 19th-20th centuries to assert territorial claims. In response to allegations, initiated restoration projects, asserting that removals target wartime damage, illegal encroachments, or anachronistic modifications rather than wholesale destruction; for instance, post-2020 surveys in Hadrut documented repairs to damaged church facades while preserving core structures as part of national patrimony. Independent verification remains limited, with pro-Armenian monitoring efforts like Caucasus Heritage Watch criticized for potential in prioritizing Armenian-attributed sites without accounting for pre-existing ruinous states or conflict-related impacts. As of 2025, ongoing Azerbaijani-led reconstructions in Hadrut emphasize integration into a multicultural , contrasting with the occupation-era erasure of non-Armenian elements.

Demographics

Pre-Occupation Population

The Hadrut district, part of the within the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, recorded a population of 27,128 in the 1939 Soviet census, with ethnic comprising 95.7% (approximately 25,950 individuals), 2.7% (around 730), and 1.3% (about 350).) By the 1959 census, the district's population had declined to 16,808, reflecting 93.3% (roughly 15,680), 6.1% (about 1,025), and 0.4% (70).) This trend of relative population decrease continued, with the 1970 census showing 15,937 residents: 87.5% Armenians (13,944), 10.4% Azerbaijanis (1,657), and 0.9% Russians (143). The 1979 census indicated further decline to 14,792 people, 84.4% Armenians (12,489), 15.1% Azerbaijanis (2,239), and 0.3% Russians (44).) These figures from official Soviet censuses highlight a consistent Armenian majority alongside a growing Azerbaijani minority, amid broader demographic shifts in the oblast driven by migration and economic factors. No official 1989 census data specific to Hadrut district is publicly detailed, though the oblast-wide population stood at 189,000, with Armenians at 76.9% and Azerbaijanis at 21.5%.
YearTotal PopulationArmenians (%)Azerbaijanis (%)Russians (%)
193927,12895.72.71.3
195916,80893.36.10.4
197015,93787.510.40.9
197914,79284.415.10.3

During Armenian Control

Following the capture of Hadrut by Armenian forces in 1992 during the , the pre-war Azerbaijani inhabitants—numbering approximately 2,239 in the district—were displaced, resulting in an ethnic Armenian-majority population. The region, administered as Hadrut Province in the unrecognized , saw settlement primarily by ethnic , with no recorded Azerbaijani residents thereafter due to the conflict's dynamics on both sides. The 2005 , conducted by Artsakh authorities, reported a provincial of around 12,000, comprising about 8.3% of Artsakh's total and overwhelmingly ethnic . This figure encompassed the town of Hadrut, with 2,936 residents, and surrounding villages, reflecting post-occupation repopulation efforts amid limited and economic opportunities. Later estimates from Artsakh sources indicated stability or slight growth, with the 2013 recording 13,163 inhabitants and the 2015 around 12,000, maintaining the near-total Armenian composition (over 99%). These self-reported data, lacking independent international verification due to the region's disputed status, likely underrepresented transient populations or seasonal migrants while emphasizing ethnic homogeneity to bolster claims of indigenous continuity. remained low at approximately 7 persons per square kilometer across the 1,856 km² province.

Current Azerbaijani Resettlement

In September 2025, Azerbaijan initiated the first phase of resettlement in Hadrut under its "Great Return" program, with 10 families totaling 42 individuals returning to the settlement in Khojavend District. This effort is part of a broader national initiative launched in 2022 to repatriate approximately 140,000 internally displaced persons to liberated territories by 2026. Concurrently, 14 families comprising 55 people were resettled in the nearby village of Badara, marking an expansion of returns in the region. Reconstruction prerequisites preceded the resettlement, with President visiting Hadrut on September 14, 2025, to oversee progress. Of the settlement's 541 houses, 462 were deemed uninhabitable due to prior damage, while 79 were partially habitable; authorities reported 10 houses fully prepared for occupancy at that time. Plans include restoring all partially usable structures by the end of 2025, supporting further influxes. In the wider , projections indicate up to 1,500 families could be resettled by year's end, reflecting accelerated infrastructure rehabilitation including roads, utilities, and public facilities. As of May 2025, over 43,000 individuals had been resettled across Azerbaijan's liberated lands, with Hadrut's returns contributing to cumulative figures exceeding 8,000 people in by late 2024. These efforts prioritize former IDPs from the area, providing , opportunities in and services, and integration into restored local governance structures.

Economy

Historical Economic Activities

The economy of Hadrut, prior to its occupation by Armenian forces in the early 1990s, centered on , reflecting the fertile valleys and mountainous terrain of the in SSR. Key activities included crop cultivation, with significant areas dedicated to (660 hectares), potatoes (119 hectares), and (55 hectares) as recorded in 1988 data from Soviet agricultural surveys. production and also formed staples, supporting security and contributing to broader regional outputs within the . Viticulture emerged as a prominent sector, leveraging the region's microclimates for cultivation and wine production, a dating back to ancient practices in the but industrialized under Soviet planning. Vineyards in areas like Togh village produced varieties suited to red wines, with facilities processing s into brandy, , and table wines for domestic and export markets. complemented arable farming, with rearing—particularly sheep and cattle—providing , , and wool, adapted to the upland pastures. These activities sustained a rural integrated into Azerbaijan's collectivized system, though exact output figures varied with annual yields and state quotas.

Under Occupation

During Armenian administration from 1992 to 2020, Hadrut's economy centered on , with primary activities including , fruit cultivation, and livestock husbandry. The region supported local traditions, as demonstrated by initiatives like the Kataro and a 2014 wine festival held in the Togh area of Hadrut to promote grape production and related processing. These efforts contributed to the agrarian base, though output was constrained by the ongoing conflict, landmine contamination, and reliance on external aid. Diaspora-funded organizations facilitated economic sustainability through targeted investments in supporting infrastructure. The Hayastan All-Armenian Fund allocated resources for development programs in Hadrut, part of broader efforts totaling over $110 million across lost Artsakh territories from 1997 to 2020, focusing on social and community facilities to bolster rural resettlement and farming viability. Similarly, the Armenian General Benevolent Union constructed housing, kindergartens, and schools in Hadrut villages like Norashen (20 houses, aid station, 8-classroom school for 80 students) and Bareshen (10 houses) starting in 2002, aiding population stability for agricultural labor. Small-scale industries existed regionally but were underdeveloped in Hadrut, with the area's mirroring Artsakh's aid-dependent model amid international isolation. Azerbaijani authorities later characterized these activities as illegal exploitation of resources, including agricultural lands planted with grains yielding approximately 100,000 tons annually across occupied areas.

Post-Liberation Development and Reconstruction

Following its liberation on 9 October 2020 during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, Hadrut became a focal point for Azerbaijan's state-led reconstruction initiatives aimed at restoring infrastructure damaged during three decades of occupation and enabling economic resurgence. Efforts prioritized transportation networks to facilitate resettlement and commerce, with road restoration commencing immediately; the 12.5-kilometer Fuzuli-Hadrut highway, part of broader connectivity projects in the , advanced through ongoing construction phases linking Hadrut to adjacent districts. By September 2025, utility had seen substantial upgrades, including the of a "Hadrut" junction substation, restoration of existing power lines, repair of eight water reservoirs, and installation of new , sewage, and gas pipelines to support residential and industrial use. These developments underpinned economic reactivation by ensuring reliable energy and for —Hadrut's traditional sector involving crops and livestock—and emerging services. Commercial facilities were established to stimulate local business, including a , trade outlets, and public catering establishments, which have drawn returnees and visitors, fostering initial economic activity in and retail. Residential reconstruction complemented this by targeting the refurbishment of all partially usable houses by late 2025 and multi-unit apartment blocks, integrating with the national allocation of over 16 billion manats (approximately $9.4 billion) across liberated territories for housing and socioeconomic projects. In Hadrut and adjacent villages like Tugh, phased plans include erecting 450 private homes alongside supporting such as markets, schools, and kindergartens, designed to accelerate the "Great Return" of internally displaced persons and bolster workforce participation in farming, construction, and small-scale enterprises. These measures align with broader investment strategies to diversify the local economy beyond , leveraging improved for potential and integration within Azerbaijan's southern corridors.

Notable Figures

Azerbaijani Natives

Javad bey Rza bey oglu Malik-Yeganov (1878–1942) was a key Azerbaijani statesman and one of the founders of the (ADR), born in Tugh village in the region, now part of encompassing Hadrut. Elected as a delegate to the Transcaucasian Seim in 1917, he contributed to early independence efforts amid regional turmoil following the Russian Empire's collapse. In 1919, Malik-Yeganov was appointed governor-general of Lankaran Province, where he organized defenses against White Russian forces under , bolstering ADR territorial control. His roles underscored the ADR's push for sovereignty, though the republic fell to Bolshevik forces in 1920; he died in 1942 during Soviet rule. No other widely documented Azerbaijani figures of comparable national prominence originate directly from Hadrut proper, reflecting the district's pre-occupation demographic shifts and limited archival focus on local elites outside military or political spheres.

Figures Associated During Occupation

Valery Gevorgyan served as governor of Hadrut Province in the self-proclaimed during the later stages of Armenian control, including remarks at events in 2017. In this role, he oversaw local administration in the occupied territory, which regarded as part of its . Gevorgyan was the final appointee before Azerbaijani forces recaptured the area in October 2020 during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. Artur Aghabekyan commanded units of the Hadrut Defensive Region, leading operations to secure surrounding settlements in August 1993 amid the First Nagorno-Karabakh War's occupation phase. These efforts contributed to establishing Armenian administrative control over Hadrut, integrating it into the unrecognized provincial structure. Colonel directed the defense of Hadrut in the province's final months under Armenian authority, coordinating resistance against Azerbaijani advances until his reported death on October 12, 2020. Azerbaijani sources attribute significant losses to Armenian forces under his command during the battle that ended the occupation. Earlier figures included Artur Mkrtchyan, who managed Hadrut's from 1988 and participated in initial Armenian mobilization efforts in the region before ascending to leadership in the broader Artsakh movement, where he served as parliamentary chairman until his death in 1992. These individuals operated within the framework of Armenian separatist governance, which , including UN Security Council resolutions, characterized as occupation of Azerbaijani territory.

Governance and International Context

Administrative Status in Azerbaijan

Hadrut is classified as a town and administrative settlement within the Khojavend District (Azerbaijani: Xocavənd rayonu) of Azerbaijan, encompassing territories historically associated with the former Hadrut region in the broader Nagorno-Karabakh area. The district's administrative framework integrates Hadrut following the 1991 dissolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, when the Hadrut District was abolished and its areas merged into Khojavend as part of Azerbaijan's standardized rayon (district) system. This structure places Hadrut under the governance of the Khojavend executive authority, responsible for local administration, infrastructure, and public services in line with Azerbaijani national law. Following Azerbaijan's recapture of Hadrut on October 9, 2020, during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, the settlement's administrative integration was reaffirmed through control and subsequent state initiatives, including the development of a master plan in November 2022 to guide urban reconstruction and under Khojavend's . Azerbaijani authorities report ongoing efforts to restore administrative functions, such as housing assessments and public facility inaugurations, treating Hadrut as sovereign territory equivalent to other districts without special autonomous status. Population data from pre-war estimates indicate around 11,998 residents in the broader Hadrut province area, though current figures reflect displacement and resettlement dynamics under Azerbaijani administration.

Role in Nagorno-Karabakh Conflicts

During the (1988–1994), Hadrut came under Armenian control on October 2, 1992, following advances by Armenian and forces that displaced the remaining Azerbaijani population amid escalating inter-ethnic violence and military operations. This occupation integrated Hadrut into the self-proclaimed , where it served as the administrative center of Hadrut Province, a region with a pre-war mixed ethnic composition but increasingly Armenian-dominated under rule. In the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War (September 27–November 10, 2020), Hadrut emerged as a pivotal frontline due to its position as the southeastern gateway to central , enabling Azerbaijani forces to threaten further advances toward after capturing surrounding districts like and Fuzuli. Azerbaijani offensives intensified around Hadrut starting October 5, involving operations with drones, , and in rugged terrain transitioning to urban combat, which tested Armenian defenses in the town's built-up areas. By October 20, 2020, Azerbaijan announced full control of Hadrut city after breaking remaining pockets of resistance, marking the first major urban center with a significant Armenian civilian population to fall and contributing to the momentum that led to the ceasefire. The recapture displaced thousands of ethnic Armenians, who evacuated amid reports of destruction from shelling and ground fighting, while framed it as reclaiming sovereign territory from prolonged occupation. Hadrut's strategic value in both conflicts stemmed from its control of key roads and elevations linking southern flanks to Nagorno-Karabakh's core, influencing supply lines and operational depth; its loss in 2020 underscored Azerbaijan's tactical superiority in , including precision strikes that neutralized Armenian fortifications. Post-ceasefire, isolated clashes persisted in the vicinity, including alleged incidents of civilian harm, such as the documented killing of two Armenian detainees in Hadrut's center, which Armenian sources attributed to Azerbaijani forces though investigations remain contested. These events reinforced Hadrut's role as a microcosm of the broader territorial and demographic disputes animating the conflicts.

International Perspectives and Claims

The , including the , , and , recognizes Hadrut as part of Azerbaijan's sovereign territory within the , aligning with longstanding UN Security Council resolutions such as 822 (1993), 853 (1993), 874 (1993), and 884 (1993) that demand the withdrawal of occupying forces from Azerbaijani districts including Hadrut and affirm Azerbaijan's . This recognition persisted after Azerbaijan's recapture of Hadrut on October 14–15, 2020, during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, with no major international body challenging the restoration of Azerbaijani control over the area previously occupied by Armenian forces since 1992. The , through the State Department and congressional statements, has consistently upheld Azerbaijan's borders while calling for peaceful resolution of the broader , viewing Hadrut's liberation as part of ending the occupation without endorsing Armenian separatist claims to the district. Similarly, the emphasized de-escalation and negotiation post-2020 but reaffirmed support for Azerbaijan's , providing economic aid to both parties without recognizing any Armenian administrative control over Hadrut. Russia's position, as mediator of the November 9, 2020, trilateral agreement, implicitly accepted Azerbaijan's hold on Hadrut—outside the zone in proper—while deploying monitors elsewhere; Moscow prioritized stability over revisiting territorial outcomes. Armenia and the self-declared () maintain historical and cultural claims to Hadrut as part of an ethnic Armenian homeland, citing medieval heritage sites and pre-20th-century demographics, though these assertions lack international legal backing and were undermined by the 2020 ceasefire, which Armenia signed without provisions for Hadrut's return. Post-war Armenian narratives, often amplified by diaspora organizations and outlets with evident pro-Armenian bias, focus on alleged destruction of cultural monuments in Hadrut under Azerbaijani administration, such as churches and khachkars, framing it as erasure rather than reclamation or restoration efforts reported by Azerbaijani sources. Independent analyses note that while some heritage damage occurred amid fighting, systematic international verification is limited, and claims of widespread "appropriation" reflect partisan advocacy rather than neutral assessment. Turkey, as Azerbaijan's key ally, endorsed Hadrut's reintegration as rightful de-occupation, providing military and diplomatic support that influenced the war's outcome, while —due to its large —expressed concerns over humanitarian issues in recaptured areas like Hadrut but stopped short of disputing Azerbaijan's sovereignty. Overall, no state or organization recognizes Artsakh's pre-2020 claims to Hadrut, with global consensus prioritizing negotiated peace over redrawing borders based on ethnic arguments that contravene post-Soviet territorial norms.

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