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Kiseru smoking pipe, before 1894, from the Oxford College Archives of Emory University

A kiseru (煙管; [ki̥seɾɯ][1]) is a Japanese smoking pipe, traditionally used for smoking kizami, a finely shredded tobacco product resembling hair.[2]

History

[edit]

The word kiseru is said to have originated from the Khmer word khsier around the 16th century, while it is also said that the word originated from the Portuguese que sorver ("which is drawn").[3][4]

It is believed that pipe smoking was introduced to Japanese high society, such as the samurai, the Buddhist priest classes and rich merchants.[5]

Tobacco has been known in Japan since the 1570s at the earliest. By the early 17th century, kiseru had become popular enough to even be mentioned in some Buddhist textbooks for children.[citation needed] The kiseru evolved along with the equipment and use of incense associated with the Japanese incense ceremony, kōdō:[6]

  • The kō-bon, an incense tray, became the tabako-bon, a tobacco tray.
  • The kōro, an incense burner, became the hi-ire, a tobacco embers pot.
  • The incense pot became the hai-otoshi or hai-fuki, a jar to contain the ash.

During the Edo period, many samurai and chōnin smoked tobacco, and often carried a kiseru in a special case called a kiseruzutsu. Kiseru were considered status symbols for their owners, due to being made from precious metals and having intricate designs adorned on them. There was also a high cost on importing tobacco, which was considered an extravagance of the rich.[7]

The kiseru would be the main way to smoke tobacco until after the Meiji Restoration of 1868, when cigarettes were introduced and rapidly became popular. However, kiseru would remain popular in rural areas and among people wishing to preserve its culture.[4][dead link] By 1929, there were 190 workshops and 400 artisans producing kiseru in Japan. Nowadays, there are only a few artisans left still making kiseru. However, there remains some interest in kiseru and its aesthetics among the youth.[4][dead link][3]

The word kiseru today is more commonly used to refer to the practice of defrauding the railway system by buying two cheap tickets to get past the entrance and exit gates while not paying for the distance between them. This is likened to a kiseru as there is only metal at the ends, and nothing in the middle, a metaphor indicating that money (metal) only covers the beginning and end.[8]

Construction

[edit]
A man smoking a kiseru. Illustration of the cover of the novel Komon gawa ("Elegant chats on fabric design") by Santō Kyōden, 1790.

There are two main types of kiseru: rau kiseru, which are made of three parts; the mouthpiece (吸口, suikuchi), stem (羅宇, rau), and shank (雁首, gankubi), and nobe kiseru, which are made with a single piece of metal.[9]

Metal such as brass or silver is beaten to shape the mouthpiece and bowl, then the sides are joined with silver solder. The mouthpiece and bowl are often engraved with intricate and decorative designs.[3]

Kiseru as a weapon

[edit]

The length of a typical kiseru usually measured between 6 and 10 inches (15 and 25 cm), and their metal ends made them suitable impromptu self-defence weapons in emergencies.[7]

Much heavier and longer kiseru were often carried by common people living on the fringes of society, such as the yakuza, gamblers, and gangsters, which were designed to be used as weapons. These pipes were called kenka kiseru (喧嘩煙管; fighting pipes), ranging anywhere from 12 to 18 inches (30 to 46 cm). These pipes were often made of cast iron or brass, making them effective truncheon-like weapons for striking opponents.[7]

The samurai were also known to use kiseru as weapons, often for rare occasions when a samurai would be parted with his swords but still required a means of self-defence. Like the kenka kiseru, they were made completely from cast iron or brass and were called buyōkiseru. A typical buyōkiseru was about 16 inches (41 cm) long, and could be easily carried in an obi without raising suspicion.[7]

Because kiseru were so often used as weapons during the Edo period, several classical martial arts schools incorporated secret techniques into their curricula. A style of fighting armed with a kiseru was commonly referred to as kiseru-jutsu, and used similar techniques to those used in tessenjutsu.[7]

See also

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Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Japan Broadcasting Corporation, ed. (10 November 1985). NHK偏 日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese) (revised ed.). Japan Broadcasting Publishing Corporation. p. 205. ISBN 4-14-011040-6.
  2. ^ Scott David Foutz (2009). "Kiseru - Traditional Japanese Pipe". Archived from the original on 2011-03-10. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  3. ^ a b c "Kiseru pipe - The Kyoto Museum of Traditional Crafts, Fureaikan". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  4. ^ a b c "History of kiseru". Kiseru-pipe. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  5. ^ Gilman, Sander L.; Xun, Zhou, eds. (2004). Smoke: A Global History of Smoking. Reaktion Books. p. 78. ISBN 9781861892003.
  6. ^ Gilman, Sander L.; Xun, Zhou, eds. (2004). Smoke: A Global History of Smoking. Reaktion Books. p. 79. ISBN 9781861892003.
  7. ^ a b c d e Cunningham, Don (2012). Samurai Weapons: Tools of the Warrior. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462907496.
  8. ^ "Japan Train Fare Scams on the Rise". Tokyo Weekender. February 1, 2018.
  9. ^ "What is a kiseru?". Kiseru-pipe. Retrieved 2022-01-26.

General and cited references

[edit]
[edit]
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Kiseru

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A kiseru (煙管) is a traditional Japanese smoking pipe designed for inhaling small amounts of finely shredded known as kizami, which resembles thin strands of . It typically consists of three main parts: a small metal for holding the , a long stem often crafted from or wood, and a metal mouthpiece for drawing smoke. Tobacco and pipe smoking were introduced to Japan in the late 16th century by Portuguese traders during the Age of Discovery, with the kiseru evolving as a distinctly Japanese adaptation of early European pipes. The pipe gained widespread popularity during the Edo period (1603–1868), when smoking became a common social practice among all classes, though it was initially a luxury for the elite. By the 17th century, production centers emerged, and the kiseru was mass-produced in materials like brass, iron, and silver, reflecting advancements in craftsmanship. Its use declined in the late 19th century with the Meiji Restoration and the rise of imported cigarettes, which offered greater convenience and volume. The design of the kiseru emphasizes brevity and precision, with the bowl often no larger than the tip of a finger to allow only two or three puffs per fill, encouraging frequent reloading during sessions. There are two primary types: the rau-kiseru, featuring a detachable or wooden stem for portability, and the nobe-kiseru, an all-metal version favored for its durability and ornamental potential. Users pack kizami tobacco into the bowl in layers, light it with a small flame, and inhale through the stem, sometimes using a removable reed as a filter to cool the smoke. Lengths varied by social status, from short pipes for laborers to elaborate, foot-long versions for and merchants. Culturally, the kiseru transcended mere utility to become a symbol of refinement and , integral to rituals like the tabako-do ( ceremony), which paralleled tea ceremonies in and presentation. Ornate designs, including engraved motifs of nature or mythology, showcased the owner's wealth and taste, making it a fashionable accessory akin to jewelry. In martial contexts, sturdy metal kiseru—known as kenka-kiseru—served as improvised weapons, influencing techniques in kiseru-jutsu and associations with early groups. Today, though rare, kiseru persist in niche revivals, with a single historic workshop in and an annual festival in Ishioka commemorating the tradition since 1954.

Origins and History

Introduction from Abroad

The kiseru, a traditional Japanese smoking pipe, traces its origins to the introduction of and pipe-smoking practices by Portuguese traders during the period, which began with their arrival in in 1543. These traders, blown off course to the island of in southern , initiated direct European contact with , bringing not only firearms but also as a novel import. Although the exact date of 's arrival remains undocumented, historical accounts place its introduction in the mid-to-late 16th century, likely through ongoing Portuguese voyages that expanded trade networks. Early smoking in Japan closely resembled European designs, particularly the simple clay or metal used by sailors, which featured small bowls suited to the scarcity and high cost of imported leaves. These foreign served as the prototype for the kiseru, which gradually evolved into a more refined form by the early , incorporating longer stems and metal construction for durability and status display. Trade primarily occurred via ports such as and later , which became a central hub for Nanban exchanges by the 1570s, facilitating the influx of alongside other like textiles and firearms. Upon arrival, was initially perceived as a medicinal rather than a recreational substance, aligning with European views of the time where it was touted for treating ailments like headaches, wounds, and respiratory issues. By around 1609, Japanese observers described it as an unlisted remedy in texts, reflecting its novel status and therapeutic applications before widespread emerged. cultivation in commenced in the early 17th century, with the first documented plantations established near around 1605, spurred by the growing demand from Nanban imports during the late under the unifying influence of warlord (1537–1598).

Development in Japan

Following the initial introduction of tobacco to in the late 16th century, its use proliferated during the early Tokugawa period, as economic unification under the shogunate after 1600 fostered agricultural expansion and trade that supported widespread cultivation. By the early 17th century, had become a significant crop, with kiseru emerging as the primary tool for finely shredded kizami , marking a shift toward specialized domestic production. The imposed strict regulations on to curb its rapid spread, beginning with a 1603 edict by prohibiting cultivation, trade, and smoking due to perceived health risks, followed by a nationwide ban in 1612 driven by concerns over fire risks in urban centers like and economic disruptions from farmers neglecting rice fields. Enforcement proved ineffective as demand persisted, leading to the bans being lifted by the mid-17th century and allowing tobacco farming to flourish across regions. This regulatory flux ultimately spurred of kiseru, with artisans developing standardized designs to meet growing needs. Kiseru reached peak popularity during the (1603–1868), integrating into daily life across social classes, with smoking becoming a common ritual for , merchants, and commoners alike; by the 1840s, approximately nine million pounds of pipe were shipped annually to alone, underscoring its massive scale. Over 70 varieties of were cultivated by the 18th and 19th centuries, supporting a robust industry of specialized shops and itinerant vendors. The in 1868 accelerated Japan's modernization and opened ports to Western influences, introducing machine-rolled cigarettes that offered convenience and mass production, rapidly eclipsing kiseru as the dominant smoking method. By the late , kiseru use declined to niche status among traditionalists, though it persisted in rural areas and cultural contexts.

Design and Materials

Key Components

The traditional kiseru pipe consists of three primary components: the mouthpiece, the stem, and the , designed for efficient of finely shredded known as kizami. These elements are engineered for portability and ritualistic use, typically measuring 20–30 cm in length to allow easy concealment in sleeves. The mouthpiece (suikuchi or kuchi) serves as the point of contact for the smoker's , shaped ergonomically to ensure a comfortable seal during short puffs. For elite users, it is often crafted from silver or to signify status, while common versions use or iron; intricate engravings may adorn its surface for aesthetic appeal. The stem (rau) forms the main body, a slender metal or tube measuring 20–30 cm in length that connects the mouthpiece to the . In the prevalent rau-kiseru style, the stem is made of porous , which functions as a natural filter by absorbing and moisture from the smoke; it is often engraved with decorative motifs on any metal sections for durability and ornamentation. The bowl (hizara) is a compact chamber, approximately 0.5–1 cm in diameter, typically constructed from or iron to withstand heat. It holds a small pinch of shredded , packed tightly to prevent it from entering the stem while allowing to pass through during ignition.

Variations in Construction

Kiseru pipes exhibit significant variations in to accommodate different social classes, regional preferences, and practical needs, with materials chosen for both functionality and . There are two primary types: the rau-kiseru, with a detachable or wooden stem, and the nobe-kiseru, an all-metal version. Affordable versions commonly featured for the and mouthpiece due to its durability and ease of crafting, making them accessible to merchants and commoners during the . In contrast, luxury models incorporated silver or gold for ornate detailing on the metal components, signifying wealth and status among the elite, as seen in pipes with intricate engravings or inlays. For rural or lightweight applications, or hardwood shanks provided a simple, portable alternative, often paired with basic metal ends to balance cost and usability. Regional styles further diversified kiseru designs, reflecting local craftsmanship traditions and cultural contexts. In , artisans produced highly refined pipes using beaten and polished brass or silver, emphasizing elegant metalwork that aligned with the city's reputation for precision in traditional crafts, such as those handmade at workshops like Tanigawa Sejiro Shoten. Edo-style kiseru, favored by urban , often utilized simple iron for the and shank to ensure robustness, sometimes evolving into heavier forms suitable for dual use as improvised weapons. These urban variants prioritized practicality over decoration, adapting to the fast-paced life of merchants and warriors in Tokyo's predecessor city. Specialized constructions addressed specific user requirements, such as ash management or communal smoking. These innovations highlighted the pipe's versatility beyond basic smoking. Craftsmanship techniques underscored the artisanal heritage of kiseru production, with metalsmiths employing hand-forging to shape bowls and mouthpieces from raw metal, ensuring tight fits between components like the removable reed in rau-kiseru styles. Hallmarks or maker's marks, often etched into the metal, indicated origins from regional guilds, such as those in Osaka, where collective workshops maintained quality standards for exported pipes. This meticulous process, rooted in Edo-period swordsmithing traditions repurposed after 1871 bans on blades, elevated kiseru from utilitarian tools to symbols of skilled labor.

Cultural Role

Social Status and Symbolism

The kiseru functioned as a prominent in Edo-period (1603–1868), where its materials and craftsmanship directly reflected the owner's and social standing. and affluent merchants favored elaborate versions made from precious metals like , silver, , or , often adorned with intricate engravings or inlays that showcased artisanal skill and personal taste. Such high-end kiseru were inaccessible luxuries that signaled elite affiliation and economic success. Gender dynamics surrounding the kiseru evolved over time, beginning as a predominantly male accessory associated with warrior and townsman culture before gaining popularity among women in the late . Women typically used smaller, more delicate variants suited to their attire and social contexts, marking a broader of as a cross-gender practice that by the era's end encompassed over 90% of the population. This adoption underscored the kiseru's role in symbolizing maturity, composure, and for both men and women. Beyond class and , the kiseru carried deeper symbolic weight as an emblem of refinement and hospitality, frequently employed in communal rituals that reinforced social bonds.

Depictions in Art and

In ukiyo-e woodblock prints of the , the kiseru frequently appears as a symbol of refined leisure, particularly in scenes featuring and . Utagawa , in an early work from his "The Summation of the Modern Benten" series (pre-1830), depicts a in the pleasure district holding a long kiseru pipe while discreetly passing to a street musician through half-open shutters, emphasizing the pipe's role in evoking everyday elegance and social interaction. Similarly, Katsushika Hokusai contributed to artistic representations through his pattern book Imayō kushi kiseru hinagata (1823), which features detailed designs for ornamental kiseru, blending functionality with aesthetic motifs inspired by nature and daily life. Kitagawa Utamaro's color woodblock print Kiseru (c. 1802–1803), part of the series Ten Types in the Physiognomic Study of Women, portrays a woman gracefully holding the pipe, using it to characterize feminine temperament and poise within the broader tradition of observing societal types. In theater, the kiseru serves as an essential prop that conveys a character's social standing and personality at a glance, with variations in material and design reflecting status—from simple for commoners to ornate metal for elites. Actors manipulate the pipe dynamically during performances, such as twirling it to heighten dramatic tension in roles, underscoring its integration into gestural storytelling and stage symbolism. The kiseru also features in , where its fleeting smoke often evokes themes of impermanence and contemplation, aligning with aesthetics. Although not explicitly in Matsuo Bashō's surviving , the pipe was culturally linked to his era, as one disciple gifted him a kiseru during his time in , reflecting its place in poetic circles. Within woodblock art, the kiseru appears as both a meditative accessory and a subtle phallic symbol due to its slender, elongated form, enhancing scenes of intimacy and relaxation. For instance, Kikugawa Eizan's abuna-e print (early ) shows a seductively a kiseru while reclining against a client under a thin coverlet, where the pipe underscores the languid, sensual atmosphere of the encounter.

Usage Practices

Smoking Techniques

Traditional smoking with a kiseru begins with the preparation of , a finely shredded form resembling coarse , derived from dried leaves cut into thin slices. The user takes a small pinch, approximately 0.1–0.2 grams, and packs it into the tiny bowl, often in two steps: first tightly compressing a small amount at the bottom, then adding a slightly larger pinch that extends above the rim for easier ignition. This limited quantity ensures a brief smoke, preventing overheating of the small metal bowl. Lighting the kiseru traditionally involves using a small piece of burning charcoal from a hi-ire container, part of a hibachi setup or tobako-bon tray, though matches can substitute in modern practice. The smoker draws short, gentle puffs to ignite the top layer of tobacco evenly, avoiding strong draws that could burn the modest load too quickly. Inhalation follows a deliberate style suited to the pipe's design: typically 2–3 short draws per packing, with the smoke swallowed and held briefly in the lungs before exhaling slowly through the mouth or nostrils. This process yields a session lasting 1–2 minutes, after which the bowl is emptied to maintain flavor and prevent residue buildup. Post-use cleaning is a simple ritual: the smoker taps the stem end against a (hai-otoshi) to dislodge ash and unburnt , followed by wiping the pipe's exterior and interior with a soft cloth to remove and ensure for subsequent uses.

Associated Etiquette

In traditional Japanese social interactions during the (1603–1867), offering a kiseru to a guest served as an important act of , symbolizing welcome and respect. Upon arrival in the guest room, the visitor would encounter a tobacco tray (tabakobon) equipped with the pipe, , and accessories. The host would extend the invitation by saying, “Help yourself to some ,” prompting the guest to initially refuse two or three times out of , responding with “After you, master,” in a manner akin to declining offers of or . Only after this exchange would the guest accept, allowing the ritual to proceed and avoiding any perception of rudeness through outright refusal. The host would then prepare the kiseru by removing its protective shell (tsuba), wiping the mouthpiece with a paper napkin for , and handing it over with the words, “Your turn now.” The guest, seated formally, would take one or two deliberate puffs—reflecting the pipe's design for brief smokes—before praising the tobacco's quality, reattaching the tsuba, wiping the pipe, and returning it to the . The host might demur with, “Please, don’t worry about it,” reinforcing themes of and mutual central to the interaction. This structured exchange highlighted the kiseru's role beyond mere utility, embedding it in cultural norms of and reciprocity.

Martial Applications

As an Improvised Weapon

The kiseru, with its rigid metal stem and compact design, served as an effective improvised weapon for self-defense during the (1603–1868), particularly when were unarmed or in situations where drawing a was impractical. The pipe's stem, often made of durable or iron, allowed for precise jabbing at pressure points or nerves, leveraging its typical length of 15–25 cm to maintain a safe reach while striking vulnerable areas without requiring close-quarters engagement. Historical records indicate that and members of the class employed the kiseru in street brawls and altercations amid the social unrest of the Edo era, using it as a thrusting or striking tool when separated from their primary weapons. These were particularly popular among , precursors to , for use in gang conflicts. Specialized variants known as kenka-kiseru, featuring thicker construction for enhanced impact, were particularly favored by gamblers and ronin for such impromptu confrontations, carried openly in cases without drawing official suspicion. This adaptation allowed for defense using an everyday item without relying on primary weapons. Brass versions were preferred for their resilience in close-range scuffles.

Integration in Combat Training

The kiseru found formal integration into Japanese martial disciplines through kiseru-jutsu, a specialized fighting art that transformed the smoking pipe into a versatile close-quarters weapon. Emerging during the (1603–1868), kiseru-jutsu was modeled after , the established techniques for wielding an iron war fan, adapting similar strikes, blocks, and disarms to the pipe's rigid metal stem and weighted bowl. Practitioners trained to use the kiseru as a short truncheon or shortsword, exploiting its concealable nature for surprise attacks in situations where carrying bladed weapons was restricted by law. This discipline emphasized fluid motions for targeting vital points, such as the head or joints, while maintaining balance in unarmed or scenarios. Kiseru-jutsu was developed as part of broader traditions emphasizing improvised tools, where it served to enhance proficiency with everyday objects during . Techniques often involved to generate momentum for powerful swings and precise disarms to neutralize armed opponents, reflecting the adaptive nature of (classical schools) that valued everyday objects like pipes alongside formal weaponry. While not a standalone , elements of kiseru-jutsu paralleled iaijutsu's quick-draw principles, with practitioners practicing rapid extensions of the pipe from a pocket or to mimic unsheathing for immediate counterstrikes. regimens included repetitive drills to develop and coordination, sometimes using weighted variants of the kiseru to simulate stress and build endurance in the wrists and forearms. Following the in 1868, the widespread adoption of firearms and the abolition of the class led to the decline of kiseru-jutsu as a practical skill, rendering traditional improvised weapons obsolete in .

Contemporary Relevance

Modern Collectibility

In contemporary collecting circles, kiseru from the Edo era, particularly those crafted from silver, command high auction values influenced by factors such as , condition, and intricate engravings. of these antiques often relies on historical marks, signatures, and to confirm authenticity and artisan affiliations. Collector communities in actively preserve and showcase kiseru through institutional exhibits and digital platforms. Museums like the house examples in their collections dedicated to lifestyle and folk customs, displaying them alongside other Edo-period artifacts to highlight their cultural significance. Online, enthusiasts engage in discussions and exchanges via specialized pipe-smoking forums, where replicas and genuine pieces are shared among international hobbyists interested in Japanese tobacco paraphernalia. Reproductions of kiseru have surged in popularity as accessible hobby items, with handcrafted bamboo-stemmed versions commonly sold to tourists in regions like . These modern iterations prioritize safety by incorporating non-toxic metals such as or for the bowl and mouthpiece, allowing users to experience traditional designs without the risks associated with antique materials. Kiseru traditions persist through niche revivals, including a single historic workshop in producing authentic pipes and an annual festival in Ishioka, , commemorating the practice since 1954. Restoration of antique kiseru emphasizes conservation over aggressive refinishing, employing techniques like gentle polishing with soft cloths and mild abrasives to remove surface while retaining the object's natural for historical fidelity. This approach ensures that the aged aesthetic—developed through decades of use—remains intact, appealing to collectors who value authenticity in preservation efforts.

Global Adaptations

The kiseru gained Western interest in the 19th century following Japan's , when traditional Japanese crafts were exported and exhibited at international world's fairs, serving as curios that contributed to the movement and its influence on aesthetics. In contemporary pop culture, the kiseru appears in like Rurouni Kenshin, where antagonist Makoto Shishio is depicted with a kiseru pipe as part of his character design, symbolizing his calculated menace; official merchandise, such as the figure, includes the accessory to recreate this trait. Similarly, in the Ghost of Yōtei (2025), characters like Atsu use kiseru pipes during idle moments, reflecting historical samurai-era customs and increasing demand for replicas among global fans. Outside Japan, the kiseru has been adapted for hybrid uses, particularly , where and metal versions are customized for , including concentrates via ball vape or dab setups for efficient, direct . Modern iterations often incorporate components for enhanced durability and heat resistance, making them suitable for repeated use with various herbs beyond traditional .

References

  1. https://www.smokingpipes.com/smokingpipesblog/single.cfm/post/the-kiseru-overview-the-traditional-japanese-smoking-pipe
  2. https://www.samuraimuseum.jp/shop/the-history-of-kiseru/
  3. https://www.historyhit.com/a-timeline-of-feudal-japans-nanban-trade-with-europeans/
  4. https://www.japan-experience.com/all-about-japan/tokushima/museums-and-galleries/awa-ikeda-tobacco-museum
  5. https://www.kcpinternational.com/2019/03/nanban-trade-period-japan/
  6. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/gary-leupp-tobacco-and-the-state-a-brief-history
  7. https://pipedia.org/wiki/Tabako
  8. https://www.japanesetobacco.com/tobacco-in-japan
  9. https://www.oldphotosjapan.com/photos/880/japanese-tobacco-kiseru-pipe-meiji-19th-century-vintage-albumen-photo
  10. https://pipedia.org/wiki/Kiseru
  11. https://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-ancient-technology/samurai-weapons-0010730
  12. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/edo-pouch-kyoto-women-s-university/UwVBSA601WWbLQ
  13. https://oldphotosjapan.substack.com/p/studio-1880s-the-way-of-the-kiseru
  14. https://researchworcestershire.wordpress.com/2024/03/22/an-early-hiroshige-print/
  15. http://www.morra-japaneseart.com/books/book-archive/1882-hokusai-1760-1849-imayo-kushi-kiseru-hinagata.html
  16. https://www.artic.edu/artworks/23938/pipe-from-the-series-ten-types-in-the-physiognomic-study-of-women-fujin-sogaku-juttai-kiseru
  17. https://www.jef.or.jp/journal/pdf/feature0203.pdf
  18. https://writersinkyoto.com/2016/04/14/poetry/basho-in-saga-robbins/
  19. https://japanesegallery.com/eizan-kikugawa-abuna-e-smoking-jg011932-4
  20. https://pipedia.org/wiki/Bon
  21. https://brill.com/view/journals/vvak/44/3/article-p3_3.xml
  22. https://www.scienceabc.com/social-science/why-did-the-samurai-class-decline-in-japan-during-the-meiji-period.html
  23. https://www.schneiblefinearts.com/shop/japanese-asian-fine-art/japanese-antique-pair-gold-gilt-long-smoking-pipes-kiseru/
  24. https://museumcollection.tokyo/en/works/6529310/
  25. https://pipesmagazine.com/forums/threads/kiseru-japanese-pipe.98477/
  26. https://www.bonhams.com/auction/24857/lot/1004/a-fine-shakudo-and-silver-kiseru-pipe-edo-period-1615-1868-or-meiji-era-1868-1912-19th20th-century/
  27. https://rebornpipes.com/2020/02/20/cleaning-up-a-japanese-kiseru-pipe/
  28. https://www.academia.edu/5659065/MEIJI_CRAFT_AND_JAPONISME_THE_JAPANESE_EXHIBITS_AT_THE_PHILADELPHIA_AND_CHICAGO_WORLD_S_FAIRS_AND_THE_STRUCTURING_OF_AMERICAN_TASTE
  29. https://www.goodsmile.com/en/product/1136993
  30. https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Characters/GhostOfYotei
  31. https://takoglass.com/product/kiseru-cannabis-hardware-ball-vape-dab-pipe/
  32. https://www.ebay.com/b/kiseru-pipe/bn_7024865981
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